mono_class_enum_basetype to mono_class_enum_basetype_internal to skip GC mode machine...

[mono-project.git] / mono / metadata / object.c

/**
 * \file
 * Object creation for the Mono runtime
 *
 * Author:
 *   Miguel de Icaza (miguel@ximian.com)
 *   Paolo Molaro (lupus@ximian.com)
 *
 * Copyright 2001-2003 Ximian, Inc (http://www.ximian.com)
 * Copyright 2004-2011 Novell, Inc (http://www.novell.com)
 * Copyright 2001 Xamarin Inc (http://www.xamarin.com)
 * Licensed under the MIT license. See LICENSE file in the project root for full license information.
 */
#include <config.h>
#ifdef HAVE_ALLOCA_H
#include <alloca.h>
#endif
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <mono/metadata/mono-endian.h>
#include <mono/metadata/tabledefs.h>
#include <mono/metadata/tokentype.h>
#include <mono/metadata/loader.h>
#include <mono/metadata/object.h>
#include <mono/metadata/gc-internals.h>
#include <mono/metadata/exception.h>
#include <mono/metadata/exception-internals.h>
#include <mono/metadata/domain-internals.h>
#include "mono/metadata/metadata-internals.h"
#include "mono/metadata/class-internals.h"
#include "mono/metadata/class-init.h"
#include <mono/metadata/assembly.h>
#include <mono/metadata/marshal.h>
#include "mono/metadata/debug-helpers.h"
#include <mono/metadata/threads.h>
#include <mono/metadata/threads-types.h>
#include <mono/metadata/environment.h>
#include "mono/metadata/profiler-private.h"
#include "mono/metadata/security-manager.h"
#include <mono/metadata/verify-internals.h>
#include <mono/metadata/reflection-internals.h>
#include <mono/metadata/w32event.h>
#include <mono/metadata/custom-attrs-internals.h>
#include <mono/metadata/abi-details.h>
#include <mono/utils/strenc.h>
#include <mono/utils/mono-counters.h>
#include <mono/utils/mono-error-internals.h>
#include <mono/utils/mono-memory-model.h>
#include <mono/utils/checked-build.h>
#include <mono/utils/mono-threads.h>
#include <mono/utils/mono-threads-coop.h>
#include <mono/utils/mono-logger-internals.h>
#include "cominterop.h"
#include <mono/utils/w32api.h>
#include <mono/utils/unlocked.h>

static void
get_default_field_value (MonoDomain* domain, MonoClassField *field, void *value, MonoError *error);

static MonoString*
mono_ldstr_metadata_sig (MonoDomain *domain, const char* sig, MonoError *error);

static void
free_main_args (void);

static char *
mono_string_to_utf8_internal (MonoMemPool *mp, MonoImage *image, MonoString *s, MonoError *error);

static char *
mono_string_to_utf8_mp  (MonoMemPool *mp, MonoString *s, MonoError *error);

static void
array_full_copy_unchecked_size (MonoArray *src, MonoArray *dest, MonoClass *klass, uintptr_t size);

/* Class lazy loading functions */
static GENERATE_GET_CLASS_WITH_CACHE (pointer, "System.Reflection", "Pointer")
static GENERATE_GET_CLASS_WITH_CACHE (remoting_services, "System.Runtime.Remoting", "RemotingServices")
static GENERATE_GET_CLASS_WITH_CACHE (unhandled_exception_event_args, "System", "UnhandledExceptionEventArgs")
static GENERATE_GET_CLASS_WITH_CACHE (sta_thread_attribute, "System", "STAThreadAttribute")
static GENERATE_GET_CLASS_WITH_CACHE (activation_services, "System.Runtime.Remoting.Activation", "ActivationServices")

static GENERATE_GET_CLASS_WITH_CACHE (asyncresult, "System.Runtime.Remoting.Messaging", "AsyncResult");

#define ldstr_lock() mono_coop_mutex_lock (&ldstr_section)
#define ldstr_unlock() mono_coop_mutex_unlock (&ldstr_section)
static MonoCoopMutex ldstr_section;


/**
 * mono_runtime_object_init:
 * \param this_obj the object to initialize
 * This function calls the zero-argument constructor (which must
 * exist) for the given object.
 */
void
mono_runtime_object_init (MonoObject *this_obj)
{
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        mono_runtime_object_init_checked (this_obj, error);
        mono_error_assert_ok (error);
}

/**
 * mono_runtime_object_init_checked:
 * \param this_obj the object to initialize
 * \param error set on error.
 * This function calls the zero-argument constructor (which must
 * exist) for the given object and returns TRUE on success, or FALSE
 * on error and sets \p error.
 */
gboolean
mono_runtime_object_init_handle (MonoObjectHandle this_obj, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        error_init (error);

        MonoClass * const klass = MONO_HANDLE_GETVAL (this_obj, vtable)->klass;
        MonoMethod * const method = mono_class_get_method_from_name_checked (klass, ".ctor", 0, 0, error);
        mono_error_assert_msg_ok (error, "Could not lookup zero argument constructor");
        g_assertf (method, "Could not lookup zero argument constructor for class %s", mono_type_get_full_name (klass));

        if (m_class_is_valuetype (method->klass)) {
                guint gchandle = 0;
                gpointer raw = mono_object_handle_pin_unbox (this_obj, &gchandle);
                mono_runtime_invoke_checked (method, raw, NULL, error);
                mono_gchandle_free (gchandle);
        } else {
                mono_runtime_invoke_handle (method, this_obj, NULL, error);
        }

        return is_ok (error);
}

/**
 * mono_runtime_object_init_checked:
 * \param this_obj the object to initialize
 * \param error set on error.
 * This function calls the zero-argument constructor (which must
 * exist) for the given object and returns TRUE on success, or FALSE
 * on error and sets \p error.
 */
gboolean
mono_runtime_object_init_checked (MonoObject *this_obj_raw, MonoError *error)
{
        HANDLE_FUNCTION_ENTER ();
        MONO_HANDLE_DCL (MonoObject, this_obj);
        HANDLE_FUNCTION_RETURN_VAL (mono_runtime_object_init_handle (this_obj, error));
}

/* The pseudo algorithm for type initialization from the spec
Note it doesn't say anything about domains - only threads.

2. If the type is initialized you are done.
2.1. If the type is not yet initialized, try to take an 
     initialization lock.  
2.2. If successful, record this thread as responsible for 
     initializing the type and proceed to step 2.3.
2.2.1. If not, see whether this thread or any thread 
     waiting for this thread to complete already holds the lock.
2.2.2. If so, return since blocking would create a deadlock.  This thread 
     will now see an incompletely initialized state for the type, 
     but no deadlock will arise.
2.2.3  If not, block until the type is initialized then return.
2.3 Initialize the parent type and then all interfaces implemented 
    by this type.
2.4 Execute the type initialization code for this type.
2.5 Mark the type as initialized, release the initialization lock, 
    awaken any threads waiting for this type to be initialized, 
    and return.

*/

typedef struct
{
        MonoNativeThreadId initializing_tid;
        guint32 waiting_count;
        gboolean done;
        MonoCoopMutex mutex;
        /* condvar used to wait for 'done' becoming TRUE */
        MonoCoopCond cond;
} TypeInitializationLock;

/* for locking access to type_initialization_hash and blocked_thread_hash */
static MonoCoopMutex type_initialization_section;

static inline void
mono_type_initialization_lock (void)
{
        /* The critical sections protected by this lock in mono_runtime_class_init_full () can block */
        mono_coop_mutex_lock (&type_initialization_section);
}

static inline void
mono_type_initialization_unlock (void)
{
        mono_coop_mutex_unlock (&type_initialization_section);
}

static void
mono_type_init_lock (TypeInitializationLock *lock)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE;

        mono_coop_mutex_lock (&lock->mutex);
}

static void
mono_type_init_unlock (TypeInitializationLock *lock)
{
        mono_coop_mutex_unlock (&lock->mutex);
}

/* from vtable to lock */
static GHashTable *type_initialization_hash;

/* from thread id to thread id being waited on */
static GHashTable *blocked_thread_hash;

/* Main thread */
static MonoThread *main_thread;

/* Functions supplied by the runtime */
static MonoRuntimeCallbacks callbacks;

/**
 * mono_thread_set_main:
 * \param thread thread to set as the main thread
 * This function can be used to instruct the runtime to treat \p thread
 * as the main thread, ie, the thread that would normally execute the \c Main
 * method. This basically means that at the end of \p thread, the runtime will
 * wait for the existing foreground threads to quit and other such details.
 */
void
mono_thread_set_main (MonoThread *thread)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        static gboolean registered = FALSE;

        if (!registered) {
                void *key = thread->internal_thread ? (void *) MONO_UINT_TO_NATIVE_THREAD_ID (thread->internal_thread->tid) : NULL;
                MONO_GC_REGISTER_ROOT_SINGLE (main_thread, MONO_ROOT_SOURCE_THREADING, key, "Thread Main Object");
                registered = TRUE;
        }

        main_thread = thread;
}

/**
 * mono_thread_get_main:
 */
MonoThread*
mono_thread_get_main (void)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        return main_thread;
}

void
mono_type_initialization_init (void)
{
        mono_coop_mutex_init_recursive (&type_initialization_section);
        type_initialization_hash = g_hash_table_new (NULL, NULL);
        blocked_thread_hash = g_hash_table_new (NULL, NULL);
        mono_coop_mutex_init (&ldstr_section);
        mono_register_jit_icall (ves_icall_string_alloc, "ves_icall_string_alloc", mono_create_icall_signature ("object int"), FALSE);
}

void
mono_type_initialization_cleanup (void)
{
#if 0
        /* This is causing race conditions with
         * mono_release_type_locks
         */
        mono_coop_mutex_destroy (&type_initialization_section);
        g_hash_table_destroy (type_initialization_hash);
        type_initialization_hash = NULL;
#endif
        mono_coop_mutex_destroy (&ldstr_section);
        g_hash_table_destroy (blocked_thread_hash);
        blocked_thread_hash = NULL;

        free_main_args ();
}

static MonoException*
mono_get_exception_type_initialization_checked (const gchar *type_name, MonoException* inner_raw, MonoError *error)
{
        HANDLE_FUNCTION_ENTER ();
        MONO_HANDLE_DCL (MonoException, inner);
        HANDLE_FUNCTION_RETURN_OBJ (mono_get_exception_type_initialization_handle (type_name, inner, error));
}

/**
 * get_type_init_exception_for_vtable:
 *
 *   Return the stored type initialization exception for VTABLE.
 */
static MonoException*
get_type_init_exception_for_vtable (MonoVTable *vtable)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        ERROR_DECL (error);
        MonoDomain *domain = vtable->domain;
        MonoClass *klass = vtable->klass;
        MonoException *ex;
        gchar *full_name;

        if (!vtable->init_failed)
                g_error ("Trying to get the init exception for a non-failed vtable of class %s", mono_type_get_full_name (klass));
        
        /* 
         * If the initializing thread was rudely aborted, the exception is not stored
         * in the hash.
         */
        ex = NULL;
        mono_domain_lock (domain);
        if (domain->type_init_exception_hash)
                ex = (MonoException *)mono_g_hash_table_lookup (domain->type_init_exception_hash, klass);
        mono_domain_unlock (domain);

        if (!ex) {
                const char *klass_name_space = m_class_get_name_space (klass);
                const char *klass_name = m_class_get_name (klass);
                if (klass_name_space && *klass_name_space)
                        full_name = g_strdup_printf ("%s.%s", klass_name_space, klass_name);
                else
                        full_name = g_strdup (klass_name);
                ex = mono_get_exception_type_initialization_checked (full_name, NULL, error);
                g_free (full_name);
                return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
        }

        return ex;
}

/**
 * mono_runtime_class_init:
 * \param vtable vtable that needs to be initialized
 * This routine calls the class constructor for \p vtable.
 */
void
mono_runtime_class_init (MonoVTable *vtable)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;
        ERROR_DECL (error);

        mono_runtime_class_init_full (vtable, error);
        mono_error_assert_ok (error);
}

/*
 * Returns TRUE if the lock was freed.
 * LOCKING: Caller should hold type_initialization_lock.
 */
static gboolean
unref_type_lock (TypeInitializationLock *lock)
{
        --lock->waiting_count;
        if (lock->waiting_count == 0) {
                mono_coop_mutex_destroy (&lock->mutex);
                mono_coop_cond_destroy (&lock->cond);
                g_free (lock);
                return TRUE;
        } else {
                return FALSE;
        }
}

/**
 * mono_runtime_class_init_full:
 * \param vtable that neeeds to be initialized
 * \param error set on error
 * \returns TRUE if class constructor \c .cctor has been initialized successfully, or FALSE otherwise and sets \p error.
 */
gboolean
mono_runtime_class_init_full (MonoVTable *vtable, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        MonoMethod *method = NULL;
        MonoClass *klass;
        gchar *full_name;
        MonoDomain *domain = vtable->domain;
        TypeInitializationLock *lock;
        MonoNativeThreadId tid;
        int do_initialization = 0;
        MonoDomain *last_domain = NULL;
        gboolean pending_tae = FALSE;

        error_init (error);

        if (vtable->initialized)
                return TRUE;

        klass = vtable->klass;

        MonoImage *klass_image = m_class_get_image (klass);
        if (!klass_image->checked_module_cctor) {
                mono_image_check_for_module_cctor (klass_image);
                if (klass_image->has_module_cctor) {
                        MonoClass *module_klass;
                        MonoVTable *module_vtable;

                        module_klass = mono_class_get_checked (klass_image, MONO_TOKEN_TYPE_DEF | 1, error);
                        if (!module_klass) {
                                return FALSE;
                        }
                                
                        module_vtable = mono_class_vtable_checked (vtable->domain, module_klass, error);
                        if (!module_vtable)
                                return FALSE;
                        if (!mono_runtime_class_init_full (module_vtable, error))
                                return FALSE;
                }
        }
        method = mono_class_get_cctor (klass);
        if (!method) {
                vtable->initialized = 1;
                return TRUE;
        }

        tid = mono_native_thread_id_get ();

        /*
         * Due some preprocessing inside a global lock. If we are the first thread
         * trying to initialize this class, create a separate lock+cond var, and
         * acquire it before leaving the global lock. The other threads will wait
         * on this cond var.
         */

        mono_type_initialization_lock ();
        /* double check... */
        if (vtable->initialized) {
                mono_type_initialization_unlock ();
                return TRUE;
        }
        if (vtable->init_failed) {
                mono_type_initialization_unlock ();

                /* The type initialization already failed once, rethrow the same exception */
                mono_error_set_exception_instance (error, get_type_init_exception_for_vtable (vtable));
                return FALSE;
        }
        lock = (TypeInitializationLock *)g_hash_table_lookup (type_initialization_hash, vtable);
        if (lock == NULL) {
                /* This thread will get to do the initialization */
                if (mono_domain_get () != domain) {
                        /* Transfer into the target domain */
                        last_domain = mono_domain_get ();
                        if (!mono_domain_set (domain, FALSE)) {
                                vtable->initialized = 1;
                                mono_type_initialization_unlock ();
                                mono_error_set_exception_instance (error, mono_get_exception_appdomain_unloaded ());
                                return FALSE;
                        }
                }
                lock = (TypeInitializationLock *)g_malloc0 (sizeof (TypeInitializationLock));
                mono_coop_mutex_init_recursive (&lock->mutex);
                mono_coop_cond_init (&lock->cond);
                lock->initializing_tid = tid;
                lock->waiting_count = 1;
                lock->done = FALSE;
                g_hash_table_insert (type_initialization_hash, vtable, lock);
                do_initialization = 1;
        } else {
                gpointer blocked;
                TypeInitializationLock *pending_lock;

                if (mono_native_thread_id_equals (lock->initializing_tid, tid)) {
                        mono_type_initialization_unlock ();
                        return TRUE;
                }
                /* see if the thread doing the initialization is already blocked on this thread */
                gboolean is_blocked = TRUE;
                blocked = GUINT_TO_POINTER (MONO_NATIVE_THREAD_ID_TO_UINT (lock->initializing_tid));
                while ((pending_lock = (TypeInitializationLock*) g_hash_table_lookup (blocked_thread_hash, blocked))) {
                        if (mono_native_thread_id_equals (pending_lock->initializing_tid, tid)) {
                                if (!pending_lock->done) {
                                        mono_type_initialization_unlock ();
                                        return TRUE;
                                } else {
                                        /* the thread doing the initialization is blocked on this thread,
                                           but on a lock that has already been freed. It just hasn't got
                                           time to awake */
                                        is_blocked = FALSE;
                                        break;
                                }
                        }
                        blocked = GUINT_TO_POINTER (MONO_NATIVE_THREAD_ID_TO_UINT (pending_lock->initializing_tid));
                }
                ++lock->waiting_count;
                /* record the fact that we are waiting on the initializing thread */
                if (is_blocked)
                        g_hash_table_insert (blocked_thread_hash, GUINT_TO_POINTER (tid), lock);
        }
        mono_type_initialization_unlock ();

        if (do_initialization) {
                MonoException *exc = NULL;

                /* We are holding the per-vtable lock, do the actual initialization */

                mono_threads_begin_abort_protected_block ();
                mono_runtime_try_invoke (method, NULL, NULL, (MonoObject**) &exc, error);
                mono_threads_end_abort_protected_block ();

                //exception extracted, error will be set to the right value later
                if (exc == NULL && !mono_error_ok (error))//invoking failed but exc was not set
                        exc = mono_error_convert_to_exception (error);
                else
                        mono_error_cleanup (error);

                error_init (error);

                const char *klass_name_space = m_class_get_name_space (klass);
                const char *klass_name = m_class_get_name (klass);
                /* If the initialization failed, mark the class as unusable. */
                /* Avoid infinite loops */
                if (!(!exc ||
                          (klass_image == mono_defaults.corlib &&
                           !strcmp (klass_name_space, "System") &&
                           !strcmp (klass_name, "TypeInitializationException")))) {
                        vtable->init_failed = 1;

                        if (klass_name_space && *klass_name_space)
                                full_name = g_strdup_printf ("%s.%s", klass_name_space, klass_name);
                        else
                                full_name = g_strdup (klass_name);

                        MonoException *exc_to_throw = mono_get_exception_type_initialization_checked (full_name, exc, error);
                        g_free (full_name);

                        mono_error_assert_ok (error); //We can't recover from this, no way to fail a type we can't alloc a failure.

                        /*
                         * Store the exception object so it could be thrown on subsequent
                         * accesses.
                         */
                        mono_domain_lock (domain);
                        if (!domain->type_init_exception_hash)
                                domain->type_init_exception_hash = mono_g_hash_table_new_type (mono_aligned_addr_hash, NULL, MONO_HASH_VALUE_GC, MONO_ROOT_SOURCE_DOMAIN, domain, "Domain Type Initialization Exception Table");
                        mono_g_hash_table_insert (domain->type_init_exception_hash, klass, exc_to_throw);
                        mono_domain_unlock (domain);
                }

                if (last_domain)
                        mono_domain_set (last_domain, TRUE);

                /* Signal to the other threads that we are done */
                mono_type_init_lock (lock);
                lock->done = TRUE;
                mono_coop_cond_broadcast (&lock->cond);
                mono_type_init_unlock (lock);

                /*
                 * This can happen if the cctor self-aborts. We need to reactivate tae
                 * (next interruption checkpoint will throw it) and make sure we won't
                 * throw tie for the type.
                 */
                if (exc && mono_object_class (exc) == mono_defaults.threadabortexception_class) {
                        pending_tae = TRUE;
                        mono_thread_resume_interruption (FALSE);
                }
        } else {
                /* this just blocks until the initializing thread is done */
                mono_type_init_lock (lock);
                while (!lock->done)
                        mono_coop_cond_wait (&lock->cond, &lock->mutex);
                mono_type_init_unlock (lock);
        }

        /* Do cleanup and setting vtable->initialized inside the global lock again */
        mono_type_initialization_lock ();
        if (!do_initialization)
                g_hash_table_remove (blocked_thread_hash, GUINT_TO_POINTER (tid));
        gboolean deleted = unref_type_lock (lock);
        if (deleted)
                g_hash_table_remove (type_initialization_hash, vtable);
        /* Have to set this here since we check it inside the global lock */
        if (do_initialization && !vtable->init_failed)
                vtable->initialized = 1;
        mono_type_initialization_unlock ();

        /* If vtable init fails because of TAE, we don't throw TIE, only the TAE */
        if (vtable->init_failed && !pending_tae) {
                /* Either we were the initializing thread or we waited for the initialization */
                mono_error_set_exception_instance (error, get_type_init_exception_for_vtable (vtable));
                return FALSE;
        }
        return TRUE;
}

MonoDomain *
mono_vtable_domain (MonoVTable *vtable)
{
        return vtable->domain;
}

MonoClass *
mono_vtable_class (MonoVTable *vtable)
{
        return vtable->klass;
}

static
gboolean release_type_locks (gpointer key, gpointer value, gpointer user)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE;

        MonoVTable *vtable = (MonoVTable*)key;

        TypeInitializationLock *lock = (TypeInitializationLock*) value;
        if (mono_native_thread_id_equals (lock->initializing_tid, MONO_UINT_TO_NATIVE_THREAD_ID (GPOINTER_TO_UINT (user))) && !lock->done) {
                lock->done = TRUE;
                /* 
                 * Have to set this since it cannot be set by the normal code in 
                 * mono_runtime_class_init (). In this case, the exception object is not stored,
                 * and get_type_init_exception_for_class () needs to be aware of this.
                 */
                mono_type_init_lock (lock);
                vtable->init_failed = 1;
                mono_coop_cond_broadcast (&lock->cond);
                mono_type_init_unlock (lock);
                gboolean deleted = unref_type_lock (lock);
                if (deleted)
                        return TRUE;
        }
        return FALSE;
}

void
mono_release_type_locks (MonoInternalThread *thread)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        mono_type_initialization_lock ();
        g_hash_table_foreach_remove (type_initialization_hash, release_type_locks, GUINT_TO_POINTER (thread->tid));
        mono_type_initialization_unlock ();
}

#ifndef DISABLE_REMOTING

static gpointer
create_remoting_trampoline (MonoDomain *domain, MonoMethod *method, MonoRemotingTarget target, MonoError *error)
{
        if (!callbacks.create_remoting_trampoline)
                g_error ("remoting not installed");
        return callbacks.create_remoting_trampoline (domain, method, target, error);
}

#endif

static MonoImtTrampolineBuilder imt_trampoline_builder;
static gboolean always_build_imt_trampolines;

#if (MONO_IMT_SIZE > 32)
#error "MONO_IMT_SIZE cannot be larger than 32"
#endif

void
mono_install_callbacks (MonoRuntimeCallbacks *cbs)
{
        memcpy (&callbacks, cbs, sizeof (*cbs));
}

MonoRuntimeCallbacks*
mono_get_runtime_callbacks (void)
{
        return &callbacks;
}

void
mono_install_imt_trampoline_builder (MonoImtTrampolineBuilder func)
{
        imt_trampoline_builder = func;
}

void
mono_set_always_build_imt_trampolines (gboolean value)
{
        always_build_imt_trampolines = value;
}

/**
 * mono_compile_method:
 * \param method The method to compile.
 * This JIT-compiles the method, and returns the pointer to the native code
 * produced.
 */
gpointer 
mono_compile_method (MonoMethod *method)
{
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        gpointer result = mono_compile_method_checked (method, error);
        mono_error_cleanup (error);
        return result;
}

/**
 * mono_compile_method_checked:
 * \param method The method to compile.
 * \param error set on error.
 * This JIT-compiles the method, and returns the pointer to the native code
 * produced.  On failure returns NULL and sets \p error.
 */
gpointer
mono_compile_method_checked (MonoMethod *method, MonoError *error)
{
        gpointer res;

        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE

        error_init (error);

        g_assert (callbacks.compile_method);
        res = callbacks.compile_method (method, error);
        return res;
}

gpointer
mono_runtime_create_jump_trampoline (MonoDomain *domain, MonoMethod *method, gboolean add_sync_wrapper, MonoError *error)
{
        gpointer res;

        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE;

        error_init (error);
        res = callbacks.create_jump_trampoline (domain, method, add_sync_wrapper, error);
        return res;
}

gpointer
mono_runtime_create_delegate_trampoline (MonoClass *klass)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE

        g_assert (callbacks.create_delegate_trampoline);
        return callbacks.create_delegate_trampoline (mono_domain_get (), klass);
}

/**
 * mono_runtime_free_method:
 * \param domain domain where the method is hosted
 * \param method method to release
 * This routine is invoked to free the resources associated with
 * a method that has been JIT compiled.  This is used to discard
 * methods that were used only temporarily (for example, used in marshalling)
 */
void
mono_runtime_free_method (MonoDomain *domain, MonoMethod *method)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE

        if (callbacks.free_method)
                callbacks.free_method (domain, method);

        mono_method_clear_object (domain, method);

        mono_free_method (method);
}

/*
 * The vtables in the root appdomain are assumed to be reachable by other 
 * roots, and we don't use typed allocation in the other domains.
 */

/* The sync block is no longer a GC pointer */
#define GC_HEADER_BITMAP (0)

#define BITMAP_EL_SIZE (sizeof (gsize) * 8)

#define MONO_OBJECT_HEADER_BITS (MONO_ABI_SIZEOF (MonoObject) / MONO_ABI_SIZEOF (gpointer))

static gsize*
compute_class_bitmap (MonoClass *klass, gsize *bitmap, int size, int offset, int *max_set, gboolean static_fields)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE;

        MonoClassField *field;
        MonoClass *p;
        guint32 pos;
        int max_size, wordsize;

        wordsize = TARGET_SIZEOF_VOID_P;

        if (static_fields)
                max_size = mono_class_data_size (klass) / wordsize;
        else
                max_size = m_class_get_instance_size (klass) / wordsize;
        if (max_size > size) {
                g_assert (offset <= 0);
                bitmap = (gsize *)g_malloc0 ((max_size + BITMAP_EL_SIZE - 1) / BITMAP_EL_SIZE * sizeof (gsize));
                size = max_size;
        }

