3 perllexwarn - Perl Lexical Warnings
7 The C<use warnings> pragma is a replacement for both the command line
8 flag B<-w> and the equivalent Perl variable, C<$^W>.
10 The pragma works just like the existing "strict" pragma.
11 This means that the scope of the warning pragma is limited to the
12 enclosing block. It also means that the pragma setting will not
13 leak across files (via C<use>, C<require> or C<do>). This allows
14 authors to independently define the degree of warning checks that will
15 be applied to their module.
17 By default, optional warnings are disabled, so any legacy code that
18 doesn't attempt to control the warnings will work unchanged.
20 All warnings are enabled in a block by either of these:
25 Similarly all warnings are disabled in a block by either of these:
30 For example, consider the code below:
40 The code in the enclosing block has warnings enabled, but the inner
41 block has them disabled. In this case that means the assignment to the
42 scalar C<$c> will trip the C<"Scalar value @a[0] better written as $a[0]">
43 warning, but the assignment to the scalar C<$b> will not.
45 =head2 Default Warnings and Optional Warnings
47 Before the introduction of lexical warnings, Perl had two classes of
48 warnings: mandatory and optional.
50 As its name suggests, if your code tripped a mandatory warning, you
51 would get a warning whether you wanted it or not.
52 For example, the code below would always produce an C<"isn't numeric">
53 warning about the "2:".
57 With the introduction of lexical warnings, mandatory warnings now become
58 I<default> warnings. The difference is that although the previously
59 mandatory warnings are still enabled by default, they can then be
60 subsequently enabled or disabled with the lexical warning pragma. For
61 example, in the code below, an C<"isn't numeric"> warning will only
62 be reported for the C<$a> variable.
68 Note that neither the B<-w> flag or the C<$^W> can be used to
69 disable/enable default warnings. They are still mandatory in this case.
71 =head2 What's wrong with B<-w> and C<$^W>
73 Although very useful, the big problem with using B<-w> on the command
74 line to enable warnings is that it is all or nothing. Take the typical
75 scenario when you are writing a Perl program. Parts of the code you
76 will write yourself, but it's very likely that you will make use of
77 pre-written Perl modules. If you use the B<-w> flag in this case, you
78 end up enabling warnings in pieces of code that you haven't written.
80 Similarly, using C<$^W> to either disable or enable blocks of code is
81 fundamentally flawed. For a start, say you want to disable warnings in
82 a block of code. You might expect this to be enough to do the trick:
90 When this code is run with the B<-w> flag, a warning will be produced
91 for the C<$a> line -- C<"Reversed += operator">.
93 The problem is that Perl has both compile-time and run-time warnings. To
94 disable compile-time warnings you need to rewrite the code like this:
102 The other big problem with C<$^W> is the way you can inadvertently
103 change the warning setting in unexpected places in your code. For example,
104 when the code below is run (without the B<-w> flag), the second call
105 to C<doit> will trip a C<"Use of uninitialized value"> warning, whereas
120 This is a side-effect of C<$^W> being dynamically scoped.
122 Lexical warnings get around these limitations by allowing finer control
123 over where warnings can or can't be tripped.
125 =head2 Controlling Warnings from the Command Line
127 There are three Command Line flags that can be used to control when
128 warnings are (or aren't) produced:
134 This is the existing flag. If the lexical warnings pragma is B<not>
135 used in any of you code, or any of the modules that you use, this flag
136 will enable warnings everywhere. See L<Backward Compatibility> for
137 details of how this flag interacts with lexical warnings.
141 If the B<-W> flag is used on the command line, it will enable all warnings
142 throughout the program regardless of whether warnings were disabled
143 locally using C<no warnings> or C<$^W =0>. This includes all files that get
144 included via C<use>, C<require> or C<do>.
145 Think of it as the Perl equivalent of the "lint" command.
149 Does the exact opposite to the B<-W> flag, i.e. it disables all warnings.
153 =head2 Backward Compatibility
155 If you are used with working with a version of Perl prior to the
156 introduction of lexically scoped warnings, or have code that uses both
157 lexical warnings and C<$^W>, this section will describe how they interact.
159 How Lexical Warnings interact with B<-w>/C<$^W>:
165 If none of the three command line flags (B<-w>, B<-W> or B<-X>) that
166 control warnings is used and neither C<$^W> or the C<warnings> pragma
167 are used, then default warnings will be enabled and optional warnings
169 This means that legacy code that doesn't attempt to control the warnings
174 The B<-w> flag just sets the global C<$^W> variable as in 5.005 -- this
175 means that any legacy code that currently relies on manipulating C<$^W>
176 to control warning behavior will still work as is.
180 Apart from now being a boolean, the C<$^W> variable operates in exactly
181 the same horrible uncontrolled global way, except that it cannot
182 disable/enable default warnings.