        /* An Ephemeron cannot be marked by sgen */
        if (mono_gc_is_moving () && !static_fields && m_class_get_image (klass) == mono_defaults.corlib && !strcmp ("Ephemeron", m_class_get_name (klass))) {
                *max_set = 0;
                memset (bitmap, 0, size / 8);
                return bitmap;
        }

        for (p = klass; p != NULL; p = m_class_get_parent (p)) {
                gpointer iter = NULL;
                while ((field = mono_class_get_fields_internal (p, &iter))) {
                        MonoType *type;

                        if (static_fields) {
                                if (!(field->type->attrs & (FIELD_ATTRIBUTE_STATIC | FIELD_ATTRIBUTE_HAS_FIELD_RVA)))
                                        continue;
                                if (field->type->attrs & FIELD_ATTRIBUTE_LITERAL)
                                        continue;
                        } else {
                                if (field->type->attrs & (FIELD_ATTRIBUTE_STATIC | FIELD_ATTRIBUTE_HAS_FIELD_RVA))
                                        continue;
                        }
                        /* FIXME: should not happen, flag as type load error */
                        if (field->type->byref)
                                break;

                        if (static_fields && field->offset == -1)
                                /* special static */
                                continue;

                        pos = field->offset / TARGET_SIZEOF_VOID_P;
                        pos += offset;

                        type = mono_type_get_underlying_type (field->type);
                        switch (type->type) {
                        case MONO_TYPE_U:
                        case MONO_TYPE_I:
                        case MONO_TYPE_PTR:
                        case MONO_TYPE_FNPTR:
                                break;
                        case MONO_TYPE_STRING:
                        case MONO_TYPE_SZARRAY:
                        case MONO_TYPE_CLASS:
                        case MONO_TYPE_OBJECT:
                        case MONO_TYPE_ARRAY:
                                g_assert ((field->offset % wordsize) == 0);

                                g_assert (pos < size || pos <= max_size);
                                bitmap [pos / BITMAP_EL_SIZE] |= ((gsize)1) << (pos % BITMAP_EL_SIZE);
                                *max_set = MAX (*max_set, pos);
                                break;
                        case MONO_TYPE_GENERICINST:
                                if (!mono_type_generic_inst_is_valuetype (type)) {
                                        g_assert ((field->offset % wordsize) == 0);

                                        bitmap [pos / BITMAP_EL_SIZE] |= ((gsize)1) << (pos % BITMAP_EL_SIZE);
                                        *max_set = MAX (*max_set, pos);
                                        break;
                                } else {
                                        /* fall through */
                                }
                        case MONO_TYPE_VALUETYPE: {
                                MonoClass *fclass = mono_class_from_mono_type (field->type);
                                if (m_class_has_references (fclass)) {
                                        /* remove the object header */
                                        compute_class_bitmap (fclass, bitmap, size, pos - MONO_OBJECT_HEADER_BITS, max_set, FALSE);
                                }
                                break;
                        }
                        case MONO_TYPE_I1:
                        case MONO_TYPE_U1:
                        case MONO_TYPE_I2:
                        case MONO_TYPE_U2:
                        case MONO_TYPE_I4:
                        case MONO_TYPE_U4:
                        case MONO_TYPE_I8:
                        case MONO_TYPE_U8:
                        case MONO_TYPE_R4:
                        case MONO_TYPE_R8:
                        case MONO_TYPE_BOOLEAN:
                        case MONO_TYPE_CHAR:
                                break;
                        default:
                                g_error ("compute_class_bitmap: Invalid type %x for field %s:%s\n", type->type, mono_type_get_full_name (field->parent), field->name);
                                break;
                        }
                }
                if (static_fields)
                        break;
        }
        return bitmap;
}

/**
 * mono_class_compute_bitmap:
 *
 * Mono internal function to compute a bitmap of reference fields in a class.
 */
gsize*
mono_class_compute_bitmap (MonoClass *klass, gsize *bitmap, int size, int offset, int *max_set, gboolean static_fields)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE;

        return compute_class_bitmap (klass, bitmap, size, offset, max_set, static_fields);
}

#if 0
/* 
 * similar to the above, but sets the bits in the bitmap for any non-ref field
 * and ignores static fields
 */
static gsize*
compute_class_non_ref_bitmap (MonoClass *klass, gsize *bitmap, int size, int offset)
{
        MonoClassField *field;
        MonoClass *p;
        guint32 pos, pos2;
        int max_size, wordsize;

        wordsize = TARGET_SIZEOF_VOID_P;

        max_size = class->instance_size / wordsize;
        if (max_size >= size)
                bitmap = g_malloc0 (sizeof (gsize) * ((max_size) + 1));

        for (p = class; p != NULL; p = p->parent) {
                gpointer iter = NULL;
                while ((field = mono_class_get_fields_internal (p, &iter))) {
                        MonoType *type;

                        if (field->type->attrs & (FIELD_ATTRIBUTE_STATIC | FIELD_ATTRIBUTE_HAS_FIELD_RVA))
                                continue;
                        /* FIXME: should not happen, flag as type load error */
                        if (field->type->byref)
                                break;

                        pos = field->offset / wordsize;
                        pos += offset;

                        type = mono_type_get_underlying_type (field->type);
                        switch (type->type) {
#if SIZEOF_VOID_P == 8
                        case MONO_TYPE_I:
                        case MONO_TYPE_U:
                        case MONO_TYPE_PTR:
                        case MONO_TYPE_FNPTR:
#endif
                        case MONO_TYPE_I8:
                        case MONO_TYPE_U8:
                        case MONO_TYPE_R8:
                                if ((((field->offset + 7) / wordsize) + offset) != pos) {
                                        pos2 = ((field->offset + 7) / wordsize) + offset;
                                        bitmap [pos2 / BITMAP_EL_SIZE] |= ((gsize)1) << (pos2 % BITMAP_EL_SIZE);
                                }
                                /* fall through */
#if SIZEOF_VOID_P == 4
                        case MONO_TYPE_I:
                        case MONO_TYPE_U:
                        case MONO_TYPE_PTR:
                        case MONO_TYPE_FNPTR:
#endif
                        case MONO_TYPE_I4:
                        case MONO_TYPE_U4:
                        case MONO_TYPE_R4:
                                if ((((field->offset + 3) / wordsize) + offset) != pos) {
                                        pos2 = ((field->offset + 3) / wordsize) + offset;
                                        bitmap [pos2 / BITMAP_EL_SIZE] |= ((gsize)1) << (pos2 % BITMAP_EL_SIZE);
                                }
                                /* fall through */
                        case MONO_TYPE_CHAR:
                        case MONO_TYPE_I2:
                        case MONO_TYPE_U2:
                                if ((((field->offset + 1) / wordsize) + offset) != pos) {
                                        pos2 = ((field->offset + 1) / wordsize) + offset;
                                        bitmap [pos2 / BITMAP_EL_SIZE] |= ((gsize)1) << (pos2 % BITMAP_EL_SIZE);
                                }
                                /* fall through */
                        case MONO_TYPE_BOOLEAN:
                        case MONO_TYPE_I1:
                        case MONO_TYPE_U1:
                                bitmap [pos / BITMAP_EL_SIZE] |= ((gsize)1) << (pos % BITMAP_EL_SIZE);
                                break;
                        case MONO_TYPE_STRING:
                        case MONO_TYPE_SZARRAY:
                        case MONO_TYPE_CLASS:
                        case MONO_TYPE_OBJECT:
                        case MONO_TYPE_ARRAY:
                                break;
                        case MONO_TYPE_GENERICINST:
                                if (!mono_type_generic_inst_is_valuetype (type)) {
                                        break;
                                } else {
                                        /* fall through */
                                }
                        case MONO_TYPE_VALUETYPE: {
                                MonoClass *fclass = mono_class_from_mono_type (field->type);
                                /* remove the object header */
                                compute_class_non_ref_bitmap (fclass, bitmap, size, pos - MONO_OBJECT_HEADER_BITS);
                                break;
                        }
                        default:
                                g_assert_not_reached ();
                                break;
                        }
                }
        }
        return bitmap;
}

/**
 * mono_class_insecure_overlapping:
 * check if a class with explicit layout has references and non-references
 * fields overlapping.
 *
 * Returns: TRUE if it is insecure to load the type.
 */
gboolean
mono_class_insecure_overlapping (MonoClass *klass)
{
        int max_set = 0;
        gsize *bitmap;
        gsize default_bitmap [4] = {0};
        gsize *nrbitmap;
        gsize default_nrbitmap [4] = {0};
        int i, insecure = FALSE;
                return FALSE;

        bitmap = compute_class_bitmap (klass, default_bitmap, sizeof (default_bitmap) * 8, 0, &max_set, FALSE);
        nrbitmap = compute_class_non_ref_bitmap (klass, default_nrbitmap, sizeof (default_nrbitmap) * 8, 0);

        for (i = 0; i <= max_set; i += sizeof (bitmap [0]) * 8) {
                int idx = i % (sizeof (bitmap [0]) * 8);
                if (bitmap [idx] & nrbitmap [idx]) {
                        insecure = TRUE;
                        break;
                }
        }
        if (bitmap != default_bitmap)
                g_free (bitmap);
        if (nrbitmap != default_nrbitmap)
                g_free (nrbitmap);
        if (insecure) {
                g_print ("class %s.%s in assembly %s has overlapping references\n", klass->name_space, klass->name, klass->image->name);
                return FALSE;
        }
        return insecure;
}
#endif

MonoString*
ves_icall_string_alloc (int length)
{
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        MonoString *str = mono_string_new_size_checked (mono_domain_get (), length, error);
        mono_error_set_pending_exception (error);

        return str;
}

#define BITMAP_EL_SIZE (sizeof (gsize) * 8)

/* LOCKING: Acquires the loader lock */
/*
 * Sets the following fields in KLASS:
 * - gc_desc
 * - gc_descr_inited
 */
void
mono_class_compute_gc_descriptor (MonoClass *klass)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE;

        int max_set = 0;
        gsize *bitmap;
        gsize default_bitmap [4] = {0};
        MonoGCDescriptor gc_descr;

        if (!m_class_is_inited (klass))
                mono_class_init (klass);

        if (m_class_is_gc_descr_inited (klass))
                return;

        bitmap = default_bitmap;
        if (klass == mono_defaults.string_class) {
                gc_descr = mono_gc_make_descr_for_string (bitmap, 2);
        } else if (m_class_get_rank (klass)) {
                MonoClass *klass_element_class = m_class_get_element_class (klass);
                mono_class_compute_gc_descriptor (klass_element_class);
                if (MONO_TYPE_IS_REFERENCE (m_class_get_byval_arg (klass_element_class))) {
                        gsize abm = 1;
                        gc_descr = mono_gc_make_descr_for_array (m_class_get_byval_arg (klass)->type == MONO_TYPE_SZARRAY, &abm, 1, sizeof (gpointer));
                        /*printf ("new array descriptor: 0x%x for %s.%s\n", class->gc_descr,
                                class->name_space, class->name);*/
                } else {
                        /* remove the object header */
                        bitmap = mono_class_compute_bitmap (klass_element_class, default_bitmap, sizeof (default_bitmap) * 8, - (int)(MONO_OBJECT_HEADER_BITS), &max_set, FALSE);
                        gc_descr = mono_gc_make_descr_for_array (m_class_get_byval_arg (klass)->type == MONO_TYPE_SZARRAY, bitmap, mono_array_element_size (klass) / sizeof (gpointer), mono_array_element_size (klass));
                        /*printf ("new vt array descriptor: 0x%x for %s.%s\n", class->gc_descr,
                                class->name_space, class->name);*/
                }
        } else {
                /*static int count = 0;
                if (count++ > 58)
                        return;*/
                bitmap = mono_class_compute_bitmap (klass, default_bitmap, sizeof (default_bitmap) * 8, 0, &max_set, FALSE);
                /*
                if (class->gc_descr == MONO_GC_DESCRIPTOR_NULL)
                        g_print ("disabling typed alloc (%d) for %s.%s\n", max_set, class->name_space, class->name);
                */
                /*printf ("new descriptor: %p 0x%x for %s.%s\n", class->gc_descr, bitmap [0], class->name_space, class->name);*/

                if (m_class_has_weak_fields (klass)) {
                        gsize *weak_bitmap = NULL;
                        int weak_bitmap_nbits = 0;

                        weak_bitmap = (gsize *)mono_class_alloc0 (klass, m_class_get_instance_size (klass) / sizeof (gsize));
                        if (mono_class_has_static_metadata (klass)) {
                                for (MonoClass *p = klass; p != NULL; p = m_class_get_parent (p)) {
                                        gpointer iter = NULL;
                                        guint32 first_field_idx = mono_class_get_first_field_idx (p);
                                        MonoClassField *field;

                                        MonoClassField *p_fields = m_class_get_fields (p);
                                        MonoImage *p_image = m_class_get_image (p);
                                        while ((field = mono_class_get_fields_internal (p, &iter))) {
                                                guint32 field_idx = first_field_idx + (field - p_fields);
                                                if (MONO_TYPE_IS_REFERENCE (field->type) && mono_assembly_is_weak_field (p_image, field_idx + 1)) {
                                                        int pos = field->offset / sizeof (gpointer);
                                                        if (pos + 1 > weak_bitmap_nbits)
                                                                weak_bitmap_nbits = pos + 1;
                                                        weak_bitmap [pos / BITMAP_EL_SIZE] |= ((gsize)1) << (pos % BITMAP_EL_SIZE);
                                                }
                                        }
                                }
                        }

                        for (int pos = 0; pos < weak_bitmap_nbits; ++pos) {
                                if (weak_bitmap [pos / BITMAP_EL_SIZE] & ((gsize)1) << (pos % BITMAP_EL_SIZE)) {
                                        /* Clear the normal bitmap so these refs don't keep an object alive */
                                        bitmap [pos / BITMAP_EL_SIZE] &= ~(((gsize)1) << (pos % BITMAP_EL_SIZE));
                                }
                        }

                        mono_loader_lock ();
                        mono_class_set_weak_bitmap (klass, weak_bitmap_nbits, weak_bitmap);
                        mono_loader_unlock ();
                }

                gc_descr = mono_gc_make_descr_for_object (bitmap, max_set + 1, m_class_get_instance_size (klass));
        }

        if (bitmap != default_bitmap)
                g_free (bitmap);

        /* Publish the data */
        mono_class_publish_gc_descriptor (klass, gc_descr);
}

/**
 * field_is_special_static:
 * @fklass: The MonoClass to look up.
 * @field: The MonoClassField describing the field.
 *
 * Returns: SPECIAL_STATIC_THREAD if the field is thread static, SPECIAL_STATIC_CONTEXT if it is context static,
 * SPECIAL_STATIC_NONE otherwise.
 */
static gint32
field_is_special_static (MonoClass *fklass, MonoClassField *field)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE;

        ERROR_DECL (error);
        MonoCustomAttrInfo *ainfo;
        int i;
        ainfo = mono_custom_attrs_from_field_checked (fklass, field, error);
        mono_error_cleanup (error); /* FIXME don't swallow the error? */
        if (!ainfo)
                return FALSE;
        for (i = 0; i < ainfo->num_attrs; ++i) {
                MonoClass *klass = ainfo->attrs [i].ctor->klass;
                if (m_class_get_image (klass) == mono_defaults.corlib) {
                        const char *klass_name = m_class_get_name (klass);
                        if (strcmp (klass_name, "ThreadStaticAttribute") == 0) {
                                mono_custom_attrs_free (ainfo);
                                return SPECIAL_STATIC_THREAD;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp (klass_name, "ContextStaticAttribute") == 0) {
                                mono_custom_attrs_free (ainfo);
                                return SPECIAL_STATIC_CONTEXT;
                        }
                }
        }
        mono_custom_attrs_free (ainfo);
        return SPECIAL_STATIC_NONE;
}

#define rot(x,k) (((x)<<(k)) | ((x)>>(32-(k))))
#define mix(a,b,c) { \
        a -= c;  a ^= rot(c, 4);  c += b; \
        b -= a;  b ^= rot(a, 6);  a += c; \
        c -= b;  c ^= rot(b, 8);  b += a; \
        a -= c;  a ^= rot(c,16);  c += b; \
        b -= a;  b ^= rot(a,19);  a += c; \
        c -= b;  c ^= rot(b, 4);  b += a; \
}
#define mono_final(a,b,c) { \
        c ^= b; c -= rot(b,14); \
        a ^= c; a -= rot(c,11); \
        b ^= a; b -= rot(a,25); \
        c ^= b; c -= rot(b,16); \
        a ^= c; a -= rot(c,4);  \
        b ^= a; b -= rot(a,14); \
        c ^= b; c -= rot(b,24); \
}

/*
 * mono_method_get_imt_slot:
 *
 *   The IMT slot is embedded into AOTed code, so this must return the same value
 * for the same method across all executions. This means:
 * - pointers shouldn't be used as hash values.
 * - mono_metadata_str_hash () should be used for hashing strings.
 */
guint32
mono_method_get_imt_slot (MonoMethod *method)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE;

        MonoMethodSignature *sig;
        int hashes_count;
        guint32 *hashes_start, *hashes;
        guint32 a, b, c;
        int i;

        /* This can be used to stress tests the collision code */
        //return 0;

        /*
         * We do this to simplify generic sharing.  It will hurt
         * performance in cases where a class implements two different
         * instantiations of the same generic interface.
         * The code in build_imt_slots () depends on this.
         */
        if (method->is_inflated)
                method = ((MonoMethodInflated*)method)->declaring;

        sig = mono_method_signature (method);
        hashes_count = sig->param_count + 4;
        hashes_start = (guint32 *)g_malloc (hashes_count * sizeof (guint32));
        hashes = hashes_start;

        if (! MONO_CLASS_IS_INTERFACE (method->klass)) {
                g_error ("mono_method_get_imt_slot: %s.%s.%s is not an interface MonoMethod",
                                m_class_get_name_space (method->klass), m_class_get_name (method->klass), method->name);
        }
        
        /* Initialize hashes */
        hashes [0] = mono_metadata_str_hash (m_class_get_name (method->klass));
        hashes [1] = mono_metadata_str_hash (m_class_get_name_space (method->klass));
        hashes [2] = mono_metadata_str_hash (method->name);
        hashes [3] = mono_metadata_type_hash (sig->ret);
        for (i = 0; i < sig->param_count; i++) {
                hashes [4 + i] = mono_metadata_type_hash (sig->params [i]);
        }

        /* Setup internal state */
        a = b = c = 0xdeadbeef + (((guint32)hashes_count)<<2);

        /* Handle most of the hashes */
        while (hashes_count > 3) {
                a += hashes [0];
                b += hashes [1];
                c += hashes [2];
                mix (a,b,c);
                hashes_count -= 3;
                hashes += 3;
        }

        /* Handle the last 3 hashes (all the case statements fall through) */
        switch (hashes_count) { 
        case 3 : c += hashes [2];
        case 2 : b += hashes [1];
        case 1 : a += hashes [0];
                mono_final (a,b,c);
        case 0: /* nothing left to add */
                break;
        }
        
        g_free (hashes_start);
        /* Report the result */
        return c % MONO_IMT_SIZE;
}
#undef rot
#undef mix
#undef mono_final

#define DEBUG_IMT 0

static void
add_imt_builder_entry (MonoImtBuilderEntry **imt_builder, MonoMethod *method, guint32 *imt_collisions_bitmap, int vtable_slot, int slot_num) {
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE;

        guint32 imt_slot = mono_method_get_imt_slot (method);
        MonoImtBuilderEntry *entry;

        if (slot_num >= 0 && imt_slot != slot_num) {
                /* we build just a single imt slot and this is not it */
                return;
        }

        entry = (MonoImtBuilderEntry *)g_malloc0 (sizeof (MonoImtBuilderEntry));
        entry->key = method;
        entry->value.vtable_slot = vtable_slot;
        entry->next = imt_builder [imt_slot];
        if (imt_builder [imt_slot] != NULL) {
                entry->children = imt_builder [imt_slot]->children + 1;
                if (entry->children == 1) {
                        UnlockedIncrement (&mono_stats.imt_slots_with_collisions);
                        *imt_collisions_bitmap |= (1 << imt_slot);
                }
        } else {
                entry->children = 0;
                UnlockedIncrement (&mono_stats.imt_used_slots);
        }
        imt_builder [imt_slot] = entry;
#if DEBUG_IMT
        {
        char *method_name = mono_method_full_name (method, TRUE);
        printf ("Added IMT slot for method (%p) %s: imt_slot = %d, vtable_slot = %d, colliding with other %d entries\n",
                        method, method_name, imt_slot, vtable_slot, entry->children);
        g_free (method_name);
        }
#endif
}

#if DEBUG_IMT
static void
print_imt_entry (const char* message, MonoImtBuilderEntry *e, int num) {
        if (e != NULL) {
                MonoMethod *method = e->key;
                printf ("  * %s [%d]: (%p) '%s.%s.%s'\n",
                                message,
                                num,
                                method,
                                method->klass->name_space,
                                method->klass->name,
                                method->name);
        } else {
                printf ("  * %s: NULL\n", message);
        }
}
#endif

static int
compare_imt_builder_entries (const void *p1, const void *p2) {
        MonoImtBuilderEntry *e1 = *(MonoImtBuilderEntry**) p1;
        MonoImtBuilderEntry *e2 = *(MonoImtBuilderEntry**) p2;
        
        return (e1->key < e2->key) ? -1 : ((e1->key > e2->key) ? 1 : 0);
}

static int
imt_emit_ir (MonoImtBuilderEntry **sorted_array, int start, int end, GPtrArray *out_array)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE;

        int count = end - start;
        int chunk_start = out_array->len;
        if (count < 4) {
                int i;
                for (i = start; i < end; ++i) {
                        MonoIMTCheckItem *item = g_new0 (MonoIMTCheckItem, 1);
                        item->key = sorted_array [i]->key;
                        item->value = sorted_array [i]->value;
                        item->has_target_code = sorted_array [i]->has_target_code;
                        item->is_equals = TRUE;
                        if (i < end - 1)
                                item->check_target_idx = out_array->len + 1;
                        else
                                item->check_target_idx = 0;
                        g_ptr_array_add (out_array, item);
                }
        } else {
                int middle = start + count / 2;
                MonoIMTCheckItem *item = g_new0 (MonoIMTCheckItem, 1);

                item->key = sorted_array [middle]->key;
                item->is_equals = FALSE;
                g_ptr_array_add (out_array, item);
                imt_emit_ir (sorted_array, start, middle, out_array);
                item->check_target_idx = imt_emit_ir (sorted_array, middle, end, out_array);
        }
        return chunk_start;
}

static GPtrArray*
imt_sort_slot_entries (MonoImtBuilderEntry *entries) {
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE;

        int number_of_entries = entries->children + 1;
        MonoImtBuilderEntry **sorted_array = (MonoImtBuilderEntry **)g_malloc (sizeof (MonoImtBuilderEntry*) * number_of_entries);
        GPtrArray *result = g_ptr_array_new ();
        MonoImtBuilderEntry *current_entry;
        int i;
        
        for (current_entry = entries, i = 0; current_entry != NULL; current_entry = current_entry->next, i++) {
                sorted_array [i] = current_entry;
        }
        qsort (sorted_array, number_of_entries, sizeof (MonoImtBuilderEntry*), compare_imt_builder_entries);

        /*for (i = 0; i < number_of_entries; i++) {
                print_imt_entry (" sorted array:", sorted_array [i], i);
        }*/

        imt_emit_ir (sorted_array, 0, number_of_entries, result);

        g_free (sorted_array);
        return result;
}

static gpointer
initialize_imt_slot (MonoVTable *vtable, MonoDomain *domain, MonoImtBuilderEntry *imt_builder_entry, gpointer fail_tramp)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE;

        if (imt_builder_entry != NULL) {
                if (imt_builder_entry->children == 0 && !fail_tramp && !always_build_imt_trampolines) {
                        /* No collision, return the vtable slot contents */
                        return vtable->vtable [imt_builder_entry->value.vtable_slot];
                } else {
                        /* Collision, build the trampoline */
                        GPtrArray *imt_ir = imt_sort_slot_entries (imt_builder_entry);
                        gpointer result;
                        int i;
                        result = imt_trampoline_builder (vtable, domain,
                                (MonoIMTCheckItem**)imt_ir->pdata, imt_ir->len, fail_tramp);
                        for (i = 0; i < imt_ir->len; ++i)
                                g_free (g_ptr_array_index (imt_ir, i));
                        g_ptr_array_free (imt_ir, TRUE);
                        return result;
                }
        } else {
                if (fail_tramp)
                        return fail_tramp;
                else
                        /* Empty slot */
                        return NULL;
        }
}

static MonoImtBuilderEntry*
get_generic_virtual_entries (MonoDomain *domain, gpointer *vtable_slot);

/*
 * LOCKING: requires the loader and domain locks.
 *
*/
static void
build_imt_slots (MonoClass *klass, MonoVTable *vt, MonoDomain *domain, gpointer* imt, GSList *extra_interfaces, int slot_num)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE;

        int i;
        GSList *list_item;
        guint32 imt_collisions_bitmap = 0;
        MonoImtBuilderEntry **imt_builder = (MonoImtBuilderEntry **)g_calloc (MONO_IMT_SIZE, sizeof (MonoImtBuilderEntry*));
        int method_count = 0;
        gboolean record_method_count_for_max_collisions = FALSE;
        gboolean has_generic_virtual = FALSE, has_variant_iface = FALSE;

#if DEBUG_IMT
        printf ("Building IMT for class %s.%s slot %d\n", m_class_get_name_space (klass), m_class_get_name (klass), slot_num);
#endif
        int klass_interface_offsets_count = m_class_get_interface_offsets_count (klass);
        MonoClass **klass_interfaces_packed = m_class_get_interfaces_packed (klass);
        guint16 *klass_interface_offsets_packed = m_class_get_interface_offsets_packed (klass);
        for (i = 0; i < klass_interface_offsets_count; ++i) {
                MonoClass *iface = klass_interfaces_packed [i];
                int interface_offset = klass_interface_offsets_packed [i];
                int method_slot_in_interface, vt_slot;

                if (mono_class_has_variant_generic_params (iface))
                        has_variant_iface = TRUE;

                mono_class_setup_methods (iface);
                vt_slot = interface_offset;
                int mcount = mono_class_get_method_count (iface);
                for (method_slot_in_interface = 0; method_slot_in_interface < mcount; method_slot_in_interface++) {
                        MonoMethod *method;