186 If a piece of code is under the control of the C<warnings> pragma,
187 both the C<$^W> variable and the B<-w> flag will be ignored for the
188 scope of the lexical warning.
192 The only way to override a lexical warnings setting is with the B<-W>
193 or B<-X> command line flags.
197 The combined effect of 3 & 4 is that it will allow code which uses
198 the C<warnings> pragma to control the warning behavior of $^W-type
199 code (using a C<local $^W=0>) if it really wants to, but not vice-versa.
201 =head2 Category Hierarchy
203 A hierarchy of "categories" have been defined to allow groups of warnings
204 to be enabled/disabled in isolation.
206 The current hierarchy is:
302 Just like the "strict" pragma any of these categories can be combined
304 use warnings qw(void redefine) ;
305 no warnings qw(io syntax untie) ;
307 Also like the "strict" pragma, if there is more than one instance of the
308 C<warnings> pragma in a given scope the cumulative effect is additive.
310 use warnings qw(void) ; # only "void" warnings enabled
312 use warnings qw(io) ; # only "void" & "io" warnings enabled
314 no warnings qw(void) ; # only "io" warnings enabled
316 To determine which category a specific warning has been assigned to see
319 =head2 Fatal Warnings
321 The presence of the word "FATAL" in the category list will escalate any
322 warnings detected from the categories specified in the lexical scope
323 into fatal errors. In the code below, the use of C<time>, C<length>
324 and C<join> can all produce a C<"Useless use of xxx in void context">
332 use warnings FATAL => qw(void) ;
340 When run it produces this output
342 Useless use of time in void context at fatal line 3.
343 Useless use of length in void context at fatal line 7.
345 The scope where C<length> is used has escalated the C<void> warnings
346 category into a fatal error, so the program terminates immediately it
347 encounters the warning.
350 =head2 Reporting Warnings from a Module
352 The C<warnings> pragma provides a number of functions that are useful for
353 module authors. These are used when you want to report a module-specific
354 warning to a calling module has enabled warnings via the C<warnings>
357 Consider the module C<MyMod::Abc> below.
361 use warnings::register;
365 if (warnings::enabled() && $path !~ m#^/#) {
366 warnings::warn("changing relative path to /tmp/");
367 $path = "/tmp/$path" ;
373 The call to C<warnings::register> will create a new warnings category
374 called "MyMod::abc", i.e. the new category name matches the current
375 package name. The C<open> function in the module will display a warning
376 message if it gets given a relative path as a parameter. This warnings
377 will only be displayed if the code that uses C<MyMod::Abc> has actually
378 enabled them with the C<warnings> pragma like below.
381 use warnings 'MyMod::Abc';
383 abc::open("../fred.txt");
385 It is also possible to test whether the pre-defined warnings categories are
386 set in the calling module with the C<warnings::enabled> function. Consider
387 this snippet of code:
392 warnings::warnif("deprecated",
393 "open is deprecated, use new instead") ;
401 The function C<open> has been deprecated, so code has been included to
402 display a warning message whenever the calling module has (at least) the
403 "deprecated" warnings category enabled. Something like this, say.
405 use warnings 'deprecated';
408 MyMod::Abc::open($filename) ;
410 Either the C<warnings::warn> or C<warnings::warnif> function should be
411 used to actually display the warnings message. This is because they can
412 make use of the feature that allows warnings to be escalated into fatal
413 errors. So in this case
416 use warnings FATAL => 'MyMod::Abc';
418 MyMod::Abc::open('../fred.txt');
420 the C<warnings::warnif> function will detect this and die after
421 displaying the warning message.
423 The three warnings functions, C<warnings::warn>, C<warnings::warnif>
424 and C<warnings::enabled> can optionally take an object reference in place
425 of a category name. In this case the functions will use the class name
426 of the object as the warnings category.
428 Consider this example:
433 use warnings::register ;
446 if ($value % 2 && warnings::enabled($self))
447 { warnings::warn($self, "Odd numbers are unsafe") }
454 $self->check($value) ;
462 use warnings::register ;
464 our @ISA = qw( Original ) ;
474 The code below makes use of both modules, but it only enables warnings from
479 use warnings 'Derived';
480 my $a = new Original ;
482 my $b = new Derived ;
485 When this code is run only the C<Derived> object, C<$b>, will generate
488 Odd numbers are unsafe at main.pl line 7
490 Notice also that the warning is reported at the line where the object is first
496 The debugger saves and restores C<$^W> at runtime. I haven't checked
497 whether the debugger will still work with the lexical warnings
501 I *think* I've got diagnostics to work with the lexical warnings
502 patch, but there were design decisions made in diagnostics to work
503 around the limitations of C<$^W>. Now that those limitations are gone,
504 the module should be revisited.
506 document calling the warnings::* functions from XS
510 L<warnings>, L<perldiag>.