                        if (slot_num >= 0 && mono_class_is_ginst (iface)) {
                                /*
                                 * The imt slot of the method is the same as for its declaring method,
                                 * see the comment in mono_method_get_imt_slot (), so we can
                                 * avoid inflating methods which will be discarded by 
                                 * add_imt_builder_entry anyway.
                                 */
                                method = mono_class_get_method_by_index (mono_class_get_generic_class (iface)->container_class, method_slot_in_interface);
                                if (mono_method_get_imt_slot (method) != slot_num) {
                                        vt_slot ++;
                                        continue;
                                }
                        }
                        method = mono_class_get_method_by_index (iface, method_slot_in_interface);
                        if (method->is_generic) {
                                has_generic_virtual = TRUE;
                                vt_slot ++;
                                continue;
                        }

                        if (!(method->flags & METHOD_ATTRIBUTE_STATIC)) {
                                add_imt_builder_entry (imt_builder, method, &imt_collisions_bitmap, vt_slot, slot_num);
                                vt_slot ++;
                        }
                }
        }
        if (extra_interfaces) {
                int interface_offset = m_class_get_vtable_size (klass);

                for (list_item = extra_interfaces; list_item != NULL; list_item=list_item->next) {
                        MonoClass* iface = (MonoClass *)list_item->data;
                        int method_slot_in_interface;
                        int mcount = mono_class_get_method_count (iface);
                        for (method_slot_in_interface = 0; method_slot_in_interface < mcount; method_slot_in_interface++) {
                                MonoMethod *method = mono_class_get_method_by_index (iface, method_slot_in_interface);

                                if (method->is_generic)
                                        has_generic_virtual = TRUE;
                                add_imt_builder_entry (imt_builder, method, &imt_collisions_bitmap, interface_offset + method_slot_in_interface, slot_num);
                        }
                        interface_offset += mcount;
                }
        }
        for (i = 0; i < MONO_IMT_SIZE; ++i) {
                /* overwrite the imt slot only if we're building all the entries or if 
                 * we're building this specific one
                 */
                if (slot_num < 0 || i == slot_num) {
                        MonoImtBuilderEntry *entries = get_generic_virtual_entries (domain, &imt [i]);

                        if (entries) {
                                if (imt_builder [i]) {
                                        MonoImtBuilderEntry *entry;

                                        /* Link entries with imt_builder [i] */
                                        for (entry = entries; entry->next; entry = entry->next) {
#if DEBUG_IMT
                                                MonoMethod *method = (MonoMethod*)entry->key;
                                                char *method_name = mono_method_full_name (method, TRUE);
                                                printf ("Added extra entry for method (%p) %s: imt_slot = %d\n", method, method_name, i);
                                                g_free (method_name);
#endif
                                        }
                                        entry->next = imt_builder [i];
                                        entries->children += imt_builder [i]->children + 1;
                                }
                                imt_builder [i] = entries;
                        }

                        if (has_generic_virtual || has_variant_iface) {
                                /*
                                 * There might be collisions later when the the trampoline is expanded.
                                 */
                                imt_collisions_bitmap |= (1 << i);

                                /* 
                                 * The IMT trampoline might be called with an instance of one of the 
                                 * generic virtual methods, so has to fallback to the IMT trampoline.
                                 */
                                imt [i] = initialize_imt_slot (vt, domain, imt_builder [i], callbacks.get_imt_trampoline (vt, i));
                        } else {
                                imt [i] = initialize_imt_slot (vt, domain, imt_builder [i], NULL);
                        }
#if DEBUG_IMT
                        printf ("initialize_imt_slot[%d]: %p methods %d\n", i, imt [i], imt_builder [i]->children + 1);
#endif
                }

                if (imt_builder [i] != NULL) {
                        int methods_in_slot = imt_builder [i]->children + 1;
                        if (methods_in_slot > UnlockedRead (&mono_stats.imt_max_collisions_in_slot)) {
                                UnlockedWrite (&mono_stats.imt_max_collisions_in_slot, methods_in_slot);
                                record_method_count_for_max_collisions = TRUE;
                        }
                        method_count += methods_in_slot;
                }
        }
        
        UnlockedAdd (&mono_stats.imt_number_of_methods, method_count);
        if (record_method_count_for_max_collisions) {
                UnlockedWrite (&mono_stats.imt_method_count_when_max_collisions, method_count);
        }
        
        for (i = 0; i < MONO_IMT_SIZE; i++) {
                MonoImtBuilderEntry* entry = imt_builder [i];
                while (entry != NULL) {
                        MonoImtBuilderEntry* next = entry->next;
                        g_free (entry);
                        entry = next;
                }
        }
        g_free (imt_builder);
        /* we OR the bitmap since we may build just a single imt slot at a time */
        vt->imt_collisions_bitmap |= imt_collisions_bitmap;
}

static void
build_imt (MonoClass *klass, MonoVTable *vt, MonoDomain *domain, gpointer* imt, GSList *extra_interfaces) {
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE;

        build_imt_slots (klass, vt, domain, imt, extra_interfaces, -1);
}

/**
 * mono_vtable_build_imt_slot:
 * \param vtable virtual object table struct
 * \param imt_slot slot in the IMT table
 * Fill the given \p imt_slot in the IMT table of \p vtable with
 * a trampoline or a trampoline for the case of collisions.
 * This is part of the internal mono API.
 * LOCKING: Take the domain lock.
 */
void
mono_vtable_build_imt_slot (MonoVTable* vtable, int imt_slot)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE;

        gpointer *imt = (gpointer*)vtable;
        imt -= MONO_IMT_SIZE;
        g_assert (imt_slot >= 0 && imt_slot < MONO_IMT_SIZE);

        /* no support for extra interfaces: the proxy objects will need
         * to build the complete IMT
         * Update and heck needs to ahppen inside the proper domain lock, as all
         * the changes made to a MonoVTable.
         */
        mono_loader_lock (); /*FIXME build_imt_slots requires the loader lock.*/
        mono_domain_lock (vtable->domain);
        /* we change the slot only if it wasn't changed from the generic imt trampoline already */
        if (!callbacks.imt_entry_inited (vtable, imt_slot))
                build_imt_slots (vtable->klass, vtable, vtable->domain, imt, NULL, imt_slot);
        mono_domain_unlock (vtable->domain);
        mono_loader_unlock ();
}

#define THUNK_THRESHOLD         10

/**
 * mono_method_alloc_generic_virtual_trampoline:
 * \param domain a domain
 * \param size size in bytes
 * Allocs \p size bytes to be used for the code of a generic virtual
 * trampoline.  It's either allocated from the domain's code manager or
 * reused from a previously invalidated piece.
 * LOCKING: The domain lock must be held.
 */
gpointer
(mono_method_alloc_generic_virtual_trampoline) (MonoDomain *domain, int size)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE;

        static gboolean inited = FALSE;
        static int generic_virtual_trampolines_size = 0;

        if (!inited) {
                mono_counters_register ("Generic virtual trampoline bytes",
                                MONO_COUNTER_GENERICS | MONO_COUNTER_INT, &generic_virtual_trampolines_size);
                inited = TRUE;
        }
        generic_virtual_trampolines_size += size;

        return mono_domain_code_reserve (domain, size);
}

typedef struct _GenericVirtualCase {
        MonoMethod *method;
        gpointer code;
        int count;
        struct _GenericVirtualCase *next;
} GenericVirtualCase;

/*
 * get_generic_virtual_entries:
 *
 *   Return IMT entries for the generic virtual method instances and
 *   variant interface methods for vtable slot
 * VTABLE_SLOT.
 */ 
static MonoImtBuilderEntry*
get_generic_virtual_entries (MonoDomain *domain, gpointer *vtable_slot)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE;

        GenericVirtualCase *list;
        MonoImtBuilderEntry *entries;
  
        mono_domain_lock (domain);
        if (!domain->generic_virtual_cases)
                domain->generic_virtual_cases = g_hash_table_new (mono_aligned_addr_hash, NULL);
 
        list = (GenericVirtualCase *)g_hash_table_lookup (domain->generic_virtual_cases, vtable_slot);
 
        entries = NULL;
        for (; list; list = list->next) {
                MonoImtBuilderEntry *entry;
 
                if (list->count < THUNK_THRESHOLD)
                        continue;
 
                entry = g_new0 (MonoImtBuilderEntry, 1);
                entry->key = list->method;
                entry->value.target_code = mono_get_addr_from_ftnptr (list->code);
                entry->has_target_code = 1;
                if (entries)
                        entry->children = entries->children + 1;
                entry->next = entries;
                entries = entry;
        }
 
        mono_domain_unlock (domain);
 
        /* FIXME: Leaking memory ? */
        return entries;
}

/**
 * \param domain a domain
 * \param vtable_slot pointer to the vtable slot
 * \param method the inflated generic virtual method
 * \param code the method's code
 *
 * Registers a call via unmanaged code to a generic virtual method
 * instantiation or variant interface method.  If the number of calls reaches a threshold
 * (THUNK_THRESHOLD), the method is added to the vtable slot's generic
 * virtual method trampoline.
 */
void
mono_method_add_generic_virtual_invocation (MonoDomain *domain, MonoVTable *vtable,
                                                                                        gpointer *vtable_slot,
                                                                                        MonoMethod *method, gpointer code)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE;

        static gboolean inited = FALSE;
        static int num_added = 0;
        static int num_freed = 0;

        GenericVirtualCase *gvc, *list;
        MonoImtBuilderEntry *entries;
        int i;
        GPtrArray *sorted;

        mono_domain_lock (domain);
        if (!domain->generic_virtual_cases)
                domain->generic_virtual_cases = g_hash_table_new (mono_aligned_addr_hash, NULL);

        if (!inited) {
                mono_counters_register ("Generic virtual cases", MONO_COUNTER_GENERICS | MONO_COUNTER_INT, &num_added);
                mono_counters_register ("Freed IMT trampolines", MONO_COUNTER_GENERICS | MONO_COUNTER_INT, &num_freed);
                inited = TRUE;
        }

        /* Check whether the case was already added */
        list = (GenericVirtualCase *)g_hash_table_lookup (domain->generic_virtual_cases, vtable_slot);
        gvc = list;
        while (gvc) {
                if (gvc->method == method)
                        break;
                gvc = gvc->next;
        }

        /* If not found, make a new one */
        if (!gvc) {
                gvc = (GenericVirtualCase *)mono_domain_alloc (domain, sizeof (GenericVirtualCase));
                gvc->method = method;
                gvc->code = code;
                gvc->count = 0;
                gvc->next = (GenericVirtualCase *)g_hash_table_lookup (domain->generic_virtual_cases, vtable_slot);

                g_hash_table_insert (domain->generic_virtual_cases, vtable_slot, gvc);

                num_added++;
        }

        if (++gvc->count == THUNK_THRESHOLD) {
                gpointer *old_thunk = (void **)*vtable_slot;
                gpointer vtable_trampoline = NULL;
                gpointer imt_trampoline = NULL;

                if ((gpointer)vtable_slot < (gpointer)vtable) {
                        int displacement = (gpointer*)vtable_slot - (gpointer*)vtable;
                        int imt_slot = MONO_IMT_SIZE + displacement;

                        /* Force the rebuild of the trampoline at the next call */
                        imt_trampoline = callbacks.get_imt_trampoline (vtable, imt_slot);
                        *vtable_slot = imt_trampoline;
                } else {
                        vtable_trampoline = callbacks.get_vtable_trampoline ? callbacks.get_vtable_trampoline (vtable, (gpointer*)vtable_slot - (gpointer*)vtable->vtable) : NULL;

                        entries = get_generic_virtual_entries (domain, vtable_slot);

                        sorted = imt_sort_slot_entries (entries);

                        *vtable_slot = imt_trampoline_builder (NULL, domain, (MonoIMTCheckItem**)sorted->pdata, sorted->len,
                                                                                                   vtable_trampoline);

                        while (entries) {
                                MonoImtBuilderEntry *next = entries->next;
                                g_free (entries);
                                entries = next;
                        }

                        for (i = 0; i < sorted->len; ++i)
                                g_free (g_ptr_array_index (sorted, i));
                        g_ptr_array_free (sorted, TRUE);

                        if (old_thunk != vtable_trampoline && old_thunk != imt_trampoline)
                                num_freed ++;
                }
        }

        mono_domain_unlock (domain);
}

static MonoVTable *mono_class_create_runtime_vtable (MonoDomain *domain, MonoClass *klass, MonoError *error);

/**
 * mono_class_vtable:
 * \param domain the application domain
 * \param class the class to initialize
 * VTables are domain specific because we create domain specific code, and 
 * they contain the domain specific static class data.
 * On failure, NULL is returned, and \c class->exception_type is set.
 */
MonoVTable *
mono_class_vtable (MonoDomain *domain, MonoClass *klass)
{
        MonoVTable* vtable;
        MONO_ENTER_GC_UNSAFE;
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        vtable = mono_class_vtable_checked (domain, klass, error);
        mono_error_cleanup (error);
        MONO_EXIT_GC_UNSAFE;
        return vtable;
}

/**
 * mono_class_vtable_checked:
 * \param domain the application domain
 * \param class the class to initialize
 * \param error set on failure.
 * VTables are domain specific because we create domain specific code, and 
 * they contain the domain specific static class data.
 */
MonoVTable *
mono_class_vtable_checked (MonoDomain *domain, MonoClass *klass, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        MonoClassRuntimeInfo *runtime_info;

        error_init (error);

        g_assert (klass);

        if (mono_class_has_failure (klass)) {
                mono_error_set_for_class_failure (error, klass);
                return NULL;
        }

        /* this check can be inlined in jitted code, too */
        runtime_info = m_class_get_runtime_info (klass);
        if (runtime_info && runtime_info->max_domain >= domain->domain_id && runtime_info->domain_vtables [domain->domain_id])
                return runtime_info->domain_vtables [domain->domain_id];
        return mono_class_create_runtime_vtable (domain, klass, error);
}

/**
 * mono_class_try_get_vtable:
 * \param domain the application domain
 * \param class the class to initialize
 * This function tries to get the associated vtable from \p class if
 * it was already created.
 */
MonoVTable *
mono_class_try_get_vtable (MonoDomain *domain, MonoClass *klass)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE;

        MonoClassRuntimeInfo *runtime_info;

        g_assert (klass);

        runtime_info = m_class_get_runtime_info (klass);
        if (runtime_info && runtime_info->max_domain >= domain->domain_id && runtime_info->domain_vtables [domain->domain_id])
                return runtime_info->domain_vtables [domain->domain_id];
        return NULL;
}

static gpointer*
alloc_vtable (MonoDomain *domain, size_t vtable_size, size_t imt_table_bytes)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE;

        size_t alloc_offset;

        /*
         * We want the pointer to the MonoVTable aligned to 8 bytes because SGen uses three
         * address bits.  The IMT has an odd number of entries, however, so on 32 bits the
         * alignment will be off.  In that case we allocate 4 more bytes and skip over them.
         */
        if (sizeof (gpointer) == 4 && (imt_table_bytes & 7)) {
                g_assert ((imt_table_bytes & 7) == 4);
                vtable_size += 4;
                alloc_offset = 4;
        } else {
                alloc_offset = 0;
        }

        return (gpointer*) ((char*)mono_domain_alloc0 (domain, vtable_size) + alloc_offset);
}

static MonoVTable *
mono_class_create_runtime_vtable (MonoDomain *domain, MonoClass *klass, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        HANDLE_FUNCTION_ENTER ();

        MonoVTable *vt;
        MonoClassRuntimeInfo *runtime_info;
        MonoClassField *field;
        char *t;
        int i, vtable_slots;
        size_t imt_table_bytes;
        int gc_bits;
        guint32 vtable_size, class_size;
        gpointer iter;
        gpointer *interface_offsets;

        mono_loader_lock (); /*FIXME mono_class_init acquires it*/
        mono_domain_lock (domain);

        runtime_info = m_class_get_runtime_info (klass);
        if (runtime_info && runtime_info->max_domain >= domain->domain_id && runtime_info->domain_vtables [domain->domain_id]) {
                mono_domain_unlock (domain);
                mono_loader_unlock ();
                vt = runtime_info->domain_vtables [domain->domain_id];
                goto exit;
        }
        if (!m_class_is_inited (klass) || mono_class_has_failure (klass)) {
                if (!mono_class_init (klass) || mono_class_has_failure (klass)) {
                        mono_domain_unlock (domain);
                        mono_loader_unlock ();
                        mono_error_set_for_class_failure (error, klass);
                        goto return_null;
                }
        }

        /* Array types require that their element type be valid*/
        if (m_class_get_byval_arg (klass)->type == MONO_TYPE_ARRAY || m_class_get_byval_arg (klass)->type == MONO_TYPE_SZARRAY) {
                MonoClass *element_class = m_class_get_element_class (klass);
                if (!m_class_is_inited (element_class))
                        mono_class_init (element_class);

                /*mono_class_init can leave the vtable layout to be lazily done and we can't afford this here*/
                if (!mono_class_has_failure (element_class) && !m_class_get_vtable_size (element_class))
                        mono_class_setup_vtable (element_class);
                
                if (mono_class_has_failure (element_class)) {
                        /*Can happen if element_class only got bad after mono_class_setup_vtable*/
                        if (!mono_class_has_failure (klass))
                                mono_class_set_type_load_failure (klass, "");
                        mono_domain_unlock (domain);
                        mono_loader_unlock ();
                        mono_error_set_for_class_failure (error, klass);
                        goto return_null;
                }
        }

        /* 
         * For some classes, mono_class_init () already computed klass->vtable_size, and 
         * that is all that is needed because of the vtable trampolines.
         */
        if (!m_class_get_vtable_size (klass))
                mono_class_setup_vtable (klass);

        if (mono_class_is_ginst (klass) && !m_class_get_vtable (klass))
                mono_class_check_vtable_constraints (klass, NULL);

        /* Initialize klass->has_finalize */
        mono_class_has_finalizer (klass);

        if (mono_class_has_failure (klass)) {
                mono_domain_unlock (domain);
                mono_loader_unlock ();
                mono_error_set_for_class_failure (error, klass);
                goto return_null;
        }

        vtable_slots = m_class_get_vtable_size (klass);
        /* we add an additional vtable slot to store the pointer to static field data only when needed */
        class_size = mono_class_data_size (klass);
        if (class_size)
                vtable_slots++;

        if (m_class_get_interface_offsets_count (klass)) {
                imt_table_bytes = sizeof (gpointer) * (MONO_IMT_SIZE);
                UnlockedIncrement (&mono_stats.imt_number_of_tables);
                UnlockedAdd (&mono_stats.imt_tables_size, imt_table_bytes);
        } else {
                imt_table_bytes = 0;
        }

        vtable_size = imt_table_bytes + MONO_SIZEOF_VTABLE + vtable_slots * sizeof (gpointer);

        UnlockedIncrement (&mono_stats.used_class_count);
        UnlockedAdd (&mono_stats.class_vtable_size, vtable_size);

        interface_offsets = alloc_vtable (domain, vtable_size, imt_table_bytes);
        vt = (MonoVTable*) ((char*)interface_offsets + imt_table_bytes);
        g_assert (!((gsize)vt & 7));

        vt->klass = klass;
        vt->rank = m_class_get_rank (klass);
        vt->domain = domain;

        MONO_PROFILER_RAISE (vtable_loading, (vt));

        mono_class_compute_gc_descriptor (klass);
        /*
         * For Boehm:
         * We can't use typed allocation in the non-root domains, since the
         * collector needs the GC descriptor stored in the vtable even after
         * the mempool containing the vtable is destroyed when the domain is
         * unloaded. An alternative might be to allocate vtables in the GC
         * heap, but this does not seem to work (it leads to crashes inside
         * libgc). If that approach is tried, two gc descriptors need to be
         * allocated for each class: one for the root domain, and one for all
         * other domains. The second descriptor should contain a bit for the
         * vtable field in MonoObject, since we can no longer assume the
         * vtable is reachable by other roots after the appdomain is unloaded.
         */
        if (!mono_gc_is_moving () && domain != mono_get_root_domain () && !mono_dont_free_domains)
                vt->gc_descr = MONO_GC_DESCRIPTOR_NULL;
        else
                vt->gc_descr = m_class_get_gc_descr (klass);

        gc_bits = mono_gc_get_vtable_bits (klass);
        g_assert (!(gc_bits & ~((1 << MONO_VTABLE_AVAILABLE_GC_BITS) - 1)));

        vt->gc_bits = gc_bits;

        if (class_size) {
                /* we store the static field pointer at the end of the vtable: vt->vtable [class->vtable_size] */
                if (m_class_has_static_refs (klass)) {
                        MonoGCDescriptor statics_gc_descr;
                        int max_set = 0;
                        gsize default_bitmap [4] = {0};
                        gsize *bitmap;

                        bitmap = compute_class_bitmap (klass, default_bitmap, sizeof (default_bitmap) * 8, 0, &max_set, TRUE);
                        /*g_print ("bitmap 0x%x for %s.%s (size: %d)\n", bitmap [0], klass->name_space, klass->name, class_size);*/
                        statics_gc_descr = mono_gc_make_descr_from_bitmap (bitmap, max_set + 1);
                        vt->vtable [m_class_get_vtable_size (klass)] = mono_gc_alloc_fixed (class_size, statics_gc_descr, MONO_ROOT_SOURCE_STATIC, vt, "Static Fields");

                        if (bitmap != default_bitmap)
                                g_free (bitmap);
                } else {
                        vt->vtable [m_class_get_vtable_size (klass)] = mono_domain_alloc0 (domain, class_size);
                }
                vt->has_static_fields = TRUE;
                UnlockedAdd (&mono_stats.class_static_data_size, class_size);
        }

        iter = NULL;
        while ((field = mono_class_get_fields_internal (klass, &iter))) {
                if (!(field->type->attrs & FIELD_ATTRIBUTE_STATIC))
                        continue;
                if (mono_field_is_deleted (field))
                        continue;
                if (!(field->type->attrs & FIELD_ATTRIBUTE_LITERAL)) {
                        gint32 special_static = m_class_has_no_special_static_fields (klass) ? SPECIAL_STATIC_NONE : field_is_special_static (klass, field);
                        if (special_static != SPECIAL_STATIC_NONE) {
                                guint32 size, offset;
                                gint32 align;
                                gsize default_bitmap [4] = {0};
                                gsize *bitmap;
                                int max_set = 0;
                                int numbits;
                                MonoClass *fclass;
                                if (mono_type_is_reference (field->type)) {
                                        default_bitmap [0] = 1;
                                        numbits = 1;
                                        bitmap = default_bitmap;
                                } else if (mono_type_is_struct (field->type)) {
                                        fclass = mono_class_from_mono_type (field->type);
                                        bitmap = compute_class_bitmap (fclass, default_bitmap, sizeof (default_bitmap) * 8, - (int)(MONO_OBJECT_HEADER_BITS), &max_set, FALSE);
                                        numbits = max_set + 1;
                                } else {
                                        default_bitmap [0] = 0;
                                        numbits = 0;
                                        bitmap = default_bitmap;
                                }
                                size = mono_type_size (field->type, &align);
                                offset = mono_alloc_special_static_data (special_static, size, align, (uintptr_t*)bitmap, numbits);
                                if (!domain->special_static_fields)
                                        domain->special_static_fields = g_hash_table_new (NULL, NULL);
                                g_hash_table_insert (domain->special_static_fields, field, GUINT_TO_POINTER (offset));
                                if (bitmap != default_bitmap)
                                        g_free (bitmap);
                                /* 
                                 * This marks the field as special static to speed up the
                                 * checks in mono_field_static_get/set_value ().
                                 */
                                field->offset = -1;
                                continue;
                        }
                }
                if ((field->type->attrs & FIELD_ATTRIBUTE_HAS_FIELD_RVA)) {
                        MonoClass *fklass = mono_class_from_mono_type (field->type);
                        const char *data = mono_field_get_data (field);

                        g_assert (!(field->type->attrs & FIELD_ATTRIBUTE_HAS_DEFAULT));
                        t = (char*)mono_vtable_get_static_field_data (vt) + field->offset;
                        /* some fields don't really have rva, they are just zeroed (bss? bug #343083) */
                        if (!data)
                                continue;
                        if (m_class_is_valuetype (fklass)) {
                                memcpy (t, data, mono_class_value_size (fklass, NULL));
                        } else {
                                /* it's a pointer type: add check */
                                g_assert ((m_class_get_byval_arg (fklass)->type == MONO_TYPE_PTR) || (m_class_get_byval_arg (fklass)->type == MONO_TYPE_FNPTR));
                                *t = *(char *)data;
                        }
                        continue;
                }               
        }

        vt->max_interface_id = m_class_get_max_interface_id (klass);
        vt->interface_bitmap = m_class_get_interface_bitmap (klass);
        
        //printf ("Initializing VT for class %s (interface_offsets_count = %d)\n",
        //              class->name, klass->interface_offsets_count);

        /* Initialize vtable */
        if (callbacks.get_vtable_trampoline) {
                // This also covers the AOT case
                for (i = 0; i < m_class_get_vtable_size (klass); ++i) {
                        vt->vtable [i] = callbacks.get_vtable_trampoline (vt, i);
                }
        } else {
                mono_class_setup_vtable (klass);

                for (i = 0; i < m_class_get_vtable_size (klass); ++i) {
                        MonoMethod *cm;

                        cm = m_class_get_vtable (klass) [i];
                        if (cm) {
                                vt->vtable [i] = callbacks.create_jit_trampoline (domain, cm, error);
                                if (!is_ok (error)) {
                                        mono_domain_unlock (domain);
                                        mono_loader_unlock ();
                                        MONO_PROFILER_RAISE (vtable_failed, (vt));
                                        goto return_null;
                                }
                        }
                }
        }

        if (imt_table_bytes) {
                /* Now that the vtable is full, we can actually fill up the IMT */
                        for (i = 0; i < MONO_IMT_SIZE; ++i)
                                interface_offsets [i] = callbacks.get_imt_trampoline (vt, i);
        }

        /*
         * FIXME: Is it ok to allocate while holding the domain/loader locks ? If not, we can release them, allocate, then
         * re-acquire them and check if another thread has created the vtable in the meantime.
         */
        /* Special case System.MonoType to avoid infinite recursion */
        if (klass != mono_defaults.runtimetype_class) {
                MonoReflectionTypeHandle vt_type = mono_type_get_object_handle (domain, m_class_get_byval_arg (klass), error);
                vt->type = MONO_HANDLE_RAW (vt_type);
                if (!is_ok (error)) {
                        mono_domain_unlock (domain);
                        mono_loader_unlock ();
                        MONO_PROFILER_RAISE (vtable_failed, (vt));
                        goto return_null;
                }
                if (mono_handle_class (vt_type) != mono_defaults.runtimetype_class)
                        /* This is unregistered in
                           unregister_vtable_reflection_type() in
                           domain.c. */
                        MONO_GC_REGISTER_ROOT_IF_MOVING (vt->type, MONO_ROOT_SOURCE_REFLECTION, vt, "Reflection Type Object");
        }

        mono_vtable_set_is_remote (vt, mono_class_is_contextbound (klass));

        /*  class_vtable_array keeps an array of created vtables
         */
        g_ptr_array_add (domain->class_vtable_array, vt);
        /* klass->runtime_info is protected by the loader lock, both when
         * it it enlarged and when it is stored info.
         */

        /*
         * Store the vtable in klass->runtime_info.
         * klass->runtime_info is accessed without locking, so this do this last after the vtable has been constructed.
         */
        mono_memory_barrier ();

        mono_class_setup_runtime_info  (klass, domain, vt);

        if (klass == mono_defaults.runtimetype_class) {
                MonoReflectionTypeHandle vt_type = mono_type_get_object_handle (domain, m_class_get_byval_arg (klass), error);
                vt->type = MONO_HANDLE_RAW (vt_type);
                if (!is_ok (error)) {
                        mono_domain_unlock (domain);
                        mono_loader_unlock ();
                        MONO_PROFILER_RAISE (vtable_failed, (vt));
                        goto return_null;
                }

                if (mono_handle_class (vt_type) != mono_defaults.runtimetype_class)
                        /* This is unregistered in
                           unregister_vtable_reflection_type() in
                           domain.c. */
                        MONO_GC_REGISTER_ROOT_IF_MOVING(vt->type, MONO_ROOT_SOURCE_REFLECTION, vt, "Reflection Type Object");
        }

        mono_domain_unlock (domain);
        mono_loader_unlock ();

        /* make sure the parent is initialized */
        /*FIXME shouldn't this fail the current type?*/
        if (m_class_get_parent (klass))
                mono_class_vtable_checked (domain, m_class_get_parent (klass), error);

        MONO_PROFILER_RAISE (vtable_loaded, (vt));

        goto exit;
return_null:
        vt = NULL;
exit:
        HANDLE_FUNCTION_RETURN_VAL (vt);
}

#ifndef DISABLE_REMOTING
/**
 * mono_remote_class_is_interface_proxy:
 * \param remote_class
 *
 * Returns TRUE if the given remote class is a proxying an interface (as
 * opposed to a class deriving from MarshalByRefObject).
 */
gboolean
mono_remote_class_is_interface_proxy (MonoRemoteClass *remote_class)
{
        /* This if condition is taking advantage of how mono_remote_class ()
         * works: if that code changes, this needs to change too. */
        return (remote_class->interface_count >= 1 &&
                remote_class->proxy_class == mono_defaults.marshalbyrefobject_class);
}

/**
 * mono_class_proxy_vtable:
 * \param domain the application domain
 * \param remove_class the remote class
 * \param error set on error
 * Creates a vtable for transparent proxies. It is basically
 * a copy of the real vtable of the class wrapped in \p remote_class,
 * but all function pointers invoke the remoting functions, and
 * \c vtable->klass points to the transparent proxy class, and not to \p class.
 *
 * On failure returns NULL and sets \p error
 */
static MonoVTable *
mono_class_proxy_vtable (MonoDomain *domain, MonoRemoteClass *remote_class, MonoRemotingTarget target_type, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        MonoVTable *vt, *pvt;
        int i, j, vtsize, extra_interface_vtsize = 0;
        guint32 max_interface_id;
        MonoClass *k;
        GSList *extra_interfaces = NULL;
        MonoClass *klass = remote_class->proxy_class;
        gpointer *interface_offsets;
        uint8_t *bitmap = NULL;
        int bsize;
        size_t imt_table_bytes;
        
#ifdef COMPRESSED_INTERFACE_BITMAP
        int bcsize;
#endif

        error_init (error);

        vt = mono_class_vtable_checked (domain, klass, error);
        if (!is_ok (error))
                return NULL;
        max_interface_id = vt->max_interface_id;
        
        /* Calculate vtable space for extra interfaces */
        for (j = 0; j < remote_class->interface_count; j++) {
                MonoClass* iclass = remote_class->interfaces[j];
                GPtrArray *ifaces;
                int method_count;

                /*FIXME test for interfaces with variant generic arguments*/
                if (MONO_CLASS_IMPLEMENTS_INTERFACE (klass, m_class_get_interface_id (iclass)))
                        continue;       /* interface implemented by the class */
                if (g_slist_find (extra_interfaces, iclass))
                        continue;
                        
                extra_interfaces = g_slist_prepend (extra_interfaces, iclass);
                
                method_count = mono_class_num_methods (iclass);
        
                ifaces = mono_class_get_implemented_interfaces (iclass, error);
                goto_if_nok (error, failure);
                if (ifaces) {
                        for (i = 0; i < ifaces->len; ++i) {
                                MonoClass *ic = (MonoClass *)g_ptr_array_index (ifaces, i);
                                /*FIXME test for interfaces with variant generic arguments*/
                                if (MONO_CLASS_IMPLEMENTS_INTERFACE (klass, m_class_get_interface_id (ic)))
                                        continue;       /* interface implemented by the class */
                                if (g_slist_find (extra_interfaces, ic))
                                        continue;
                                extra_interfaces = g_slist_prepend (extra_interfaces, ic);
                                method_count += mono_class_num_methods (ic);
                        }
                        g_ptr_array_free (ifaces, TRUE);
                        ifaces = NULL;
                }

                extra_interface_vtsize += method_count * sizeof (gpointer);
                if (m_class_get_max_interface_id (iclass) > max_interface_id) max_interface_id = m_class_get_max_interface_id (iclass);
        }

        imt_table_bytes = sizeof (gpointer) * MONO_IMT_SIZE;
        UnlockedIncrement (&mono_stats.imt_number_of_tables);
        UnlockedAdd (&mono_stats.imt_tables_size, imt_table_bytes);

        vtsize = imt_table_bytes + MONO_SIZEOF_VTABLE + m_class_get_vtable_size (klass) * sizeof (gpointer);

        UnlockedAdd (&mono_stats.class_vtable_size, vtsize + extra_interface_vtsize);

        interface_offsets = alloc_vtable (domain, vtsize + extra_interface_vtsize, imt_table_bytes);
        pvt = (MonoVTable*) ((char*)interface_offsets + imt_table_bytes);
        g_assert (!((gsize)pvt & 7));

        memcpy (pvt, vt, MONO_SIZEOF_VTABLE + m_class_get_vtable_size (klass) * sizeof (gpointer));

        pvt->klass = mono_defaults.transparent_proxy_class;

        MONO_PROFILER_RAISE (vtable_loading, (pvt));

        /* we need to keep the GC descriptor for a transparent proxy or we confuse the precise GC */
        pvt->gc_descr = m_class_get_gc_descr (mono_defaults.transparent_proxy_class);

        if (mono_remote_class_is_interface_proxy (remote_class)) {
                /* If it's a transparent proxy for an interface, set the
                 * MonoVTable:type to the interface type, not the placeholder
                 * MarshalByRefObject class.  This is used when mini JITs calls
                 * to Object.GetType ()
                 */
                MonoType *itf_proxy_type = m_class_get_byval_arg (remote_class->interfaces[0]);
                pvt->type = mono_type_get_object_checked (domain, itf_proxy_type, error);
                goto_if_nok (error, failure);
        }

        /* initialize vtable */
        mono_class_setup_vtable (klass);
        MonoMethod **klass_vtable;
        klass_vtable = m_class_get_vtable (klass);
        for (i = 0; i < m_class_get_vtable_size (klass); ++i) {
                MonoMethod *cm;
                    
                if ((cm = klass_vtable [i])) {
                        pvt->vtable [i] = create_remoting_trampoline (domain, cm, target_type, error);
                        goto_if_nok (error, failure);
                } else
                        pvt->vtable [i] = NULL;
        }

        if (mono_class_is_abstract (klass)) {
                /* create trampolines for abstract methods */
                for (k = klass; k; k = m_class_get_parent (k)) {
                        MonoMethod* m;
                        gpointer iter = NULL;
                        while ((m = mono_class_get_methods (k, &iter)))
                                if (!pvt->vtable [m->slot]) {
                                        pvt->vtable [m->slot] = create_remoting_trampoline (domain, m, target_type, error);
                                        goto_if_nok (error, failure);
                                }
                }
        }

        pvt->max_interface_id = max_interface_id;
        bsize = sizeof (guint8) * (max_interface_id/8 + 1 );
#ifdef COMPRESSED_INTERFACE_BITMAP
        bitmap = (uint8_t *)g_malloc0 (bsize);
#else
        bitmap = (uint8_t *)mono_domain_alloc0 (domain, bsize);
#endif

        for (i = 0; i < m_class_get_interface_offsets_count (klass); ++i) {
                int interface_id = m_class_get_interface_id (m_class_get_interfaces_packed (klass) [i]);
                bitmap [interface_id >> 3] |= (1 << (interface_id & 7));
        }

        if (extra_interfaces) {
                int slot = m_class_get_vtable_size (klass);
                MonoClass* interf;
                gpointer iter;
                MonoMethod* cm;
                GSList *list_item;

                /* Create trampolines for the methods of the interfaces */
                for (list_item = extra_interfaces; list_item != NULL; list_item=list_item->next) {
                        interf = (MonoClass *)list_item->data;
                        
                        guint32 interf_interface_id = m_class_get_interface_id (interf);
                        bitmap [interf_interface_id >> 3] |= (1 << (interf_interface_id & 7));

                        iter = NULL;
                        j = 0;
                        while ((cm = mono_class_get_methods (interf, &iter))) {
                                pvt->vtable [slot + j++] = create_remoting_trampoline (domain, cm, target_type, error);
                                goto_if_nok (error, failure);
                        }
                        
                        slot += mono_class_num_methods (interf);
                }
        }

        /* Now that the vtable is full, we can actually fill up the IMT */
        build_imt (klass, pvt, domain, interface_offsets, extra_interfaces);
        if (extra_interfaces) {
                g_slist_free (extra_interfaces);
        }

#ifdef COMPRESSED_INTERFACE_BITMAP
        bcsize = mono_compress_bitmap (NULL, bitmap, bsize);
        pvt->interface_bitmap = mono_domain_alloc0 (domain, bcsize);
        mono_compress_bitmap (pvt->interface_bitmap, bitmap, bsize);
        g_free (bitmap);
#else
        pvt->interface_bitmap = bitmap;
#endif
        MONO_PROFILER_RAISE (vtable_loaded, (pvt));
        return pvt;
failure:
        if (extra_interfaces)
                g_slist_free (extra_interfaces);
#ifdef COMPRESSED_INTERFACE_BITMAP
        g_free (bitmap);
#endif
        MONO_PROFILER_RAISE (vtable_failed, (pvt));
        return NULL;
}

#endif /* DISABLE_REMOTING */

/**
 * mono_class_field_is_special_static:
 * \returns whether \p field is a thread/context static field.
 */
gboolean
mono_class_field_is_special_static (MonoClassField *field)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE

        if (!(field->type->attrs & FIELD_ATTRIBUTE_STATIC))
                return FALSE;
        if (mono_field_is_deleted (field))
                return FALSE;
        if (!(field->type->attrs & FIELD_ATTRIBUTE_LITERAL)) {
                if (field_is_special_static (field->parent, field) != SPECIAL_STATIC_NONE)
                        return TRUE;
        }
        return FALSE;
}

/**
 * mono_class_field_get_special_static_type:
 * \param field The \c MonoClassField describing the field.
 * \returns \c SPECIAL_STATIC_THREAD if the field is thread static, \c SPECIAL_STATIC_CONTEXT if it is context static,
 * \c SPECIAL_STATIC_NONE otherwise.
 */
guint32
mono_class_field_get_special_static_type (MonoClassField *field)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE

        if (!(field->type->attrs & FIELD_ATTRIBUTE_STATIC))
                return SPECIAL_STATIC_NONE;
        if (mono_field_is_deleted (field))
                return SPECIAL_STATIC_NONE;
        if (!(field->type->attrs & FIELD_ATTRIBUTE_LITERAL))
                return field_is_special_static (field->parent, field);
        return SPECIAL_STATIC_NONE;
}

/**
 * mono_class_has_special_static_fields:
 * \returns whether \p klass has any thread/context static fields.
 */
gboolean
mono_class_has_special_static_fields (MonoClass *klass)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE

        MonoClassField *field;
        gpointer iter;

        iter = NULL;
        while ((field = mono_class_get_fields_internal (klass, &iter))) {
                g_assert (field->parent == klass);
                if (mono_class_field_is_special_static (field))
                        return TRUE;
        }

        return FALSE;
}

#ifndef DISABLE_REMOTING
/**
 * create_remote_class_key:
 * Creates an array of pointers that can be used as a hash key for a remote class.
 * The first element of the array is the number of pointers.
 */
static gpointer*
create_remote_class_key (MonoRemoteClass *remote_class, MonoClass *extra_class)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE;

        gpointer *key;
        int i, j;
        
        if (remote_class == NULL) {
                if (mono_class_is_interface (extra_class)) {
                        key = (void **)g_malloc (sizeof(gpointer) * 3);
                        key [0] = GINT_TO_POINTER (2);
                        key [1] = mono_defaults.marshalbyrefobject_class;
                        key [2] = extra_class;
                } else {
                        key = (void **)g_malloc (sizeof(gpointer) * 2);
                        key [0] = GINT_TO_POINTER (1);
                        key [1] = extra_class;
                }
        } else {
                if (extra_class != NULL && mono_class_is_interface (extra_class)) {
                        key = (void **)g_malloc (sizeof(gpointer) * (remote_class->interface_count + 3));
                        key [0] = GINT_TO_POINTER (remote_class->interface_count + 2);
                        key [1] = remote_class->proxy_class;

                        // Keep the list of interfaces sorted
                        for (i = 0, j = 2; i < remote_class->interface_count; i++, j++) {
                                if (extra_class && remote_class->interfaces [i] > extra_class) {
                                        key [j++] = extra_class;
                                        extra_class = NULL;
                                }
                                key [j] = remote_class->interfaces [i];
                        }
                        if (extra_class)
                                key [j] = extra_class;
                } else {
                        // Replace the old class. The interface list is the same
                        key = (void **)g_malloc (sizeof(gpointer) * (remote_class->interface_count + 2));
                        key [0] = GINT_TO_POINTER (remote_class->interface_count + 1);
                        key [1] = extra_class != NULL ? extra_class : remote_class->proxy_class;
                        for (i = 0; i < remote_class->interface_count; i++)
                                key [2 + i] = remote_class->interfaces [i];
                }
        }
        
        return key;
}

/**
 * copy_remote_class_key:
 *
 *   Make a copy of KEY in the domain and return the copy.
 */
static gpointer*
copy_remote_class_key (MonoDomain *domain, gpointer *key)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE

        int key_size = (GPOINTER_TO_UINT (key [0]) + 1) * sizeof (gpointer);
        gpointer *mp_key = (gpointer *)mono_domain_alloc (domain, key_size);

        memcpy (mp_key, key, key_size);

        return mp_key;
}

/**
 * mono_remote_class:
 * \param domain the application domain
 * \param class_name name of the remote class
 * \param error set on error
 * Creates and initializes a \c MonoRemoteClass object for a remote type. 
 * On failure returns NULL and sets \p error
 */
MonoRemoteClass*
mono_remote_class (MonoDomain *domain, MonoStringHandle class_name, MonoClass *proxy_class, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        MonoRemoteClass *rc;
        gpointer* key, *mp_key;
        char *name;
        
        error_init (error);

        key = create_remote_class_key (NULL, proxy_class);
        
        mono_domain_lock (domain);
        rc = (MonoRemoteClass *)g_hash_table_lookup (domain->proxy_vtable_hash, key);

        if (rc) {
                g_free (key);
                mono_domain_unlock (domain);
                return rc;
        }

        name = mono_string_to_utf8_mp (domain->mp, MONO_HANDLE_RAW (class_name), error);
        if (!is_ok (error)) {
                g_free (key);
                mono_domain_unlock (domain);
                return NULL;
        }

        mp_key = copy_remote_class_key (domain, key);
        g_free (key);
        key = mp_key;

        if (mono_class_is_interface (proxy_class)) {
                /* If we need to proxy an interface, we use this stylized
                 * representation (interface_count >= 1, proxy_class is
                 * MarshalByRefObject).  The code in
                 * mono_remote_class_is_interface_proxy () depends on being
                 * able to detect that we're doing this, so if this
                 * representation changes, change GetType, too. */
                rc = (MonoRemoteClass *)mono_domain_alloc (domain, MONO_SIZEOF_REMOTE_CLASS + sizeof(MonoClass*));
                rc->interface_count = 1;
                rc->interfaces [0] = proxy_class;
                rc->proxy_class = mono_defaults.marshalbyrefobject_class;
        } else {
                rc = (MonoRemoteClass *)mono_domain_alloc (domain, MONO_SIZEOF_REMOTE_CLASS);
                rc->interface_count = 0;
                rc->proxy_class = proxy_class;
        }
        
        rc->default_vtable = NULL;
        rc->xdomain_vtable = NULL;
        rc->proxy_class_name = name;
#ifndef DISABLE_PERFCOUNTERS
        mono_atomic_fetch_add_i32 (&mono_perfcounters->loader_bytes, mono_string_length (MONO_HANDLE_RAW (class_name)) + 1);
#endif

        g_hash_table_insert (domain->proxy_vtable_hash, key, rc);

        mono_domain_unlock (domain);
        return rc;
}

/**
 * clone_remote_class:
 * Creates a copy of the remote_class, adding the provided class or interface
 */
static MonoRemoteClass*
clone_remote_class (MonoDomain *domain, MonoRemoteClass* remote_class, MonoClass *extra_class)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE;

        MonoRemoteClass *rc;
        gpointer* key, *mp_key;
        
        key = create_remote_class_key (remote_class, extra_class);
        rc = (MonoRemoteClass *)g_hash_table_lookup (domain->proxy_vtable_hash, key);
        if (rc != NULL) {
                g_free (key);
                return rc;
        }

        mp_key = copy_remote_class_key (domain, key);
        g_free (key);
        key = mp_key;

        if (mono_class_is_interface (extra_class)) {
                int i,j;
                rc = (MonoRemoteClass *)mono_domain_alloc (domain, MONO_SIZEOF_REMOTE_CLASS + sizeof(MonoClass*) * (remote_class->interface_count + 1));
                rc->proxy_class = remote_class->proxy_class;
                rc->interface_count = remote_class->interface_count + 1;
                
                // Keep the list of interfaces sorted, since the hash key of
                // the remote class depends on this
                for (i = 0, j = 0; i < remote_class->interface_count; i++, j++) {
                        if (remote_class->interfaces [i] > extra_class && i == j)
                                rc->interfaces [j++] = extra_class;
                        rc->interfaces [j] = remote_class->interfaces [i];
                }
                if (i == j)
                        rc->interfaces [j] = extra_class;
        } else {
                // Replace the old class. The interface array is the same
                rc = (MonoRemoteClass *)mono_domain_alloc (domain, MONO_SIZEOF_REMOTE_CLASS + sizeof(MonoClass*) * remote_class->interface_count);
                rc->proxy_class = extra_class;
                rc->interface_count = remote_class->interface_count;
                if (rc->interface_count > 0)
                        memcpy (rc->interfaces, remote_class->interfaces, rc->interface_count * sizeof (MonoClass*));
        }
        
        rc->default_vtable = NULL;
        rc->xdomain_vtable = NULL;
        rc->proxy_class_name = remote_class->proxy_class_name;

        g_hash_table_insert (domain->proxy_vtable_hash, key, rc);

        return rc;
}

gpointer
mono_remote_class_vtable (MonoDomain *domain, MonoRemoteClass *remote_class, MonoRealProxyHandle rp, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        gpointer result = NULL;
        error_init (error);

        mono_loader_lock (); /*FIXME mono_class_from_mono_type and mono_class_proxy_vtable take it*/
        mono_domain_lock (domain);
        gint32 target_domain_id = MONO_HANDLE_GETVAL (rp, target_domain_id);
        if (target_domain_id != -1) {
                if (remote_class->xdomain_vtable == NULL)
                        remote_class->xdomain_vtable = mono_class_proxy_vtable (domain, remote_class, MONO_REMOTING_TARGET_APPDOMAIN, error);
                goto_if_nok (error, leave);
                result = remote_class->xdomain_vtable;
                goto leave;
        }
        if (remote_class->default_vtable == NULL) {
                MonoReflectionTypeHandle reftype = MONO_HANDLE_NEW (MonoReflectionType, NULL);
                MONO_HANDLE_GET (reftype, rp, class_to_proxy);
                
                MonoType *type = MONO_HANDLE_GETVAL (reftype, type);
                MonoClass *klass = mono_class_from_mono_type (type);
#ifndef DISABLE_COM
                gboolean target_is_com = FALSE;
                if (mono_class_is_com_object (klass) || (mono_class_get_com_object_class () && klass == mono_class_get_com_object_class ())) {
                        MonoVTable *klass_vtable = mono_class_vtable_checked (mono_domain_get (), klass, error);
                        goto_if_nok (error, leave);
                        if (!mono_vtable_is_remote (klass_vtable))
                                target_is_com = TRUE;
                }
                if (target_is_com)
                        remote_class->default_vtable = mono_class_proxy_vtable (domain, remote_class, MONO_REMOTING_TARGET_COMINTEROP, error);
                else
#endif
                        remote_class->default_vtable = mono_class_proxy_vtable (domain, remote_class, MONO_REMOTING_TARGET_UNKNOWN, error);
                /* N.B. both branches of the if modify error */
                goto_if_nok (error, leave);

        }
        
        result = remote_class->default_vtable;
leave:
        mono_domain_unlock (domain);
        mono_loader_unlock ();
        return result;
}

/**
 * mono_upgrade_remote_class:
 * \param domain the application domain
 * \param tproxy the proxy whose remote class has to be upgraded.
 * \param klass class to which the remote class can be casted.
 * \param error set on error
 * Updates the vtable of the remote class by adding the necessary method slots
 * and interface offsets so it can be safely casted to klass. klass can be a
 * class or an interface.  On success returns TRUE, on failure returns FALSE and sets \p error.
 */
gboolean
mono_upgrade_remote_class (MonoDomain *domain, MonoObjectHandle proxy_object, MonoClass *klass, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        error_init (error);

        MonoTransparentProxyHandle tproxy = MONO_HANDLE_CAST (MonoTransparentProxy, proxy_object);
        MonoRemoteClass *remote_class = MONO_HANDLE_GETVAL (tproxy, remote_class);
        
        gboolean redo_vtable;
        if (mono_class_is_interface (klass)) {
                int i;
                redo_vtable = TRUE;
                for (i = 0; i < remote_class->interface_count && redo_vtable; i++)
                        if (remote_class->interfaces [i] == klass)
                                redo_vtable = FALSE;
        }
        else {
                redo_vtable = (remote_class->proxy_class != klass);
        }

        mono_loader_lock (); /*FIXME mono_remote_class_vtable requires it.*/
        mono_domain_lock (domain);
        if (redo_vtable) {
                MonoRemoteClass *fresh_remote_class = clone_remote_class (domain, remote_class, klass);
                MONO_HANDLE_SETVAL (tproxy, remote_class, MonoRemoteClass*, fresh_remote_class);
                MonoRealProxyHandle real_proxy = MONO_HANDLE_NEW (MonoRealProxy, NULL);
                MONO_HANDLE_GET (real_proxy, tproxy, rp);
                MONO_HANDLE_SETVAL (proxy_object, vtable, MonoVTable*, (MonoVTable*)mono_remote_class_vtable (domain, fresh_remote_class, real_proxy, error));
                goto_if_nok (error, leave);
        }
        
leave:
        mono_domain_unlock (domain);
        mono_loader_unlock ();
        return is_ok (error);
}
#endif /* DISABLE_REMOTING */


/**
 * mono_object_get_virtual_method:
 * \param obj object to operate on.
 * \param method method 
 * Retrieves the \c MonoMethod that would be called on \p obj if \p obj is passed as
 * the instance of a callvirt of \p method.
 */
MonoMethod*
mono_object_get_virtual_method (MonoObject *obj_raw, MonoMethod *method)
{
        HANDLE_FUNCTION_ENTER ();
        MonoMethod *result;
        MONO_ENTER_GC_UNSAFE;
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        MONO_HANDLE_DCL (MonoObject, obj);
        result = mono_object_handle_get_virtual_method (obj, method, error);
        mono_error_assert_ok (error);
        MONO_EXIT_GC_UNSAFE;
        HANDLE_FUNCTION_RETURN_VAL (result);
}

/**
 * mono_object_handle_get_virtual_method:
 * \param obj object to operate on.
 * \param method method 
 * Retrieves the \c MonoMethod that would be called on \p obj if \p obj is passed as
 * the instance of a callvirt of \p method.
 */
MonoMethod*
mono_object_handle_get_virtual_method (MonoObjectHandle obj, MonoMethod *method, MonoError *error)
{
        error_init (error);

        gboolean is_proxy = FALSE;
        MonoClass *klass = mono_handle_class (obj);
        if (mono_class_is_transparent_proxy (klass)) {
                MonoRemoteClass *remote_class = MONO_HANDLE_GETVAL (MONO_HANDLE_CAST (MonoTransparentProxy, obj), remote_class);
                klass = remote_class->proxy_class;
                is_proxy = TRUE;
        }
        return mono_class_get_virtual_method (klass, method, is_proxy, error);
}

MonoMethod*
mono_class_get_virtual_method (MonoClass *klass, MonoMethod *method, gboolean is_proxy, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE;
        error_init (error);

        if (!is_proxy && ((method->flags & METHOD_ATTRIBUTE_FINAL) || !(method->flags & METHOD_ATTRIBUTE_VIRTUAL)))
                return method;

        mono_class_setup_vtable (klass);
        MonoMethod **vtable = m_class_get_vtable (klass);

        if (method->slot == -1) {
                /* method->slot might not be set for instances of generic methods */
                if (method->is_inflated) {
                        g_assert (((MonoMethodInflated*)method)->declaring->slot != -1);
                        method->slot = ((MonoMethodInflated*)method)->declaring->slot; 
                } else {
                        if (!is_proxy)
                                g_assert_not_reached ();
                }
        }

        MonoMethod *res = NULL;
        /* check method->slot is a valid index: perform isinstance? */
        if (method->slot != -1) {
                if (mono_class_is_interface (method->klass)) {
                        if (!is_proxy) {
                                gboolean variance_used = FALSE;
                                int iface_offset = mono_class_interface_offset_with_variance (klass, method->klass, &variance_used);
                                g_assert (iface_offset > 0);
                                res = vtable [iface_offset + method->slot];
                        }
                } else {
                        res = vtable [method->slot];
                }
    }

#ifndef DISABLE_REMOTING
        if (is_proxy) {
                /* It may be an interface, abstract class method or generic method */
                if (!res || mono_method_signature (res)->generic_param_count)
                        res = method;

                /* generic methods demand invoke_with_check */
                if (mono_method_signature (res)->generic_param_count)
                        res = mono_marshal_get_remoting_invoke_with_check (res, error);
                else {
#ifndef DISABLE_COM
                        if (klass == mono_class_get_com_object_class () || mono_class_is_com_object (klass))
                                res = mono_cominterop_get_invoke (res);
                        else
#endif
                                res = mono_marshal_get_remoting_invoke (res, error);
                }
        } else
#endif
        {
                if (method->is_inflated) {
                        /* Have to inflate the result */
                        res = mono_class_inflate_generic_method_checked (res, &((MonoMethodInflated*)method)->context, error);
                }
        }

        return res;
}

static MonoObject*
do_runtime_invoke (MonoMethod *method, void *obj, void **params, MonoObject **exc, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        MonoObject *result = NULL;

        g_assert (callbacks.runtime_invoke);

        error_init (error);
        
        MONO_PROFILER_RAISE (method_begin_invoke, (method));

        result = callbacks.runtime_invoke (method, obj, params, exc, error);

        MONO_PROFILER_RAISE (method_end_invoke, (method));

        if (!mono_error_ok (error))
                return NULL;

        return result;
}

/**
 * mono_runtime_invoke:
 * \param method method to invoke
 * \param obj object instance
 * \param params arguments to the method
 * \param exc exception information.
 * Invokes the method represented by \p method on the object \p obj.
 * \p obj is the \c this pointer, it should be NULL for static
 * methods, a \c MonoObject* for object instances and a pointer to
 * the value type for value types.
 *
 * The params array contains the arguments to the method with the
 * same convention: \c MonoObject* pointers for object instances and
 * pointers to the value type otherwise. 
 * 
 * From unmanaged code you'll usually use the
 * \c mono_runtime_invoke variant.
 *
 * Note that this function doesn't handle virtual methods for
 * you, it will exec the exact method you pass: we still need to
 * expose a function to lookup the derived class implementation
 * of a virtual method (there are examples of this in the code,
 * though).
 * 
 * You can pass NULL as the \p exc argument if you don't want to
 * catch exceptions, otherwise, \c *exc will be set to the exception
 * thrown, if any.  if an exception is thrown, you can't use the
 * \c MonoObject* result from the function.
 * 
 * If the method returns a value type, it is boxed in an object
 * reference.
 */
MonoObject*
mono_runtime_invoke (MonoMethod *method, void *obj, void **params, MonoObject **exc)
{
        MonoObject *res;
        MONO_ENTER_GC_UNSAFE;
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        if (exc) {
                res = mono_runtime_try_invoke (method, obj, params, exc, error);
                if (*exc == NULL && !mono_error_ok(error)) {
                        *exc = (MonoObject*) mono_error_convert_to_exception (error);
                } else
                        mono_error_cleanup (error);
        } else {
                res = mono_runtime_invoke_checked (method, obj, params, error);
                mono_error_raise_exception_deprecated (error); /* OK to throw, external only without a good alternative */
        }
        MONO_EXIT_GC_UNSAFE;
        return res;
}

/**
 * mono_runtime_try_invoke:
 * \param method method to invoke
 * \param obj object instance
 * \param params arguments to the method
 * \param exc exception information.
 * \param error set on error
 * Invokes the method represented by \p method on the object \p obj.
 *
 * \p obj is the \c this pointer, it should be NULL for static
 * methods, a \c MonoObject* for object instances and a pointer to
 * the value type for value types.
 *
 * The params array contains the arguments to the method with the
 * same convention: \c MonoObject* pointers for object instances and
 * pointers to the value type otherwise. 
 * 
 * From unmanaged code you'll usually use the
 * mono_runtime_invoke() variant.
 *
 * Note that this function doesn't handle virtual methods for
 * you, it will exec the exact method you pass: we still need to
 * expose a function to lookup the derived class implementation
 * of a virtual method (there are examples of this in the code,
 * though).
 * 
 * For this function, you must not pass NULL as the \p exc argument if
 * you don't want to catch exceptions, use
 * mono_runtime_invoke_checked().  If an exception is thrown, you
 * can't use the \c MonoObject* result from the function.
 * 
 * If this method cannot be invoked, \p error will be set and \p exc and
 * the return value must not be used.
 *
 * If the method returns a value type, it is boxed in an object
 * reference.
 */
MonoObject*
mono_runtime_try_invoke (MonoMethod *method, void *obj, void **params, MonoObject **exc, MonoError* error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        g_assert (exc != NULL);

        if (mono_runtime_get_no_exec ())
                g_warning ("Invoking method '%s' when running in no-exec mode.\n", mono_method_full_name (method, TRUE));

        return do_runtime_invoke (method, obj, params, exc, error);
}

MonoObjectHandle
mono_runtime_try_invoke_handle (MonoMethod *method, MonoObjectHandle obj, void **params, MonoError* error)
{
        // FIXME? typing of params
        MonoException *exc = NULL;
        MonoObject *obj_raw = mono_runtime_try_invoke (method, MONO_HANDLE_RAW (obj), params, (MonoObject**)&exc, error);

        if (exc && is_ok (error))
                mono_error_set_exception_instance (error, exc);

        return MONO_HANDLE_NEW (MonoObject, obj_raw);
}

/**
 * mono_runtime_invoke_checked:
 * \param method method to invoke
 * \param obj object instance
 * \param params arguments to the method
 * \param error set on error
 * Invokes the method represented by \p method on the object \p obj.
 *
 * \p obj is the \c this pointer, it should be NULL for static
 * methods, a \c MonoObject* for object instances and a pointer to
 * the value type for value types.
 *
 * The \p params array contains the arguments to the method with the
 * same convention: \c MonoObject* pointers for object instances and
 * pointers to the value type otherwise. 
 * 
 * From unmanaged code you'll usually use the
 * mono_runtime_invoke() variant.
 *
 * Note that this function doesn't handle virtual methods for
 * you, it will exec the exact method you pass: we still need to
 * expose a function to lookup the derived class implementation
 * of a virtual method (there are examples of this in the code,
 * though).
 * 
 * If an exception is thrown, you can't use the \c MonoObject* result
 * from the function.
 * 
 * If this method cannot be invoked, \p error will be set.  If the
 * method throws an exception (and we're in coop mode) the exception
 * will be set in \p error.
 *
 * If the method returns a value type, it is boxed in an object
 * reference.
 */
MonoObject*
mono_runtime_invoke_checked (MonoMethod *method, void *obj, void **params, MonoError* error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        if (mono_runtime_get_no_exec ())
                g_error ("Invoking method '%s' when running in no-exec mode.\n", mono_method_full_name (method, TRUE));

        return do_runtime_invoke (method, obj, params, NULL, error);
}

MonoObjectHandle
mono_runtime_invoke_handle (MonoMethod *method, MonoObjectHandle obj, void **params, MonoError* error)
{
        return MONO_HANDLE_NEW (MonoObject, mono_runtime_invoke_checked (method, MONO_HANDLE_RAW (obj), params, error));
}

/**
 * mono_method_get_unmanaged_thunk:
 * \param method method to generate a thunk for.
 *
 * Returns an \c unmanaged->managed thunk that can be used to call
 * a managed method directly from C.
 *
 * The thunk's C signature closely matches the managed signature:
 *
 * C#: <code>public bool Equals (object obj);</code>
 *
 * C:  <code>typedef MonoBoolean (*Equals)(MonoObject*, MonoObject*, MonoException**);</code>
 *
 * The 1st (<code>this</code>) parameter must not be used with static methods:
 *
 * C#: <code>public static bool ReferenceEquals (object a, object b);</code>
 *
 * C:  <code>typedef MonoBoolean (*ReferenceEquals)(MonoObject*, MonoObject*, MonoException**);</code>
 *
 * The last argument must be a non-null \c MonoException* pointer.
 * It has "out" semantics. After invoking the thunk, \c *ex will be NULL if no
 * exception has been thrown in managed code. Otherwise it will point
 * to the \c MonoException* caught by the thunk. In this case, the result of
 * the thunk is undefined:
 *
 * <pre>
 * MonoMethod *method = ... // MonoMethod* of System.Object.Equals
 *
 * MonoException *ex = NULL;
 *
 * Equals func = mono_method_get_unmanaged_thunk (method);
 *
 * MonoBoolean res = func (thisObj, objToCompare, &ex);
 *
 * if (ex) {
 *
 *    // handle exception
 *
 * }
 * </pre>
 *
 * The calling convention of the thunk matches the platform's default
 * convention. This means that under Windows, C declarations must
 * contain the \c __stdcall attribute:
 *
 * C: <code>typedef MonoBoolean (__stdcall *Equals)(MonoObject*, MonoObject*, MonoException**);</code>
 *
 * LIMITATIONS
 *
 * Value type arguments and return values are treated as they were objects:
 *
 * C#: <code>public static Rectangle Intersect (Rectangle a, Rectangle b);</code>
 * C:  <code>typedef MonoObject* (*Intersect)(MonoObject*, MonoObject*, MonoException**);</code>
 *
 * Arguments must be properly boxed upon trunk's invocation, while return
 * values must be unboxed.
 */
gpointer
mono_method_get_unmanaged_thunk (MonoMethod *method)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE;
        MONO_REQ_API_ENTRYPOINT;

        ERROR_DECL (error);
        gpointer res;

        MONO_ENTER_GC_UNSAFE;
        method = mono_marshal_get_thunk_invoke_wrapper (method);
        res = mono_compile_method_checked (method, error);
        mono_error_cleanup (error);
        MONO_EXIT_GC_UNSAFE;

        return res;
}

void
mono_copy_value (MonoType *type, void *dest, void *value, int deref_pointer)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        int t;
        if (type->byref) {
                /* object fields cannot be byref, so we don't need a
                   wbarrier here */
                gpointer *p = (gpointer*)dest;
                *p = value;
                return;
        }
        t = type->type;
handle_enum:
        switch (t) {
        case MONO_TYPE_BOOLEAN:
        case MONO_TYPE_I1:
        case MONO_TYPE_U1: {
                guint8 *p = (guint8*)dest;
                *p = value ? *(guint8*)value : 0;
                return;
        }
        case MONO_TYPE_I2:
        case MONO_TYPE_U2:
        case MONO_TYPE_CHAR: {
                guint16 *p = (guint16*)dest;
                *p = value ? *(guint16*)value : 0;
                return;
        }
#if SIZEOF_VOID_P == 4
        case MONO_TYPE_I:
        case MONO_TYPE_U:
#endif
        case MONO_TYPE_I4:
        case MONO_TYPE_U4: {
                gint32 *p = (gint32*)dest;
                *p = value ? *(gint32*)value : 0;
                return;
        }
#if SIZEOF_VOID_P == 8
        case MONO_TYPE_I:
        case MONO_TYPE_U:
#endif
        case MONO_TYPE_I8:
        case MONO_TYPE_U8: {
                gint64 *p = (gint64*)dest;
                *p = value ? *(gint64*)value : 0;
                return;
        }
        case MONO_TYPE_R4: {
                float *p = (float*)dest;
                *p = value ? *(float*)value : 0;
                return;
        }
        case MONO_TYPE_R8: {
                double *p = (double*)dest;
                *p = value ? *(double*)value : 0;
                return;
        }
        case MONO_TYPE_STRING:
        case MONO_TYPE_SZARRAY:
        case MONO_TYPE_CLASS:
        case MONO_TYPE_OBJECT:
        case MONO_TYPE_ARRAY:
                mono_gc_wbarrier_generic_store (dest, deref_pointer ? *(MonoObject **)value : (MonoObject *)value);
                return;
        case MONO_TYPE_FNPTR:
        case MONO_TYPE_PTR: {
                gpointer *p = (gpointer*)dest;
                *p = deref_pointer? *(gpointer*)value: value;
                return;
        }
        case MONO_TYPE_VALUETYPE:
                /* note that 't' and 'type->type' can be different */
                if (type->type == MONO_TYPE_VALUETYPE && m_class_is_enumtype (type->data.klass)) {
                        t = mono_class_enum_basetype_internal (type->data.klass)->type;
                        goto handle_enum;
                } else {
                        MonoClass *klass = mono_class_from_mono_type (type);
                        int size = mono_class_value_size (klass, NULL);
                        if (value == NULL)
                                mono_gc_bzero_atomic (dest, size);
                        else
                                mono_gc_wbarrier_value_copy (dest, value, 1, klass);
                }
                return;
        case MONO_TYPE_GENERICINST:
                t = m_class_get_byval_arg (type->data.generic_class->container_class)->type;
                goto handle_enum;
        default:
                g_error ("got type %x", type->type);
        }
}

/**
 * mono_field_set_value:
 * \param obj Instance object
 * \param field \c MonoClassField describing the field to set
 * \param value The value to be set
 *
 * Sets the value of the field described by \p field in the object instance \p obj
 * to the value passed in \p value.   This method should only be used for instance
 * fields.   For static fields, use \c mono_field_static_set_value.
 *
 * The value must be in the native format of the field type. 
 */
void
mono_field_set_value (MonoObject *obj, MonoClassField *field, void *value)
{
        MONO_ENTER_GC_UNSAFE;

        void *dest;

        if ((field->type->attrs & FIELD_ATTRIBUTE_STATIC))
                goto leave;

        dest = (char*)obj + field->offset;
        mono_copy_value (field->type, dest, value, FALSE);
leave:
        MONO_EXIT_GC_UNSAFE;
}

/**
 * mono_field_static_set_value:
 * \param field \c MonoClassField describing the field to set
 * \param value The value to be set
 * Sets the value of the static field described by \p field
 * to the value passed in \p value.
 * The value must be in the native format of the field type. 
 */
void
mono_field_static_set_value (MonoVTable *vt, MonoClassField *field, void *value)
{
        MONO_ENTER_GC_UNSAFE;

        void *dest;

        if ((field->type->attrs & FIELD_ATTRIBUTE_STATIC) == 0)
                goto leave;
        /* you cant set a constant! */
        if ((field->type->attrs & FIELD_ATTRIBUTE_LITERAL))
                goto leave;

        if (field->offset == -1) {
                /* Special static */
                gpointer addr;

                mono_domain_lock (vt->domain);
                addr = g_hash_table_lookup (vt->domain->special_static_fields, field);
                mono_domain_unlock (vt->domain);
                dest = mono_get_special_static_data (GPOINTER_TO_UINT (addr));
        } else {
                dest = (char*)mono_vtable_get_static_field_data (vt) + field->offset;
        }
        mono_copy_value (field->type, dest, value, FALSE);
leave:
        MONO_EXIT_GC_UNSAFE;
}

/**
 * mono_vtable_get_static_field_data:
 *
 * Internal use function: return a pointer to the memory holding the static fields
 * for a class or NULL if there are no static fields.
 * This is exported only for use by the debugger.
 */
void *
mono_vtable_get_static_field_data (MonoVTable *vt)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE

        if (!vt->has_static_fields)
                return NULL;
        return vt->vtable [m_class_get_vtable_size (vt->klass)];
}

static guint8*
mono_field_get_addr (MonoObject *obj, MonoVTable *vt, MonoClassField *field)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        guint8 *src;

        if (field->type->attrs & FIELD_ATTRIBUTE_STATIC) {
                if (field->offset == -1) {
                        /* Special static */
                        gpointer addr;

                        mono_domain_lock (vt->domain);
                        addr = g_hash_table_lookup (vt->domain->special_static_fields, field);
                        mono_domain_unlock (vt->domain);
                        src = (guint8 *)mono_get_special_static_data (GPOINTER_TO_UINT (addr));
                } else {
                        src = (guint8*)mono_vtable_get_static_field_data (vt) + field->offset;
                }
        } else {
                src = (guint8*)obj + field->offset;
        }

        return src;
}

/**
 * mono_field_get_value:
 * \param obj Object instance
 * \param field \c MonoClassField describing the field to fetch information from
 * \param value pointer to the location where the value will be stored
 * Use this routine to get the value of the field \p field in the object
 * passed.
 *
 * The pointer provided by value must be of the field type, for reference
 * types this is a \c MonoObject*, for value types its the actual pointer to
 * the value type.
 *
 * For example:
 *
 * <pre>
 * int i;
 *
 * mono_field_get_value (obj, int_field, &i);
 * </pre>
 */
void
mono_field_get_value (MonoObject *obj, MonoClassField *field, void *value)
{
        MONO_ENTER_GC_UNSAFE;
        mono_field_get_value_internal (obj, field, value);
        MONO_EXIT_GC_UNSAFE;
}

void
mono_field_get_value_internal (MonoObject *obj, MonoClassField *field, void *value)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        void *src;

        g_assert (obj);

        g_return_if_fail (!(field->type->attrs & FIELD_ATTRIBUTE_STATIC));

        src = (char*)obj + field->offset;
        mono_copy_value (field->type, value, src, TRUE);
}

/**
 * mono_field_get_value_object:
 * \param domain domain where the object will be created (if boxing)
 * \param field \c MonoClassField describing the field to fetch information from
 * \param obj The object instance for the field.
 * \returns a new \c MonoObject with the value from the given field.  If the
 * field represents a value type, the value is boxed.
 */
MonoObject *
mono_field_get_value_object (MonoDomain *domain, MonoClassField *field, MonoObject *obj)
{       
        MonoObject* result;
        MONO_ENTER_GC_UNSAFE;
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        result = mono_field_get_value_object_checked (domain, field, obj, error);
        mono_error_assert_ok (error);
        MONO_EXIT_GC_UNSAFE;
        return result;
}

MonoObjectHandle
mono_static_field_get_value_handle (MonoDomain *domain, MonoClassField *field, MonoError *error)
// FIXMEcoop invert
{
        HANDLE_FUNCTION_ENTER ();
        HANDLE_FUNCTION_RETURN_REF (MonoObject, MONO_HANDLE_NEW (MonoObject, mono_field_get_value_object_checked (domain, field, NULL, error)));
}

/**
 * mono_field_get_value_object_checked:
 * \param domain domain where the object will be created (if boxing)
 * \param field \c MonoClassField describing the field to fetch information from
 * \param obj The object instance for the field.
 * \param error Set on error.
 * \returns a new \c MonoObject with the value from the given field.  If the
 * field represents a value type, the value is boxed.  On error returns NULL and sets \p error.
 */
MonoObject *
mono_field_get_value_object_checked (MonoDomain *domain, MonoClassField *field, MonoObject *obj, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        error_init (error);

        MonoObject *o;
        MonoClass *klass;
        MonoVTable *vtable = NULL;
        gpointer v;
        gboolean is_static = FALSE;
        gboolean is_ref = FALSE;
        gboolean is_literal = FALSE;
        gboolean is_ptr = FALSE;
        MonoType *type = mono_field_get_type_checked (field, error);

        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);

        switch (type->type) {
        case MONO_TYPE_STRING:
        case MONO_TYPE_OBJECT:
        case MONO_TYPE_CLASS:
        case MONO_TYPE_ARRAY:
        case MONO_TYPE_SZARRAY:
                is_ref = TRUE;
                break;
        case MONO_TYPE_U1:
        case MONO_TYPE_I1:
        case MONO_TYPE_BOOLEAN:
        case MONO_TYPE_U2:
        case MONO_TYPE_I2:
        case MONO_TYPE_CHAR:
        case MONO_TYPE_U:
        case MONO_TYPE_I:
        case MONO_TYPE_U4:
        case MONO_TYPE_I4:
        case MONO_TYPE_R4:
        case MONO_TYPE_U8:
        case MONO_TYPE_I8:
        case MONO_TYPE_R8:
        case MONO_TYPE_VALUETYPE:
                is_ref = type->byref;
                break;
        case MONO_TYPE_GENERICINST:
                is_ref = !mono_type_generic_inst_is_valuetype (type);
                break;
        case MONO_TYPE_PTR:
                is_ptr = TRUE;
                break;
        default:
                g_error ("type 0x%x not handled in "
                         "mono_field_get_value_object", type->type);
                return NULL;
        }

        if (type->attrs & FIELD_ATTRIBUTE_LITERAL)
                is_literal = TRUE;

        if (type->attrs & FIELD_ATTRIBUTE_STATIC) {
                is_static = TRUE;

                if (!is_literal) {
                        vtable = mono_class_vtable_checked (domain, field->parent, error);
                        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);

                        if (!vtable->initialized) {
                                mono_runtime_class_init_full (vtable, error);
                                return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
                        }
                }
        } else {
                g_assert (obj);
        }
        
        if (is_ref) {
                if (is_literal) {
                        get_default_field_value (domain, field, &o, error);
                        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
                } else if (is_static) {
                        mono_field_static_get_value_checked (vtable, field, &o, error);
                        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
                } else {
                        mono_field_get_value (obj, field, &o);
                }
                return o;
        }

        if (is_ptr) {
                static MonoMethod *m;
                gpointer args [2];
                gpointer *ptr;

                if (!m) {
                        MonoClass *ptr_klass = mono_class_get_pointer_class ();
                        m = mono_class_get_method_from_name_checked (ptr_klass, "Box", 2, METHOD_ATTRIBUTE_STATIC, error);
                        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
                        g_assert (m);
                }

                v = &ptr;
                if (is_literal) {
                        get_default_field_value (domain, field, v, error);
                        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
                } else if (is_static) {
                        mono_field_static_get_value_checked (vtable, field, v, error);
                        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
                } else {
                        mono_field_get_value (obj, field, v);
                }

                /* MONO_TYPE_PTR is passed by value to runtime_invoke () */
                args [0] = ptr ? *ptr : NULL;
                args [1] = mono_type_get_object_checked (mono_domain_get (), type, error);
                return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);

                o = mono_runtime_invoke_checked (m, NULL, args, error);
                return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);

                return o;
        }

        /* boxed value type */
        klass = mono_class_from_mono_type (type);

        if (mono_class_is_nullable (klass))
                return mono_nullable_box (mono_field_get_addr (obj, vtable, field), klass, error);

        o = mono_object_new_checked (domain, klass, error);
        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
        v = mono_object_get_data (o);

        if (is_literal) {
                get_default_field_value (domain, field, v, error);
                return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
        } else if (is_static) {
                mono_field_static_get_value_checked (vtable, field, v, error);
                return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
        } else {
                mono_field_get_value (obj, field, v);
        }

        return o;
}

/*
 * Important detail, if type is MONO_TYPE_STRING we return a blob encoded string (ie, utf16 + leb128 prefixed size)
 */
gboolean
mono_metadata_read_constant_value (const char *blob, MonoTypeEnum type, void *value, MonoError *error)
{

        error_init (error);
        gboolean retval = TRUE;
        const char *p = blob;
        mono_metadata_decode_blob_size (p, &p);

        switch (type) {
        case MONO_TYPE_BOOLEAN:
        case MONO_TYPE_U1:
        case MONO_TYPE_I1:
                *(guint8 *) value = *p;
                break;
        case MONO_TYPE_CHAR:
        case MONO_TYPE_U2:
        case MONO_TYPE_I2:
                *(guint16*) value = read16 (p);
                break;
        case MONO_TYPE_U4:
        case MONO_TYPE_I4:
                *(guint32*) value = read32 (p);
                break;
        case MONO_TYPE_U8:
        case MONO_TYPE_I8:
                *(guint64*) value = read64 (p);
                break;
        case MONO_TYPE_R4:
                readr4 (p, (float*) value);
                break;
        case MONO_TYPE_R8:
                readr8 (p, (double*) value);
                break;
        case MONO_TYPE_STRING:
                *(const char**) value = blob;
                break;
        case MONO_TYPE_CLASS:
                *(gpointer*) value = NULL;
                break;
        default:
                retval = FALSE;
                mono_error_set_execution_engine (error, "Type 0x%02x should not be in constant table", type);
        }
        return retval;
}

int
mono_get_constant_value_from_blob (MonoDomain* domain, MonoTypeEnum type, const char *blob, void *value, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE

        if (!mono_metadata_read_constant_value (blob, type, value, error))
                return -1;

        if (type == MONO_TYPE_STRING)
                *(gpointer*)value = mono_ldstr_metadata_sig (domain, *(const char**)value, error);

        return 0;
}

static void
get_default_field_value (MonoDomain* domain, MonoClassField *field, void *value, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE;

        MonoTypeEnum def_type;
        const char* data;

        error_init (error);
        
        data = mono_class_get_field_default_value (field, &def_type);
        mono_get_constant_value_from_blob (domain, def_type, data, value, error);
}

void
mono_field_static_get_value_for_thread (MonoInternalThread *thread, MonoVTable *vt, MonoClassField *field, void *value, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        void *src;

        error_init (error);

        g_return_if_fail (field->type->attrs & FIELD_ATTRIBUTE_STATIC);
        
        if (field->type->attrs & FIELD_ATTRIBUTE_LITERAL) {
                get_default_field_value (vt->domain, field, value, error);
                return;
        }

        if (field->offset == -1) {
                /* Special static */
                gpointer addr = g_hash_table_lookup (vt->domain->special_static_fields, field);
                src = mono_get_special_static_data_for_thread (thread, GPOINTER_TO_UINT (addr));
        } else {
                src = (char*)mono_vtable_get_static_field_data (vt) + field->offset;
        }
        mono_copy_value (field->type, value, src, TRUE);
}

/**
 * mono_field_static_get_value:
 * \param vt vtable to the object
 * \param field \c MonoClassField describing the field to fetch information from
 * \param value where the value is returned
 * Use this routine to get the value of the static field \p field value.
 *
 * The pointer provided by value must be of the field type, for reference
 * types this is a \c MonoObject*, for value types its the actual pointer to
 * the value type.
 *
 * For example:
 *
 * <pre>
 *     int i;
 *
 *     mono_field_static_get_value (vt, int_field, &i);
 * </pre>
 */
void
mono_field_static_get_value (MonoVTable *vt, MonoClassField *field, void *value)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE;

        ERROR_DECL (error);
        mono_field_static_get_value_checked (vt, field, value, error);
        mono_error_cleanup (error);
}

/**
 * mono_field_static_get_value_checked:
 * \param vt vtable to the object
 * \param field \c MonoClassField describing the field to fetch information from
 * \param value where the value is returned
 * \param error set on error
 * Use this routine to get the value of the static field \p field value.
 *
 * The pointer provided by value must be of the field type, for reference
 * types this is a \c MonoObject*, for value types its the actual pointer to
 * the value type.
 *
 * For example:
 *     int i;
 *     mono_field_static_get_value_checked (vt, int_field, &i, error);
 *     if (!is_ok (error)) { ... }
 *
 * On failure sets \p error.
 */
void
mono_field_static_get_value_checked (MonoVTable *vt, MonoClassField *field, void *value, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE;

        mono_field_static_get_value_for_thread (mono_thread_internal_current (), vt, field, value, error);
}

/**
 * mono_property_set_value:
 * \param prop MonoProperty to set
 * \param obj instance object on which to act
 * \param params parameters to pass to the propery
 * \param exc optional exception
 * Invokes the property's set method with the given arguments on the
 * object instance obj (or NULL for static properties). 
 * 
 * You can pass NULL as the exc argument if you don't want to
 * catch exceptions, otherwise, \c *exc will be set to the exception
 * thrown, if any.  if an exception is thrown, you can't use the
 * \c MonoObject* result from the function.
 */
void
mono_property_set_value (MonoProperty *prop, void *obj, void **params, MonoObject **exc)
{
        MONO_ENTER_GC_UNSAFE;

        ERROR_DECL (error);
        do_runtime_invoke (prop->set, obj, params, exc, error);
        if (exc && *exc == NULL && !mono_error_ok (error)) {
                *exc = (MonoObject*) mono_error_convert_to_exception (error);
        } else {
                mono_error_cleanup (error);
        }
        MONO_EXIT_GC_UNSAFE;
}

/**
 * mono_property_set_value_handle:
 * \param prop \c MonoProperty to set
 * \param obj instance object on which to act
 * \param params parameters to pass to the propery
 * \param error set on error
 * Invokes the property's set method with the given arguments on the
 * object instance \p obj (or NULL for static properties). 
 * \returns TRUE on success.  On failure returns FALSE and sets \p error.
 * If an exception is thrown, it will be caught and returned via \p error.
 */
gboolean
mono_property_set_value_handle (MonoProperty *prop, MonoObjectHandle obj, void **params, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        MonoObject *exc;

        error_init (error);
        do_runtime_invoke (prop->set, MONO_HANDLE_RAW (obj), params, &exc, error);
        if (exc != NULL && is_ok (error))
                mono_error_set_exception_instance (error, (MonoException*)exc);
        return is_ok (error);
}

/**
 * mono_property_get_value:
 * \param prop \c MonoProperty to fetch
 * \param obj instance object on which to act
 * \param params parameters to pass to the propery
 * \param exc optional exception
 * Invokes the property's \c get method with the given arguments on the
 * object instance \p obj (or NULL for static properties). 
 * 
 * You can pass NULL as the \p exc argument if you don't want to
 * catch exceptions, otherwise, \c *exc will be set to the exception
 * thrown, if any.  if an exception is thrown, you can't use the
 * \c MonoObject* result from the function.
 *
 * \returns the value from invoking the \c get method on the property.
 */
MonoObject*
mono_property_get_value (MonoProperty *prop, void *obj, void **params, MonoObject **exc)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        ERROR_DECL (error);
        MonoObject *val = do_runtime_invoke (prop->get, obj, params, exc, error);
        if (exc && *exc == NULL && !mono_error_ok (error)) {
                *exc = (MonoObject*) mono_error_convert_to_exception (error);
        } else {
                mono_error_cleanup (error); /* FIXME don't raise here */
        }

        return val;
}

/**
 * mono_property_get_value_checked:
 * \param prop \c MonoProperty to fetch
 * \param obj instance object on which to act
 * \param params parameters to pass to the propery
 * \param error set on error
 * Invokes the property's \c get method with the given arguments on the
 * object instance obj (or NULL for static properties). 
 * 
 * If an exception is thrown, you can't use the
 * \c MonoObject* result from the function.  The exception will be propagated via \p error.
 *
 * \returns the value from invoking the get method on the property. On
 * failure returns NULL and sets \p error.
 */
MonoObject*
mono_property_get_value_checked (MonoProperty *prop, void *obj, void **params, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        MonoObject *exc;
        MonoObject *val = do_runtime_invoke (prop->get, obj, params, &exc, error);
        if (exc != NULL && !is_ok (error))
                mono_error_set_exception_instance (error, (MonoException*) exc);
        if (!is_ok (error))
                val = NULL;
        return val;
}

static MonoClassField*
nullable_class_get_value_field (MonoClass *klass)
{
        mono_class_setup_fields (klass);
        g_assert (m_class_is_fields_inited (klass));

        MonoClassField *klass_fields = m_class_get_fields (klass);
        return &klass_fields [1];
}

static MonoClassField*
nullable_class_get_has_value_field (MonoClass *klass)
{
        mono_class_setup_fields (klass);
        g_assert (m_class_is_fields_inited (klass));

        MonoClassField *klass_fields = m_class_get_fields (klass);
        return &klass_fields [0];
}

static gpointer
nullable_get_has_value_field_addr (guint8 *nullable, MonoClass *klass)
{
        MonoClassField *has_value_field = nullable_class_get_has_value_field (klass);

        return mono_vtype_get_field_addr (nullable, has_value_field);
}

static gpointer
nullable_get_value_field_addr (guint8 *nullable, MonoClass *klass)
{
        MonoClassField *has_value_field = nullable_class_get_value_field (klass);

        return mono_vtype_get_field_addr (nullable, has_value_field);
}

/*
 * mono_nullable_init:
 * @buf: The nullable structure to initialize.
 * @value: the value to initialize from
 * @klass: the type for the object
 *
 * Initialize the nullable structure pointed to by @buf from @value which
 * should be a boxed value type.   The size of @buf should be able to hold
 * as much data as the @klass->instance_size (which is the number of bytes
 * that will be copies).
 *
 * Since Nullables have variable structure, we can not define a C
 * structure for them.
 */
void
mono_nullable_init (guint8 *buf, MonoObject *value, MonoClass *klass)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        MonoClass *param_class = m_class_get_cast_class (klass);
        gpointer has_value_field_addr = nullable_get_has_value_field_addr (buf, klass);
        gpointer value_field_addr = nullable_get_value_field_addr (buf, klass);

        *(guint8*)(has_value_field_addr) = value ? 1 : 0;
        if (value) {
                if (m_class_has_references (param_class))
                        mono_gc_wbarrier_value_copy (value_field_addr, mono_object_unbox (value), 1, param_class);
                else
                        mono_gc_memmove_atomic (value_field_addr, mono_object_unbox (value), mono_class_value_size (param_class, NULL));
        } else {
                mono_gc_bzero_atomic (value_field_addr, mono_class_value_size (param_class, NULL));
        }
}

/*
 * mono_nullable_init_from_handle:
 * @buf: The nullable structure to initialize.
 * @value: the value to initialize from
 * @klass: the type for the object
 *
 * Initialize the nullable structure pointed to by @buf from @value which
 * should be a boxed value type.   The size of @buf should be able to hold
 * as much data as the @klass->instance_size (which is the number of bytes
 * that will be copies).
 *
 * Since Nullables have variable structure, we can not define a C
 * structure for them.
 */
void
mono_nullable_init_from_handle (guint8 *buf, MonoObjectHandle value, MonoClass *klass)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        MonoClass *param_class = m_class_get_cast_class (klass);
        gpointer has_value_field_addr = nullable_get_has_value_field_addr (buf, klass);
        gpointer value_field_addr = nullable_get_value_field_addr (buf, klass);

        *(guint8*)(has_value_field_addr) = MONO_HANDLE_IS_NULL  (value) ? 0 : 1;
        if (!MONO_HANDLE_IS_NULL (value)) {
                uint32_t value_gchandle = 0;
                gpointer src = mono_object_handle_pin_unbox (value, &value_gchandle);
                if (m_class_has_references (param_class))
                        mono_gc_wbarrier_value_copy (value_field_addr, src, 1, param_class);
                else
                        mono_gc_memmove_atomic (value_field_addr, src, mono_class_value_size (param_class, NULL));
                mono_gchandle_free (value_gchandle);
        } else {
                mono_gc_bzero_atomic (value_field_addr, mono_class_value_size (param_class, NULL));
        }
}

/**
 * mono_nullable_box:
 * \param buf The buffer representing the data to be boxed
 * \param klass the type to box it as.
 * \param error set on error
 *
 * Creates a boxed vtype or NULL from the \c Nullable structure pointed to by
 * \p buf.  On failure returns NULL and sets \p error.
 */
MonoObject*
mono_nullable_box (gpointer vbuf, MonoClass *klass, MonoError *error)
{
        guint8 *buf = (guint8*)vbuf;
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        error_init (error);
        MonoClass *param_class = m_class_get_cast_class (klass);
        gpointer has_value_field_addr = nullable_get_has_value_field_addr (buf, klass);
        gpointer value_field_addr = nullable_get_value_field_addr (buf, klass);

        if (*(guint8*)(has_value_field_addr)) {
                MonoObject *o = mono_object_new_checked (mono_domain_get (), param_class, error);
                return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
                if (m_class_has_references (param_class))
                        mono_gc_wbarrier_value_copy (mono_object_unbox (o), value_field_addr, 1, param_class);
                else
                        mono_gc_memmove_atomic (mono_object_unbox (o), value_field_addr, mono_class_value_size (param_class, NULL));
                return o;
        }
        else
                return NULL;
}

MonoObjectHandle
mono_nullable_box_handle (gpointer buf, MonoClass *klass, MonoError *error)
{
        // FIXMEcoop gpointer buf needs more attention
        return MONO_HANDLE_NEW (MonoObject, mono_nullable_box (buf, klass, error));
}

/**
 * mono_get_delegate_invoke:
 * \param klass The delegate class
 * \returns the \c MonoMethod for the \c Invoke method in the delegate class or NULL if \p klass is a broken delegate type
 */
MonoMethod *
mono_get_delegate_invoke (MonoClass *klass)
{
        MonoMethod *result;
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        result = mono_get_delegate_invoke_checked (klass, error);
        /* FIXME: better external API that doesn't swallow the error */
        mono_error_cleanup (error);
        return result;
}

/**
 * mono_get_delegate_invoke_checked:
 * \param klass The delegate class
 * \param error set on error
 * \returns the \c MonoMethod for the \c Invoke method in the delegate class or NULL if \p klass is a broken delegate type or not a delegate class.
 *
 * Sets \p error on error
 */
MonoMethod *
mono_get_delegate_invoke_checked (MonoClass *klass, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE;

        MonoMethod *im;

        /* This is called at runtime, so avoid the slower search in metadata */
        mono_class_setup_methods (klass);
        if (mono_class_has_failure (klass))
                return NULL;
        im = mono_class_get_method_from_name_checked (klass, "Invoke", -1, 0, error);
        return im;
}

/**
 * mono_get_delegate_begin_invoke:
 * \param klass The delegate class
 * \returns the \c MonoMethod for the \c BeginInvoke method in the delegate class or NULL if \p klass is a broken delegate type
 */
MonoMethod *
mono_get_delegate_begin_invoke (MonoClass *klass)
{
        MonoMethod *result;
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        result = mono_get_delegate_begin_invoke_checked (klass, error);
        /* FIXME: better external API that doesn't swallow the error */
        mono_error_cleanup (error);
        return result;
}

/**
 * mono_get_delegate_begin_invoke_checked:
 * \param klass The delegate class
 * \param error set on error
 * \returns the \c MonoMethod for the \c BeginInvoke method in the delegate class or NULL if \p klass is a broken delegate type or not a delegate class.
 *
 * Sets \p error on error
 */
MonoMethod *
mono_get_delegate_begin_invoke_checked (MonoClass *klass, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE;

        MonoMethod *im;

        /* This is called at runtime, so avoid the slower search in metadata */
        mono_class_setup_methods (klass);
        if (mono_class_has_failure (klass))
                return NULL;
        im = mono_class_get_method_from_name_checked (klass, "BeginInvoke", -1, 0, error);
        return im;
}

/**
 * mono_get_delegate_end_invoke:
 * \param klass The delegate class
 * \returns the \c MonoMethod for the \c EndInvoke method in the delegate class or NULL if \p klass is a broken delegate type
 */
MonoMethod *
mono_get_delegate_end_invoke (MonoClass *klass)
{
        MonoMethod *result;
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        result = mono_get_delegate_end_invoke_checked (klass, error);
        /* FIXME: better external API that doesn't swallow the error */
        mono_error_cleanup (error);
        return result;
}

/**
 * mono_get_delegate_end_invoke_checked:
 * \param klass The delegate class
 * \param error set on error
 * \returns the \c MonoMethod for the \c EndInvoke method in the delegate class or NULL if \p klass is a broken delegate type or not a delegate class.
 *
 * Sets \p error on error
 */
MonoMethod *
mono_get_delegate_end_invoke_checked (MonoClass *klass, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE;

        MonoMethod *im;

        /* This is called at runtime, so avoid the slower search in metadata */
        mono_class_setup_methods (klass);
        if (mono_class_has_failure (klass))
                return NULL;
        im = mono_class_get_method_from_name_checked (klass, "EndInvoke", -1, 0, error);
        return im;
}

/**
 * mono_runtime_delegate_invoke:
 * \param delegate pointer to a delegate object.
 * \param params parameters for the delegate.
 * \param exc Pointer to the exception result.
 *
 * Invokes the delegate method \p delegate with the parameters provided.
 *
 * You can pass NULL as the \p exc argument if you don't want to
 * catch exceptions, otherwise, \c *exc will be set to the exception
 * thrown, if any.  if an exception is thrown, you can't use the
 * \c MonoObject* result from the function.
 */
MonoObject*
mono_runtime_delegate_invoke (MonoObject *delegate, void **params, MonoObject **exc)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        ERROR_DECL (error);
        if (exc) {
                MonoObject *result = mono_runtime_delegate_try_invoke (delegate, params, exc, error);
                if (*exc) {
                        mono_error_cleanup (error);
                        return NULL;
                } else {
                        if (!is_ok (error))
                                *exc = (MonoObject*)mono_error_convert_to_exception (error);
                        return result;
                }
        } else {
                MonoObject *result = mono_runtime_delegate_invoke_checked (delegate, params, error);
                mono_error_raise_exception_deprecated (error); /* OK to throw, external only without a good alternative */
                return result;
        }
}

/**
 * mono_runtime_delegate_try_invoke:
 * \param delegate pointer to a delegate object.
 * \param params parameters for the delegate.
 * \param exc Pointer to the exception result.
 * \param error set on error
 * Invokes the delegate method \p delegate with the parameters provided.
 *
 * You can pass NULL as the \p exc argument if you don't want to
 * catch exceptions, otherwise, \c *exc will be set to the exception
 * thrown, if any.  On failure to execute, \p error will be set.
 * if an exception is thrown, you can't use the
 * \c MonoObject* result from the function.
 */
MonoObject*
mono_runtime_delegate_try_invoke (MonoObject *delegate, void **params, MonoObject **exc, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        error_init (error);
        MonoMethod *im;
        MonoClass *klass = delegate->vtable->klass;
        MonoObject *o;

        im = mono_get_delegate_invoke (klass);
        g_assertf (im, "Could not lookup delegate invoke method for delegate %s", mono_type_get_full_name (klass));

        if (exc) {
                o = mono_runtime_try_invoke (im, delegate, params, exc, error);
        } else {
                o = mono_runtime_invoke_checked (im, delegate, params, error);
        }

        return o;
}

static MonoObjectHandle
mono_runtime_delegate_try_invoke_handle (MonoObjectHandle delegate, void **params, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        MonoClass* const klass = MONO_HANDLE_GETVAL (delegate, vtable)->klass;
        MonoMethod* const im = mono_get_delegate_invoke (klass);
        g_assertf (im, "Could not lookup delegate invoke method for delegate %s", mono_type_get_full_name (klass));

        return mono_runtime_try_invoke_handle (im, delegate, params, error);
}

/**
 * mono_runtime_delegate_invoke_checked:
 * \param delegate pointer to a delegate object.
 * \param params parameters for the delegate.
 * \param error set on error
 * Invokes the delegate method \p delegate with the parameters provided.
 * On failure \p error will be set and you can't use the \c MonoObject*
 * result from the function.
 */
MonoObject*
mono_runtime_delegate_invoke_checked (MonoObject *delegate, void **params, MonoError *error)
{
        error_init (error);
        return mono_runtime_delegate_try_invoke (delegate, params, NULL, error);
}

static char **main_args = NULL;
static int num_main_args = 0;

/**
 * mono_runtime_get_main_args:
 * \returns A \c MonoArray with the arguments passed to the main program
 */
MonoArray*
mono_runtime_get_main_args (void)
{
        HANDLE_FUNCTION_ENTER ();
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        MonoArrayHandle result = MONO_HANDLE_NEW (MonoArray, NULL);
        error_init (error);
        MonoArrayHandle arg_array = mono_runtime_get_main_args_handle (error);
        goto_if_nok (error, leave);
        MONO_HANDLE_ASSIGN (result, arg_array);
leave:
        /* FIXME: better external API that doesn't swallow the error */
        mono_error_cleanup (error);
        HANDLE_FUNCTION_RETURN_OBJ (result);
}

static gboolean
handle_main_arg_array_set (MonoDomain *domain, int idx, MonoArrayHandle dest, MonoError *error)
{
        HANDLE_FUNCTION_ENTER ();
        error_init (error);
        MonoStringHandle value = mono_string_new_handle (domain, main_args [idx], error);
        goto_if_nok (error, leave);
        MONO_HANDLE_ARRAY_SETREF (dest, idx, value);
leave:
        HANDLE_FUNCTION_RETURN_VAL (is_ok (error));
}

/**
 * mono_runtime_get_main_args_handle:
 * \param error set on error
 * \returns a \c MonoArray with the arguments passed to the main
 * program. On failure returns NULL and sets \p error.
 */
MonoArrayHandle
mono_runtime_get_main_args_handle (MonoError *error)
{
        HANDLE_FUNCTION_ENTER ();
        MonoArrayHandle array;
        int i;
        MonoDomain *domain = mono_domain_get ();
        error_init (error);

        array = mono_array_new_handle (domain, mono_defaults.string_class, num_main_args, error);
        if (!is_ok (error)) {
                array = MONO_HANDLE_CAST (MonoArray, NULL_HANDLE);
                goto leave;
        }
        for (i = 0; i < num_main_args; ++i) {
                if (!handle_main_arg_array_set (domain, i, array, error))
                        goto leave;
        }
leave:
        HANDLE_FUNCTION_RETURN_REF (MonoArray, array);
}

static void
free_main_args (void)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE;

        int i;

        for (i = 0; i < num_main_args; ++i)
                g_free (main_args [i]);
        g_free (main_args);
        num_main_args = 0;
        main_args = NULL;
}

/**
 * mono_runtime_set_main_args:
 * \param argc number of arguments from the command line
 * \param argv array of strings from the command line
 * Set the command line arguments from an embedding application that doesn't otherwise call
 * \c mono_runtime_run_main.
 */
int
mono_runtime_set_main_args (int argc, char* argv[])
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE;

        int i;

        free_main_args ();
        main_args = g_new0 (char*, argc);
        num_main_args = argc;

        for (i = 0; i < argc; ++i) {
                gchar *utf8_arg;

                utf8_arg = mono_utf8_from_external (argv[i]);
                if (utf8_arg == NULL) {
                        g_print ("\nCannot determine the text encoding for argument %d (%s).\n", i, argv [i]);
                        g_print ("Please add the correct encoding to MONO_EXTERNAL_ENCODINGS and try again.\n");
                        exit (-1);
                }

                main_args [i] = utf8_arg;
        }

        return 0;
}

/*
 * Prepare an array of arguments in order to execute a standard Main()
 * method (argc/argv contains the executable name). This method also
 * sets the command line argument value needed by System.Environment.
 * 
 */
static MonoArray*
prepare_run_main (MonoMethod *method, int argc, char *argv[])
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        ERROR_DECL (error);
        int i;
        MonoArray *args = NULL;
        MonoDomain *domain = mono_domain_get ();
        gchar *utf8_fullpath;
        MonoMethodSignature *sig;

        g_assert (method != NULL);
        
        mono_thread_set_main (mono_thread_current ());

        main_args = g_new0 (char*, argc);
        num_main_args = argc;

        if (!g_path_is_absolute (argv [0])) {
                gchar *basename = g_path_get_basename (argv [0]);
                gchar *fullpath = g_build_filename (m_class_get_image (method->klass)->assembly->basedir,
                                                    basename,
                                                    NULL);

                utf8_fullpath = mono_utf8_from_external (fullpath);
                if(utf8_fullpath == NULL) {
                        /* Printing the arg text will cause glib to
                         * whinge about "Invalid UTF-8", but at least
                         * its relevant, and shows the problem text
                         * string.
                         */
                        g_print ("\nCannot determine the text encoding for the assembly location: %s\n", fullpath);
                        g_print ("Please add the correct encoding to MONO_EXTERNAL_ENCODINGS and try again.\n");
                        exit (-1);
                }

                g_free (fullpath);
                g_free (basename);
        } else {
                utf8_fullpath = mono_utf8_from_external (argv[0]);
                if(utf8_fullpath == NULL) {
                        g_print ("\nCannot determine the text encoding for the assembly location: %s\n", argv[0]);
                        g_print ("Please add the correct encoding to MONO_EXTERNAL_ENCODINGS and try again.\n");
                        exit (-1);
                }
        }

        main_args [0] = utf8_fullpath;

        for (i = 1; i < argc; ++i) {
                gchar *utf8_arg;

                utf8_arg=mono_utf8_from_external (argv[i]);
                if(utf8_arg==NULL) {
                        /* Ditto the comment about Invalid UTF-8 here */
                        g_print ("\nCannot determine the text encoding for argument %d (%s).\n", i, argv[i]);
                        g_print ("Please add the correct encoding to MONO_EXTERNAL_ENCODINGS and try again.\n");
                        exit (-1);
                }

                main_args [i] = utf8_arg;
        }
        argc--;
        argv++;

        sig = mono_method_signature (method);
        if (!sig) {
                g_print ("Unable to load Main method.\n");
                exit (-1);
        }

        if (sig->param_count) {
                args = (MonoArray*)mono_array_new_checked (domain, mono_defaults.string_class, argc, error);
                mono_error_assert_ok (error);
                for (i = 0; i < argc; ++i) {
                        /* The encodings should all work, given that
                         * we've checked all these args for the
                         * main_args array.
                         */
                        gchar *str = mono_utf8_from_external (argv [i]);
                        MonoString *arg = mono_string_new_checked (domain, str, error);
                        mono_error_assert_ok (error);
                        mono_array_setref (args, i, arg);
                        g_free (str);
                }
        } else {
                args = (MonoArray*)mono_array_new_checked (domain, mono_defaults.string_class, 0, error);
                mono_error_assert_ok (error);
        }
        
        mono_assembly_set_main (m_class_get_image (method->klass)->assembly);

        return args;
}

/**
 * mono_runtime_run_main:
 * \param method the method to start the application with (usually <code>Main</code>)
 * \param argc number of arguments from the command line
 * \param argv array of strings from the command line
 * \param exc excetption results
 * Execute a standard \c Main method (\p argc / \p argv contains the
 * executable name). This method also sets the command line argument value
 * needed by \c System.Environment.
 */
int
mono_runtime_run_main (MonoMethod *method, int argc, char* argv[],
                       MonoObject **exc)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        ERROR_DECL (error);
        MonoArray *args = prepare_run_main (method, argc, argv);
        int res;
        if (exc) {
                res = mono_runtime_try_exec_main (method, args, exc);
        } else {
                res = mono_runtime_exec_main_checked (method, args, error);
                mono_error_raise_exception_deprecated (error); /* OK to throw, external only without a better alternative */
        }
        return res;
}

/**
 * mono_runtime_run_main_checked:
 * \param method the method to start the application with (usually \c Main)
 * \param argc number of arguments from the command line
 * \param argv array of strings from the command line
 * \param error set on error
 *
 * Execute a standard \c Main method (\p argc / \p argv contains the
 * executable name). This method also sets the command line argument value
 * needed by \c System.Environment.  On failure sets \p error.
 */
int
mono_runtime_run_main_checked (MonoMethod *method, int argc, char* argv[],
                               MonoError *error)
{
        error_init (error);
        MonoArray *args = prepare_run_main (method, argc, argv);
        return mono_runtime_exec_main_checked (method, args, error);
}

/**
 * mono_runtime_try_run_main:
 * \param method the method to start the application with (usually \c Main)
 * \param argc number of arguments from the command line
 * \param argv array of strings from the command line
 * \param exc set if \c Main throws an exception
 * \param error set if \c Main can't be executed
 * Execute a standard \c Main method (\p argc / \p argv contains the executable
 * name). This method also sets the command line argument value needed
 * by \c System.Environment.  On failure sets \p error if Main can't be
 * executed or \p exc if it threw an exception.
 */
int
mono_runtime_try_run_main (MonoMethod *method, int argc, char* argv[],
                           MonoObject **exc)
{
        g_assert (exc);
        MonoArray *args = prepare_run_main (method, argc, argv);
        return mono_runtime_try_exec_main (method, args, exc);
}

MonoObjectHandle
mono_new_null (void) // A code size optimization (source and object).
{
        return MONO_HANDLE_NEW (MonoObject, NULL);
}

static MonoObjectHandle
serialize_or_deserialize_object (MonoObjectHandle obj, const gchar *method_name, MonoMethod **method, MonoError *error)
{
        if (!*method) {
                MonoClass *klass = mono_class_get_remoting_services_class ();
                *method = mono_class_get_method_from_name_checked (klass, method_name, -1, 0, error);
                return_val_if_nok (error, mono_new_null ());
        }

        if (!*method) {
                mono_error_set_exception_instance (error, NULL);
                return mono_new_null ();
        }

        void *params [ ] = { MONO_HANDLE_RAW (obj) };
        return mono_runtime_try_invoke_handle (*method, NULL_HANDLE, params, error);
}

static MonoMethod *serialize_method;

static MonoObjectHandle
serialize_object (MonoObjectHandle obj, MonoError *error)
{
        g_assert (!mono_class_is_marshalbyref (mono_handle_class (obj)));
        return serialize_or_deserialize_object (obj, "SerializeCallData", &serialize_method, error);
}

static MonoMethod *deserialize_method;

static MonoObjectHandle
deserialize_object (MonoObjectHandle obj, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;
        return serialize_or_deserialize_object (obj, "DeserializeCallData", &deserialize_method, error);
}

#ifndef DISABLE_REMOTING
static MonoObjectHandle
make_transparent_proxy (MonoObjectHandle obj, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        static MonoMethod *get_proxy_method;

        if (!get_proxy_method) {
                get_proxy_method = mono_class_get_method_from_name_checked (mono_defaults.real_proxy_class, "GetTransparentProxy", 0, 0, error);
                mono_error_assert_ok (error);
        }
                
        g_assert (mono_class_is_marshalbyref (MONO_HANDLE_GETVAL (obj, vtable)->klass));

        MonoDomain *domain = mono_domain_get ();
        MonoRealProxyHandle real_proxy = MONO_HANDLE_CAST (MonoRealProxy, mono_object_new_handle (domain, mono_defaults.real_proxy_class, error));
        goto_if_nok (error, return_null);
        MonoReflectionTypeHandle reflection_type;
        reflection_type = mono_type_get_object_handle (domain, m_class_get_byval_arg (mono_handle_class (obj)), error);
        goto_if_nok (error, return_null);

        MONO_HANDLE_SET (real_proxy, class_to_proxy, reflection_type);
        MONO_HANDLE_SET (real_proxy, unwrapped_server, obj);

        return mono_runtime_try_invoke_handle (get_proxy_method, MONO_HANDLE_CAST (MonoObject, real_proxy), NULL, error);
return_null:
        return mono_new_null ();
}
#endif /* DISABLE_REMOTING */

/**
 * mono_object_xdomain_representation
 * \param obj an object
 * \param target_domain a domain
 * \param error set on error.
 * Creates a representation of obj in the domain \p target_domain.  This
 * is either a copy of \p obj arrived through via serialization and
 * deserialization or a proxy, depending on whether the object is
 * serializable or marshal by ref.  \p obj must not be in \p target_domain.
 * If the object cannot be represented in \p target_domain, NULL is
 * returned and \p error is set appropriately.
 */
MonoObjectHandle
mono_object_xdomain_representation (MonoObjectHandle obj, MonoDomain *target_domain, MonoError *error)
{
        HANDLE_FUNCTION_ENTER ();

        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        MonoObjectHandle deserialized;

#ifndef DISABLE_REMOTING
        if (mono_class_is_marshalbyref (mono_handle_class (obj))) {
                deserialized = make_transparent_proxy (obj, error);
        } 
        else
#endif
        {
                MonoDomain *domain = mono_domain_get ();

                mono_domain_set_internal_with_options (MONO_HANDLE_DOMAIN (obj), FALSE);
                MonoObjectHandle serialized = serialize_object (obj, error);
                mono_domain_set_internal_with_options (target_domain, FALSE);
                if (is_ok (error))
                        deserialized = deserialize_object (serialized, error);
                else
                        deserialized = mono_new_null ();

                if (domain != target_domain)
                        mono_domain_set_internal_with_options (domain, FALSE);
        }

        HANDLE_FUNCTION_RETURN_REF (MonoObject, deserialized);
}

/* Used in call_unhandled_exception_delegate */
static MonoObjectHandle
create_unhandled_exception_eventargs (MonoObjectHandle exc, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        MonoClass * const klass = mono_class_get_unhandled_exception_event_args_class ();
        mono_class_init (klass);

        /* UnhandledExceptionEventArgs only has 1 public ctor with 2 args */
        MonoMethod * const method = mono_class_get_method_from_name_checked (klass, ".ctor", 2, METHOD_ATTRIBUTE_PUBLIC, error);
        goto_if_nok (error, return_null);
        g_assert (method);

        MonoBoolean is_terminating;
        is_terminating = TRUE;
        gpointer args [2];
        args [0] = MONO_HANDLE_RAW (exc); // FIXMEcoop
        args [1] = &is_terminating;

        MonoObjectHandle obj;
        obj = mono_object_new_handle (mono_domain_get (), klass, error);
        goto_if_nok (error, return_null);

        mono_runtime_invoke_handle (method, obj, args, error);
        goto_if_nok (error, return_null);
        return obj;

return_null:
        return MONO_HANDLE_NEW (MonoObject, NULL);
}

/* Used in mono_unhandled_exception */
static void
call_unhandled_exception_delegate (MonoDomain *domain, MonoObjectHandle delegate, MonoObjectHandle exc)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        ERROR_DECL (error);
        MonoDomain *current_domain = mono_domain_get ();

        if (domain != current_domain)
                mono_domain_set_internal_with_options (domain, FALSE);

        g_assert (domain == mono_object_domain (domain->domain));

        if (MONO_HANDLE_DOMAIN (exc) != domain) {

                exc = mono_object_xdomain_representation (exc, domain, error);
                if (MONO_HANDLE_IS_NULL (exc)) {
                        ERROR_DECL (inner_error);
                        if (!is_ok (error)) {
                                MonoExceptionHandle serialization_exc = mono_error_convert_to_exception_handle (error);
                                exc = mono_object_xdomain_representation (MONO_HANDLE_CAST (MonoObject, serialization_exc), domain, inner_error);
                        } else {
                                exc = MONO_HANDLE_CAST (MonoObject, mono_exception_new_serialization ("Could not serialize unhandled exception.", inner_error));
                        }
                        mono_error_assert_ok (inner_error);
                }
        }
        g_assert (MONO_HANDLE_DOMAIN (exc) == domain);

        gpointer pa [ ] = {
                domain->domain,
                MONO_HANDLE_RAW (create_unhandled_exception_eventargs (exc, error)) // FIXMEcoop
        };
        mono_error_assert_ok (error);
        mono_runtime_delegate_try_invoke_handle (delegate, pa, error);

        if (domain != current_domain)
                mono_domain_set_internal_with_options (current_domain, FALSE);

        if (!is_ok (error)) {
                g_warning ("exception inside UnhandledException handler: %s\n", mono_error_get_message (error));
                mono_error_cleanup (error);
        }
}

static MonoRuntimeUnhandledExceptionPolicy runtime_unhandled_exception_policy = MONO_UNHANDLED_POLICY_CURRENT;

/**
 * mono_runtime_unhandled_exception_policy_set:
 * \param policy the new policy
 * This is a VM internal routine.
 * Sets the runtime policy for handling unhandled exceptions.
 */
void
mono_runtime_unhandled_exception_policy_set (MonoRuntimeUnhandledExceptionPolicy policy)
{
        runtime_unhandled_exception_policy = policy;
}

/**
 * mono_runtime_unhandled_exception_policy_get:
 *
 * This is a VM internal routine.
 *
 * Gets the runtime policy for handling unhandled exceptions.
 */
MonoRuntimeUnhandledExceptionPolicy
mono_runtime_unhandled_exception_policy_get (void)
{
        return runtime_unhandled_exception_policy;
}

/**
 * mono_unhandled_exception:
 * \param exc exception thrown
 * This is a VM internal routine.
 *
 * We call this function when we detect an unhandled exception
 * in the default domain.
 *
 * It invokes the \c UnhandledException event in \c AppDomain or prints
 * a warning to the console 
 */
void
mono_unhandled_exception (MonoObject *exc_raw)
{
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        HANDLE_FUNCTION_ENTER ();
        MONO_HANDLE_DCL (MonoObject, exc);
        mono_unhandled_exception_checked (exc, error);
        mono_error_assert_ok (error);
        HANDLE_FUNCTION_RETURN ();
}

/**
 * mono_unhandled_exception:
 * @exc: exception thrown
 *
 * This is a VM internal routine.
 *
 * We call this function when we detect an unhandled exception
 * in the default domain.
 *
 * It invokes the * UnhandledException event in AppDomain or prints
 * a warning to the console 
 */
void
mono_unhandled_exception_checked (MonoObjectHandle exc, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        MonoClassField *field;
        MonoDomain *current_domain, *root_domain;
        MonoObjectHandle current_appdomain_delegate = MONO_HANDLE_NEW (MonoObject, NULL);

        MonoClass *klass = mono_handle_class (exc);
        /*
         * AppDomainUnloadedException don't behave like unhandled exceptions unless thrown from 
         * a thread started in unmanaged world.
         * https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.appdomainunloadedexception(v=vs.110).aspx#Anchor_6
         */
        if (klass == mono_defaults.threadabortexception_class ||
                        (klass == mono_class_get_appdomain_unloaded_exception_class () &&
                        mono_thread_info_current ()->runtime_thread))
                return;

        field = mono_class_get_field_from_name_full (mono_defaults.appdomain_class, "UnhandledException", NULL);
        g_assert (field);

        current_domain = mono_domain_get ();
        root_domain = mono_get_root_domain ();

        MonoObjectHandle root_appdomain_delegate = MONO_HANDLE_NEW (MonoObject, mono_field_get_value_object_checked (root_domain, field, (MonoObject*) root_domain->domain, error)); /* FIXME use handles for mono_field_get_value_object_checked */
        return_if_nok (error);
        if (current_domain != root_domain) {
                MONO_HANDLE_ASSIGN (current_appdomain_delegate, MONO_HANDLE_NEW (MonoObject, mono_field_get_value_object_checked (current_domain, field, (MonoObject*) current_domain->domain, error))); /* FIXME use handles for mono_field_get_value_object_checked */
                return_if_nok (error);
        }

        if (MONO_HANDLE_IS_NULL (current_appdomain_delegate) && MONO_HANDLE_IS_NULL (root_appdomain_delegate)) {
                mono_print_unhandled_exception (MONO_HANDLE_RAW (exc)); /* FIXME use handles for mono_print_unhandled_exception */
        } else {
                /* unhandled exception callbacks must not be aborted */
                mono_threads_begin_abort_protected_block ();
                if (!MONO_HANDLE_IS_NULL (root_appdomain_delegate))
                        call_unhandled_exception_delegate (root_domain, root_appdomain_delegate, exc);
                if (!MONO_HANDLE_IS_NULL (current_appdomain_delegate))
                        call_unhandled_exception_delegate (current_domain, current_appdomain_delegate, exc);
                mono_threads_end_abort_protected_block ();
        }

        /* set exitcode only if we will abort the process */
        if ((main_thread && mono_thread_internal_current () == main_thread->internal_thread)
                 || mono_runtime_unhandled_exception_policy_get () == MONO_UNHANDLED_POLICY_CURRENT)
        {
                mono_environment_exitcode_set (1);
        }
}

/**
 * mono_runtime_exec_managed_code:
 * \param domain Application domain
 * \param main_func function to invoke from the execution thread
 * \param main_args parameter to the main_func
 * Launch a new thread to execute a function
 *
 * \p main_func is called back from the thread with main_args as the
 * parameter.  The callback function is expected to start \c Main
 * eventually.  This function then waits for all managed threads to
 * finish.
 * It is not necessary anymore to execute managed code in a subthread,
 * so this function should not be used anymore by default: just
 * execute the code and then call mono_thread_manage().
 */
void
mono_runtime_exec_managed_code (MonoDomain *domain,
                                MonoMainThreadFunc main_func,
                                gpointer main_args)
{
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        mono_thread_create_checked (domain, main_func, main_args, error);
        mono_error_assert_ok (error);

        mono_thread_manage ();
}

static void
prepare_thread_to_exec_main (MonoDomain *domain, MonoMethod *method)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;
        MonoInternalThread* thread = mono_thread_internal_current ();
        MonoCustomAttrInfo* cinfo;
        gboolean has_stathread_attribute;

        if (!domain->entry_assembly) {
                gchar *str;
                ERROR_DECL (error);
                MonoAssembly *assembly;

                assembly = m_class_get_image (method->klass)->assembly;
                domain->entry_assembly = assembly;
                /* Domains created from another domain already have application_base and configuration_file set */
                if (domain->setup->application_base == NULL) {
                        MonoString *basedir = mono_string_new_checked (domain, assembly->basedir, error);
                        mono_error_assert_ok (error);
                        MONO_OBJECT_SETREF (domain->setup, application_base, basedir);
                }

                if (domain->setup->configuration_file == NULL) {
                        str = g_strconcat (assembly->image->name, ".config", NULL);
                        MonoString *config_file = mono_string_new_checked (domain, str, error);
                        mono_error_assert_ok (error);
                        MONO_OBJECT_SETREF (domain->setup, configuration_file, config_file);
                        g_free (str);
                        mono_domain_set_options_from_config (domain);
                }
        }

        ERROR_DECL_VALUE (cattr_error);
        cinfo = mono_custom_attrs_from_method_checked (method, &cattr_error);
        mono_error_cleanup (&cattr_error); /* FIXME warn here? */
        if (cinfo) {
                has_stathread_attribute = mono_custom_attrs_has_attr (cinfo, mono_class_get_sta_thread_attribute_class ());
                if (!cinfo->cached)
                        mono_custom_attrs_free (cinfo);
        } else {
                has_stathread_attribute = FALSE;
        }
        if (has_stathread_attribute) {
                thread->apartment_state = ThreadApartmentState_STA;
        } else {
                thread->apartment_state = ThreadApartmentState_MTA;
        }
        mono_thread_init_apartment_state ();

}

static int
do_exec_main_checked (MonoMethod *method, MonoArray *args, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        gpointer pa [1];
        int rval;

        error_init (error);
        g_assert (args);

        pa [0] = args;

        /* FIXME: check signature of method */
        if (mono_method_signature (method)->ret->type == MONO_TYPE_I4) {
                MonoObject *res;
                res = mono_runtime_invoke_checked (method, NULL, pa, error);
                if (is_ok (error))
                        rval = *(guint32 *)(mono_object_get_data (res));
                else
                        rval = -1;
                mono_environment_exitcode_set (rval);
        } else {
                mono_runtime_invoke_checked (method, NULL, pa, error);

                if (is_ok (error))
                        rval = 0;
                else {
                        rval = -1;
                }
        }
        return rval;
}

static int
do_try_exec_main (MonoMethod *method, MonoArray *args, MonoObject **exc)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        gpointer pa [1];
        int rval;

        g_assert (args);
        g_assert (exc);

        pa [0] = args;

        /* FIXME: check signature of method */
        if (mono_method_signature (method)->ret->type == MONO_TYPE_I4) {
                ERROR_DECL_VALUE (inner_error);
                MonoObject *res;
                res = mono_runtime_try_invoke (method, NULL, pa, exc, &inner_error);
                if (*exc == NULL && !mono_error_ok (&inner_error))
                        *exc = (MonoObject*) mono_error_convert_to_exception (&inner_error);
                else
                        mono_error_cleanup (&inner_error);

                if (*exc == NULL)
                        rval = *(guint32 *)(mono_object_get_data (res));
                else
                        rval = -1;

                mono_environment_exitcode_set (rval);
        } else {
                ERROR_DECL_VALUE (inner_error);
                mono_runtime_try_invoke (method, NULL, pa, exc, &inner_error);
                if (*exc == NULL && !mono_error_ok (&inner_error))
                        *exc = (MonoObject*) mono_error_convert_to_exception (&inner_error);
                else
                        mono_error_cleanup (&inner_error);

                if (*exc == NULL)
                        rval = 0;
                else {
                        /* If the return type of Main is void, only
                         * set the exitcode if an exception was thrown
                         * (we don't want to blow away an
                         * explicitly-set exit code)
                         */
                        rval = -1;
                        mono_environment_exitcode_set (rval);
                }
        }

        return rval;
}

/*
 * Execute a standard Main() method (args doesn't contain the
 * executable name).
 */
int
mono_runtime_exec_main (MonoMethod *method, MonoArray *args, MonoObject **exc)
{
        int rval;
        MONO_ENTER_GC_UNSAFE;
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        prepare_thread_to_exec_main (mono_object_domain (args), method);
        if (exc) {
                rval = do_try_exec_main (method, args, exc);
        } else {
                rval = do_exec_main_checked (method, args, error);
                mono_error_raise_exception_deprecated (error); /* OK to throw, external only with no better option */
        }
        MONO_EXIT_GC_UNSAFE;
        return rval;
}

/*
 * Execute a standard Main() method (args doesn't contain the
 * executable name).
 *
 * On failure sets @error
 */
int
mono_runtime_exec_main_checked (MonoMethod *method, MonoArray *args, MonoError *error)
{
        error_init (error);
        prepare_thread_to_exec_main (mono_object_domain (args), method);
        return do_exec_main_checked (method, args, error);
}

/*
 * Execute a standard Main() method (args doesn't contain the
 * executable name).
 *
 * On failure sets @error if Main couldn't be executed, or @exc if it threw an exception.
 */
int
mono_runtime_try_exec_main (MonoMethod *method, MonoArray *args, MonoObject **exc)
{
        prepare_thread_to_exec_main (mono_object_domain (args), method);
        return do_try_exec_main (method, args, exc);
}



/** invoke_array_extract_argument:
 * @params: array of arguments to the method.
 * @i: the index of the argument to extract.
 * @t: ith type from the method signature.
 * @has_byref_nullables: outarg - TRUE if method expects a byref nullable argument
 * @error: set on error.
 *
 * Given an array of method arguments, return the ith one using the corresponding type
 * to perform necessary unboxing.  If method expects a ref nullable argument, writes TRUE to @has_byref_nullables.
 *
 * On failure sets @error and returns NULL.
 */
static gpointer
invoke_array_extract_argument (MonoArray *params, int i, MonoType *t, gboolean* has_byref_nullables, MonoError *error)
{
        MonoType *t_orig = t;
        gpointer result = NULL;
        error_init (error);
                again:
                        switch (t->type) {
                        case MONO_TYPE_U1:
                        case MONO_TYPE_I1:
                        case MONO_TYPE_BOOLEAN:
                        case MONO_TYPE_U2:
                        case MONO_TYPE_I2:
                        case MONO_TYPE_CHAR:
                        case MONO_TYPE_U:
                        case MONO_TYPE_I:
                        case MONO_TYPE_U4:
                        case MONO_TYPE_I4:
                        case MONO_TYPE_U8:
                        case MONO_TYPE_I8:
                        case MONO_TYPE_R4:
                        case MONO_TYPE_R8:
                        case MONO_TYPE_VALUETYPE:
                                if (t->type == MONO_TYPE_VALUETYPE && mono_class_is_nullable (mono_class_from_mono_type (t_orig))) {
                                        /* The runtime invoke wrapper needs the original boxed vtype, it does handle byref values as well. */
                                        result = mono_array_get (params, MonoObject*, i);
                                        if (t->byref)
                                                *has_byref_nullables = TRUE;
                                } else {
                                        /* MS seems to create the objects if a null is passed in */
                                        gboolean was_null = FALSE;
                                        if (!mono_array_get (params, MonoObject*, i)) {
                                                MonoObject *o = mono_object_new_checked (mono_domain_get (), mono_class_from_mono_type (t_orig), error);
                                                return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
                                                mono_array_setref (params, i, o); 
                                                was_null = TRUE;
                                        }

                                        if (t->byref) {
                                                /*
                                                 * We can't pass the unboxed vtype byref to the callee, since
                                                 * that would mean the callee would be able to modify boxed
                                                 * primitive types. So we (and MS) make a copy of the boxed
                                                 * object, pass that to the callee, and replace the original
                                                 * boxed object in the arg array with the copy.
                                                 */
                                                MonoObject *orig = mono_array_get (params, MonoObject*, i);
                                                MonoObject *copy = mono_value_box_checked (mono_domain_get (), orig->vtable->klass, mono_object_unbox (orig), error);
                                                return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
                                                mono_array_setref (params, i, copy);
                                        }
                                                
                                        result = mono_object_unbox (mono_array_get (params, MonoObject*, i));
                                        if (!t->byref && was_null)
                                                mono_array_setref (params, i, NULL);
                                }
                                break;
                        case MONO_TYPE_STRING:
                        case MONO_TYPE_OBJECT:
                        case MONO_TYPE_CLASS:
                        case MONO_TYPE_ARRAY:
                        case MONO_TYPE_SZARRAY:
                                if (t->byref)
                                        result = mono_array_addr (params, MonoObject*, i);
                                        // FIXME: I need to check this code path
                                else
                                        result = mono_array_get (params, MonoObject*, i);
                                break;
                        case MONO_TYPE_GENERICINST:
                                if (t->byref)
                                        t = m_class_get_this_arg (t->data.generic_class->container_class);
                                else
                                        t = m_class_get_byval_arg (t->data.generic_class->container_class);
                                goto again;
                        case MONO_TYPE_PTR: {
                                MonoObject *arg;

                                /* The argument should be an IntPtr */
                                arg = mono_array_get (params, MonoObject*, i);
                                if (arg == NULL) {
                                        result = NULL;
                                } else {
                                        g_assert (arg->vtable->klass == mono_defaults.int_class);
                                        result = ((MonoIntPtr*)arg)->m_value;
                                }
                                break;
                        }
                        default:
                                g_error ("type 0x%x not handled in mono_runtime_invoke_array", t_orig->type);
                        }
        return result;
}
/**
 * mono_runtime_invoke_array:
 * \param method method to invoke
 * \param obj object instance
 * \param params arguments to the method
 * \param exc exception information.
 * Invokes the method represented by \p method on the object \p obj.
 *
 * \p obj is the \c this pointer, it should be NULL for static
 * methods, a \c MonoObject* for object instances and a pointer to
 * the value type for value types.
 *
 * The \p params array contains the arguments to the method with the
 * same convention: \c MonoObject* pointers for object instances and
 * pointers to the value type otherwise. The \c _invoke_array
 * variant takes a C# \c object[] as the params argument (\c MonoArray*):
 * in this case the value types are boxed inside the
 * respective reference representation.
 * 
 * From unmanaged code you'll usually use the
 * mono_runtime_invoke_checked() variant.
 *
 * Note that this function doesn't handle virtual methods for
 * you, it will exec the exact method you pass: we still need to
 * expose a function to lookup the derived class implementation
 * of a virtual method (there are examples of this in the code,
 * though).
 * 
 * You can pass NULL as the \p exc argument if you don't want to
 * catch exceptions, otherwise, \c *exc will be set to the exception
 * thrown, if any.  if an exception is thrown, you can't use the
 * \c MonoObject* result from the function.
 * 
 * If the method returns a value type, it is boxed in an object
 * reference.
 */
MonoObject*
mono_runtime_invoke_array (MonoMethod *method, void *obj, MonoArray *params,
                           MonoObject **exc)
{
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        if (exc) {
                MonoObject *result = mono_runtime_try_invoke_array (method, obj, params, exc, error);
                if (*exc) {
                        mono_error_cleanup (error);
                        return NULL;
                } else {
                        if (!is_ok (error))
                                *exc = (MonoObject*)mono_error_convert_to_exception (error);
                        return result;
                }
        } else {
                MonoObject *result = mono_runtime_try_invoke_array (method, obj, params, NULL, error);
                mono_error_raise_exception_deprecated (error); /* OK to throw, external only without a good alternative */
                return result;
        }
}

/**
 * mono_runtime_invoke_array_checked:
 * \param method method to invoke
 * \param obj object instance
 * \param params arguments to the method
 * \param error set on failure.
 * Invokes the method represented by \p method on the object \p obj.
 *
 * \p obj is the \c this pointer, it should be NULL for static
 * methods, a \c MonoObject* for object instances and a pointer to
 * the value type for value types.
 *
 * The \p params array contains the arguments to the method with the
 * same convention: \c MonoObject* pointers for object instances and
 * pointers to the value type otherwise. The \c _invoke_array
 * variant takes a C# \c object[] as the \p params argument (\c MonoArray*):
 * in this case the value types are boxed inside the
 * respective reference representation.
 *
 * From unmanaged code you'll usually use the
 * mono_runtime_invoke_checked() variant.
 *
 * Note that this function doesn't handle virtual methods for
 * you, it will exec the exact method you pass: we still need to
 * expose a function to lookup the derived class implementation
 * of a virtual method (there are examples of this in the code,
 * though).
 *
 * On failure or exception, \p error will be set. In that case, you
 * can't use the \c MonoObject* result from the function.
 *
 * If the method returns a value type, it is boxed in an object
 * reference.
 */
MonoObject*
mono_runtime_invoke_array_checked (MonoMethod *method, void *obj, MonoArray *params,
                                   MonoError *error)
{
        error_init (error);
        return mono_runtime_try_invoke_array (method, obj, params, NULL, error);
}

/**
 * mono_runtime_try_invoke_array:
 * \param method method to invoke
 * \param obj object instance
 * \param params arguments to the method
 * \param exc exception information.
 * \param error set on failure.
 * Invokes the method represented by \p method on the object \p obj.
 *
 * \p obj is the \c this pointer, it should be NULL for static
 * methods, a \c MonoObject* for object instances and a pointer to
 * the value type for value types.
 *
 * The \p params array contains the arguments to the method with the
 * same convention: \c MonoObject* pointers for object instances and
 * pointers to the value type otherwise. The \c _invoke_array
 * variant takes a C# \c object[] as the params argument (\c MonoArray*):
 * in this case the value types are boxed inside the
 * respective reference representation.
 *
 * From unmanaged code you'll usually use the
 * mono_runtime_invoke_checked() variant.
 *
 * Note that this function doesn't handle virtual methods for
 * you, it will exec the exact method you pass: we still need to
 * expose a function to lookup the derived class implementation
 * of a virtual method (there are examples of this in the code,
 * though).
 *
 * You can pass NULL as the \p exc argument if you don't want to catch
 * exceptions, otherwise, \c *exc will be set to the exception thrown, if
 * any.  On other failures, \p error will be set. If an exception is
 * thrown or there's an error, you can't use the \c MonoObject* result
 * from the function.
 *
 * If the method returns a value type, it is boxed in an object
 * reference.
 */
MonoObject*
mono_runtime_try_invoke_array (MonoMethod *method, void *obj, MonoArray *params,
                               MonoObject **exc, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        error_init (error);

        MonoMethodSignature *sig = mono_method_signature (method);
        gpointer *pa = NULL;
        MonoObject *res;
        int i;
        gboolean has_byref_nullables = FALSE;

        if (NULL != params) {
                pa = g_newa (gpointer, mono_array_length (params));
                for (i = 0; i < mono_array_length (params); i++) {
                        MonoType *t = sig->params [i];
                        pa [i] = invoke_array_extract_argument (params, i, t, &has_byref_nullables, error);
                        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
                }
        }

        if (!strcmp (method->name, ".ctor") && method->klass != mono_defaults.string_class) {
                void *o = obj;

                if (mono_class_is_nullable (method->klass)) {
                        /* Need to create a boxed vtype instead */
                        g_assert (!obj);

                        if (!params)
                                return NULL;
                        else {
                                return mono_value_box_checked (mono_domain_get (), m_class_get_cast_class (method->klass), pa [0], error);
                        }
                }

                if (!obj) {
                        obj = mono_object_new_checked (mono_domain_get (), method->klass, error);
                        mono_error_assert_ok (error);
                        g_assert (obj); /*maybe we should raise a TLE instead?*/
#ifndef DISABLE_REMOTING
                        if (mono_object_is_transparent_proxy (obj)) {
                                method = mono_marshal_get_remoting_invoke (method->slot == -1 ? method : m_class_get_vtable (method->klass) [method->slot], error);
                                return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
                        }
#endif
                        if (m_class_is_valuetype (method->klass))
                                o = (MonoObject *)mono_object_unbox ((MonoObject *)obj);
                        else
                                o = obj;
                } else if (m_class_is_valuetype (method->klass)) {
                        obj = mono_value_box_checked (mono_domain_get (), method->klass, obj, error);
                        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
                }

                if (exc) {
                        mono_runtime_try_invoke (method, o, pa, exc, error);
                } else {
                        mono_runtime_invoke_checked (method, o, pa, error);
                }

                return (MonoObject *)obj;
        } else {
                if (mono_class_is_nullable (method->klass)) {
                        MonoObject *nullable;

                        /* Convert the unboxed vtype into a Nullable structure */
                        nullable = mono_object_new_checked (mono_domain_get (), method->klass, error);
                        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);

                        MonoObject *boxed = mono_value_box_checked (mono_domain_get (), m_class_get_cast_class (method->klass), obj, error);
                        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
                        mono_nullable_init ((guint8 *)mono_object_unbox (nullable), boxed, method->klass);
                        obj = mono_object_unbox (nullable);
                }

                /* obj must be already unboxed if needed */
                if (exc) {
                        res = mono_runtime_try_invoke (method, obj, pa, exc, error);
                } else {
                        res = mono_runtime_invoke_checked (method, obj, pa, error);
                }
                return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);

                if (sig->ret->type == MONO_TYPE_PTR) {
                        MonoClass *pointer_class;
                        static MonoMethod *box_method;
                        void *box_args [2];
                        MonoObject *box_exc;

                        /* 
                         * The runtime-invoke wrapper returns a boxed IntPtr, need to 
                         * convert it to a Pointer object.
                         */
                        pointer_class = mono_class_get_pointer_class ();
                        if (!box_method) {
                                box_method = mono_class_get_method_from_name_checked (pointer_class, "Box", -1, 0, error);
                                mono_error_assert_ok (error);
                        }

                        g_assert (res->vtable->klass == mono_defaults.int_class);
                        box_args [0] = ((MonoIntPtr*)res)->m_value;
                        box_args [1] = mono_type_get_object_checked (mono_domain_get (), sig->ret, error);
                        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);

                        res = mono_runtime_try_invoke (box_method, NULL, box_args, &box_exc, error);
                        g_assert (box_exc == NULL);
                        mono_error_assert_ok (error);
                }

                if (has_byref_nullables) {
                        /* 
                         * The runtime invoke wrapper already converted byref nullables back,
                         * and stored them in pa, we just need to copy them back to the
                         * managed array.
                         */
                        for (i = 0; i < mono_array_length (params); i++) {
                                MonoType *t = sig->params [i];

                                if (t->byref && t->type == MONO_TYPE_GENERICINST && mono_class_is_nullable (mono_class_from_mono_type (t)))
                                        mono_array_setref (params, i, pa [i]);
                        }
                }

                return res;
        }
}

// FIXME these will move to header soon
static MonoObjectHandle
mono_object_new_by_vtable (MonoVTable *vtable, MonoError *error);

/**
 * object_new_common_tail:
 *
 * This function centralizes post-processing of objects upon creation.
 * i.e. calling mono_object_register_finalizer and mono_gc_register_obj_with_weak_fields,
 * and setting error.
 */
static MonoObject*
object_new_common_tail (MonoObject *o, MonoClass *klass, MonoError *error)
{
        error_init (error);

        if (G_UNLIKELY (!o)) {
                mono_error_set_out_of_memory (error, "Could not allocate %i bytes", m_class_get_instance_size (klass));
                return o;
        }

        if (G_UNLIKELY (m_class_has_finalize (klass)))
                mono_object_register_finalizer (o);

        if (G_UNLIKELY (m_class_has_weak_fields (klass)))
                mono_gc_register_obj_with_weak_fields (o);

        return o;
}

/**
 * object_new_handle_tail:
 *
 * This function centralizes post-processing of objects upon creation.
 * i.e. calling mono_object_register_finalizer and mono_gc_register_obj_with_weak_fields.
 */
static MonoObjectHandle
object_new_handle_common_tail (MonoObjectHandle o, MonoClass *klass, MonoError *error)
{
        error_init (error);

        if (G_UNLIKELY (MONO_HANDLE_IS_NULL (o))) {
                mono_error_set_out_of_memory (error, "Could not allocate %i bytes", m_class_get_instance_size (klass));
                return o;
        }

        if (G_UNLIKELY (m_class_has_finalize (klass)))
                mono_object_register_finalizer_handle (o);

        if (G_UNLIKELY (m_class_has_weak_fields (klass)))
                mono_gc_register_object_with_weak_fields (o);

        return o;
}

/**
 * mono_object_new:
 * \param klass the class of the object that we want to create
 * \returns a newly created object whose definition is
 * looked up using \p klass.   This will not invoke any constructors, 
 * so the consumer of this routine has to invoke any constructors on
 * its own to initialize the object.
 * 
 * It returns NULL on failure.
 */
MonoObject *
mono_object_new (MonoDomain *domain, MonoClass *klass)
{
        MonoObject * result;
        MONO_ENTER_GC_UNSAFE;
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        result = mono_object_new_checked (domain, klass, error);
        mono_error_cleanup (error);
        MONO_EXIT_GC_UNSAFE;
        return result;
}

MonoObject *
ves_icall_object_new (MonoDomain *domain, MonoClass *klass)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        ERROR_DECL (error);

        MonoObject * result = mono_object_new_checked (domain, klass, error);

        mono_error_set_pending_exception (error);
        return result;
}

/**
 * mono_object_new_checked:
 * \param klass the class of the object that we want to create
 * \param error set on error
 * \returns a newly created object whose definition is
 * looked up using \p klass.   This will not invoke any constructors,
 * so the consumer of this routine has to invoke any constructors on
 * its own to initialize the object.
 *
 * It returns NULL on failure and sets \p error.
 */
MonoObject *
mono_object_new_checked (MonoDomain *domain, MonoClass *klass, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        MonoVTable *vtable;

        vtable = mono_class_vtable_checked (domain, klass, error);
        if (!is_ok (error))
                return NULL;

        MonoObject *o = mono_object_new_specific_checked (vtable, error);
        return o;
}

/**
 * mono_object_new_handle:
 * \param klass the class of the object that we want to create
 * \param error set on error
 * \returns a newly created object whose definition is
 * looked up using \p klass.   This will not invoke any constructors,
 * so the consumer of this routine has to invoke any constructors on
 * its own to initialize the object.
 *
 * It returns NULL on failure and sets \p error.
 */
MonoObjectHandle
mono_object_new_handle (MonoDomain *domain, MonoClass *klass, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        MonoVTable* const vtable = mono_class_vtable_checked (domain, klass, error);

        return_val_if_nok (error, MONO_HANDLE_NEW (MonoObject, NULL));

        return mono_object_new_by_vtable (vtable, error);
}

/**
 * mono_object_new_pinned:
 *
 *   Same as mono_object_new, but the returned object will be pinned.
 * For SGEN, these objects will only be freed at appdomain unload.
 */
MonoObjectHandle
mono_object_new_pinned_handle (MonoDomain *domain, MonoClass *klass, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        MonoVTable* const vtable = mono_class_vtable_checked (domain, klass, error);
        return_val_if_nok (error, MONO_HANDLE_NEW (MonoObject, NULL));

        g_assert (vtable->klass == klass);

        int const size = mono_class_instance_size (klass);

        MonoObjectHandle o = mono_gc_alloc_handle_pinned_obj (vtable, size);

        return object_new_handle_common_tail (o, klass, error);
}

MonoObject *
mono_object_new_pinned (MonoDomain *domain, MonoClass *klass, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        MonoVTable *vtable;

        vtable = mono_class_vtable_checked (domain, klass, error);
        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);

        MonoObject *o = mono_gc_alloc_pinned_obj (vtable, mono_class_instance_size (klass));

        return object_new_common_tail (o, klass, error);
}

/**
 * mono_object_new_specific:
 * \param vtable the vtable of the object that we want to create
 * \returns A newly created object with class and domain specified
 * by \p vtable
 */
MonoObject *
mono_object_new_specific (MonoVTable *vtable)
{
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        MonoObject *o = mono_object_new_specific_checked (vtable, error);
        mono_error_cleanup (error);

        return o;
}

MonoObject *
mono_object_new_specific_checked (MonoVTable *vtable, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        MonoObject *o;

        error_init (error);

        /* check for is_com_object for COM Interop */
        if (mono_vtable_is_remote (vtable) || mono_class_is_com_object (vtable->klass))
        {
                gpointer pa [1];
                MonoMethod *im = vtable->domain->create_proxy_for_type_method;

                if (im == NULL) {
                        MonoClass *klass = mono_class_get_activation_services_class ();

                        if (!m_class_is_inited (klass))
                                mono_class_init (klass);

                        im = mono_class_get_method_from_name_checked (klass, "CreateProxyForType", 1, 0, error);
                        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
                        if (!im) {
                                mono_error_set_not_supported (error, "Linked away.");
                                return NULL;
                        }
                        vtable->domain->create_proxy_for_type_method = im;
                }
        
                pa [0] = mono_type_get_object_checked (mono_domain_get (), m_class_get_byval_arg (vtable->klass), error);
                if (!mono_error_ok (error))
                        return NULL;

                o = mono_runtime_invoke_checked (im, NULL, pa, error);
                if (!mono_error_ok (error))
                        return NULL;

                if (o != NULL)
                        return o;
        }

        return mono_object_new_alloc_specific_checked (vtable, error);
}

static MonoObjectHandle
mono_object_new_by_vtable (MonoVTable *vtable, MonoError *error)
{
        // This function handles remoting and COM.
        // mono_object_new_alloc_by_vtable does not.

        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        MonoObjectHandle o = MONO_HANDLE_NEW (MonoObject, NULL);

        error_init (error);

        /* check for is_com_object for COM Interop */
        if (mono_vtable_is_remote (vtable) || mono_class_is_com_object (vtable->klass))
        {
                MonoMethod *im = vtable->domain->create_proxy_for_type_method;

                if (im == NULL) {
                        MonoClass *klass = mono_class_get_activation_services_class ();

                        if (!m_class_is_inited (klass))
                                mono_class_init (klass);

                        im = mono_class_get_method_from_name_checked (klass, "CreateProxyForType", 1, 0, error);
                        return_val_if_nok (error, mono_new_null ());
                        if (!im) {
                                mono_error_set_not_supported (error, "Linked away.");
                                return MONO_HANDLE_NEW (MonoObject, NULL);
                        }
                        vtable->domain->create_proxy_for_type_method = im;
                }

                // FIXMEcoop
                gpointer pa[ ] = { mono_type_get_object_checked (mono_domain_get (), m_class_get_byval_arg (vtable->klass), error) };
                return_val_if_nok (error, MONO_HANDLE_NEW (MonoObject, NULL));

                // FIXMEcoop
                o = MONO_HANDLE_NEW (MonoObject, mono_runtime_invoke_checked (im, NULL, pa, error));
                return_val_if_nok (error, MONO_HANDLE_NEW (MonoObject, NULL));

                if (!MONO_HANDLE_IS_NULL (o))
                        return o;
        }

        return mono_object_new_alloc_by_vtable (vtable, error);
}

MonoObject *
ves_icall_object_new_specific (MonoVTable *vtable)
{
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        MonoObject *o = mono_object_new_specific_checked (vtable, error);
        mono_error_set_pending_exception (error);

        return o;
}

/**
 * mono_object_new_alloc_specific:
 * \param vtable virtual table for the object.
 * This function allocates a new \c MonoObject with the type derived
 * from the \p vtable information.   If the class of this object has a 
 * finalizer, then the object will be tracked for finalization.
 *
 * This method might raise an exception on errors.  Use the
 * \c mono_object_new_fast_checked method if you want to manually raise
 * the exception.
 *
 * \returns the allocated object.   
 */
MonoObject *
mono_object_new_alloc_specific (MonoVTable *vtable)
{
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        MonoObject *o = mono_object_new_alloc_specific_checked (vtable, error);
        mono_error_cleanup (error);

        return o;
}

/**
 * mono_object_new_alloc_specific_checked:
 * \param vtable virtual table for the object.
 * \param error holds the error return value.  
 *
 * This function allocates a new \c MonoObject with the type derived
 * from the \p vtable information. If the class of this object has a 
 * finalizer, then the object will be tracked for finalization.
 *
 * If there is not enough memory, the \p error parameter will be set
 * and will contain a user-visible message with the amount of bytes
 * that were requested.
 *
 * \returns the allocated object, or NULL if there is not enough memory
 */
MonoObject *
mono_object_new_alloc_specific_checked (MonoVTable *vtable, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        MonoObject *o = mono_gc_alloc_obj (vtable, m_class_get_instance_size (vtable->klass));

        return object_new_common_tail (o, vtable->klass, error);
}

MonoObjectHandle
mono_object_new_alloc_by_vtable (MonoVTable *vtable, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        MonoClass* const klass = vtable->klass;
        int const size = m_class_get_instance_size (klass);

        MonoObjectHandle o = mono_gc_alloc_handle_obj (vtable, size);

        return object_new_handle_common_tail (o, klass, error);
}

/**
 * mono_object_new_fast:
 * \param vtable virtual table for the object.
 *
 * This function allocates a new \c MonoObject with the type derived
 * from the \p vtable information.   The returned object is not tracked
 * for finalization.   If your object implements a finalizer, you should
 * use \c mono_object_new_alloc_specific instead.
 *
 * This method might raise an exception on errors.  Use the
 * \c mono_object_new_fast_checked method if you want to manually raise
 * the exception.
 *
 * \returns the allocated object.   
 */
MonoObject*
mono_object_new_fast (MonoVTable *vtable)
{
        ERROR_DECL (error);

        MonoObject *o = mono_gc_alloc_obj (vtable, m_class_get_instance_size (vtable->klass));

        // This deliberately skips object_new_common_tail.

        if (G_UNLIKELY (!o))
                mono_error_set_out_of_memory (error, "Could not allocate %i bytes", m_class_get_instance_size (vtable->klass));

        mono_error_cleanup (error);

        return o;
}

MonoObject*
mono_object_new_mature (MonoVTable *vtable, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        int size;

        size = m_class_get_instance_size (vtable->klass);

#if MONO_CROSS_COMPILE
        /* In cross compile mode, we should only allocate thread objects */
        /* The instance size refers to the target arch, this should be safe enough */
        size *= 2;
#endif

        MonoObject *o = mono_gc_alloc_mature (vtable, size);

        return object_new_common_tail (o, vtable->klass, error);
}

MonoObjectHandle
mono_object_new_handle_mature (MonoVTable *vtable, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        MonoClass* const klass = vtable->klass;
        int const size = m_class_get_instance_size (klass);

        MonoObjectHandle o = mono_gc_alloc_handle_mature (vtable, size);

        return object_new_handle_common_tail (o, klass, error);
}

/**
 * mono_object_new_from_token:
 * \param image Context where the type_token is hosted
 * \param token a token of the type that we want to create
 * \returns A newly created object whose definition is
 * looked up using \p token in the \p image image
 */
MonoObject *
mono_object_new_from_token  (MonoDomain *domain, MonoImage *image, guint32 token)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        HANDLE_FUNCTION_ENTER ();

        ERROR_DECL (error);
        MonoClass *klass;

        klass = mono_class_get_checked (image, token, error);
        mono_error_assert_ok (error);
        
        MonoObjectHandle result = mono_object_new_handle (domain, klass, error);

        mono_error_cleanup (error);

        HANDLE_FUNCTION_RETURN_OBJ (result);
}

/**
 * mono_object_clone:
 * \param obj the object to clone
 * \returns A newly created object who is a shallow copy of \p obj
 */
MonoObject *
mono_object_clone (MonoObject *obj)
{
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        MonoObject *o = mono_object_clone_checked (obj, error);
        mono_error_cleanup (error);

        return o;
}

MonoObject *
mono_object_clone_checked (MonoObject *obj_raw, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;
        HANDLE_FUNCTION_ENTER ();
        MONO_HANDLE_DCL (MonoObject, obj);
        HANDLE_FUNCTION_RETURN_OBJ (mono_object_clone_handle (obj, error));
}

MonoObjectHandle
mono_object_clone_handle (MonoObjectHandle obj, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        MonoVTable* const vtable = MONO_HANDLE_GETVAL (obj, vtable);
        MonoClass* const klass = vtable->klass;

        if (m_class_get_rank (klass))
                return MONO_HANDLE_CAST (MonoObject, mono_array_clone_in_domain (MONO_HANDLE_DOMAIN (obj),
                        MONO_HANDLE_CAST (MonoArray, obj), error));

        int const size = m_class_get_instance_size (klass);

        MonoObjectHandle o = mono_gc_alloc_handle_obj (vtable, size);

        if (G_LIKELY (!MONO_HANDLE_IS_NULL (o))) {
                /* If the object doesn't contain references this will do a simple memmove. */
                mono_gc_wbarrier_object_copy_handle (o, obj);
        }

        return object_new_handle_common_tail (o, klass, error);
}

/**
 * mono_array_full_copy:
 * \param src source array to copy
 * \param dest destination array
 * Copies the content of one array to another with exactly the same type and size.
 */
void
mono_array_full_copy (MonoArray *src, MonoArray *dest)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        uintptr_t size;
        MonoClass *klass = mono_object_class (&src->obj);

        g_assert (klass == mono_object_class (&dest->obj));

        size = mono_array_length (src);
        g_assert (size == mono_array_length (dest));
        size *= mono_array_element_size (klass);

        array_full_copy_unchecked_size (src, dest, klass, size);
}

static void
array_full_copy_unchecked_size (MonoArray *src, MonoArray *dest, MonoClass *klass, uintptr_t size)
{
        if (mono_gc_is_moving ()) {
                MonoClass *element_class = m_class_get_element_class (klass);
                if (m_class_is_valuetype (element_class)) {
                        if (m_class_has_references (element_class))
                                mono_value_copy_array (dest, 0, mono_array_addr_with_size_fast (src, 0, 0), mono_array_length (src));
                        else
                                mono_gc_memmove_atomic (&dest->vector, &src->vector, size);
                } else {
                        mono_array_memcpy_refs (dest, 0, src, 0, mono_array_length (src));
                }
        } else {
                mono_gc_memmove_atomic (&dest->vector, &src->vector, size);
        }
}

/**
 * mono_array_clone_in_domain:
 * \param domain the domain in which the array will be cloned into
 * \param array the array to clone
 * \param error set on error
 * This routine returns a copy of the array that is hosted on the
 * specified \c MonoDomain.  On failure returns NULL and sets \p error.
 */
MonoArrayHandle
mono_array_clone_in_domain (MonoDomain *domain, MonoArrayHandle array_handle, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        MonoArrayHandle result = MONO_HANDLE_NEW (MonoArray, NULL);
        uintptr_t size = 0;
        MonoClass *klass = mono_handle_class (array_handle);

        error_init (error);

        /* Pin source array here - if bounds is non-NULL, it's a pointer into the object data */
        uint32_t src_handle = mono_gchandle_from_handle (MONO_HANDLE_CAST (MonoObject, array_handle), TRUE);
        
        MonoArrayBounds *array_bounds = MONO_HANDLE_GETVAL (array_handle, bounds);
        MonoArrayHandle o;
        if (array_bounds == NULL) {
                size = mono_array_handle_length (array_handle);
                o = mono_array_new_full_handle (domain, klass, &size, NULL, error);
                goto_if_nok (error, leave);
                size *= mono_array_element_size (klass);
        } else {
                guint8 klass_rank = m_class_get_rank (klass);
                uintptr_t *sizes = g_newa (uintptr_t, klass_rank);
                intptr_t *lower_bounds = g_newa (intptr_t, klass_rank);
                size = mono_array_element_size (klass);
                for (int i = 0; i < klass_rank; ++i) {
                        sizes [i] = array_bounds [i].length;
                        size *= array_bounds [i].length;
                        lower_bounds [i] = array_bounds [i].lower_bound;
                }
                o = mono_array_new_full_handle (domain, klass, sizes, lower_bounds, error);
                goto_if_nok (error, leave);
        }

        uint32_t dst_handle;
        dst_handle = mono_gchandle_from_handle (MONO_HANDLE_CAST (MonoObject, o), TRUE);
        array_full_copy_unchecked_size (MONO_HANDLE_RAW (array_handle), MONO_HANDLE_RAW (o), klass, size);
        mono_gchandle_free (dst_handle);

        MONO_HANDLE_ASSIGN (result, o);

leave:
        mono_gchandle_free (src_handle);
        return result;
}

/**
 * mono_array_clone:
 * \param array the array to clone
 * \returns A newly created array who is a shallow copy of \p array
 */
MonoArray*
mono_array_clone (MonoArray *array)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        ERROR_DECL (error);
        MonoArray *result = mono_array_clone_checked (array, error);
        mono_error_cleanup (error);
        return result;
}

/**
 * mono_array_clone_checked:
 * \param array the array to clone
 * \param error set on error
 * \returns A newly created array who is a shallow copy of \p array.  On
 * failure returns NULL and sets \p error.
 */
MonoArray*
mono_array_clone_checked (MonoArray *array_raw, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;
        HANDLE_FUNCTION_ENTER ();
        /* FIXME: callers of mono_array_clone_checked should use handles */
        error_init (error);
        MONO_HANDLE_DCL (MonoArray, array);
        MonoArrayHandle result = mono_array_clone_in_domain (MONO_HANDLE_DOMAIN (array), array, error);
        HANDLE_FUNCTION_RETURN_OBJ (result);
}

/* helper macros to check for overflow when calculating the size of arrays */
#ifdef MONO_BIG_ARRAYS
#define MYGUINT64_MAX 0x0000FFFFFFFFFFFFUL
#define MYGUINT_MAX MYGUINT64_MAX
#define CHECK_ADD_OVERFLOW_UN(a,b) \
            (G_UNLIKELY ((guint64)(MYGUINT64_MAX) - (guint64)(b) < (guint64)(a)))
#define CHECK_MUL_OVERFLOW_UN(a,b) \
            (G_UNLIKELY (((guint64)(a) > 0) && ((guint64)(b) > 0) &&    \
                                         ((guint64)(b) > ((MYGUINT64_MAX) / (guint64)(a)))))
#else
#define MYGUINT32_MAX 4294967295U
#define MYGUINT_MAX MYGUINT32_MAX
#define CHECK_ADD_OVERFLOW_UN(a,b) \
            (G_UNLIKELY ((guint32)(MYGUINT32_MAX) - (guint32)(b) < (guint32)(a)))
#define CHECK_MUL_OVERFLOW_UN(a,b) \
            (G_UNLIKELY (((guint32)(a) > 0) && ((guint32)(b) > 0) &&                    \
                                         ((guint32)(b) > ((MYGUINT32_MAX) / (guint32)(a)))))
#endif

gboolean
mono_array_calc_byte_len (MonoClass *klass, uintptr_t len, uintptr_t *res)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_NEUTRAL_MODE;

        uintptr_t byte_len;

        byte_len = mono_array_element_size (klass);
        if (CHECK_MUL_OVERFLOW_UN (byte_len, len))
                return FALSE;
        byte_len *= len;
        if (CHECK_ADD_OVERFLOW_UN (byte_len, MONO_SIZEOF_MONO_ARRAY))
                return FALSE;
        byte_len += MONO_SIZEOF_MONO_ARRAY;

        *res = byte_len;

        return TRUE;
}

/**
 * mono_array_new_full:
 * \param domain domain where the object is created
 * \param array_class array class
 * \param lengths lengths for each dimension in the array
 * \param lower_bounds lower bounds for each dimension in the array (may be NULL)
 * This routine creates a new array object with the given dimensions,
 * lower bounds and type.
 */
MonoArray*
mono_array_new_full (MonoDomain *domain, MonoClass *array_class, uintptr_t *lengths, intptr_t *lower_bounds)
{
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        MonoArray *array = mono_array_new_full_checked (domain, array_class, lengths, lower_bounds, error);
        mono_error_cleanup (error);

        return array;
}

MonoArray*
mono_array_new_full_checked (MonoDomain *domain, MonoClass *array_class, uintptr_t *lengths, intptr_t *lower_bounds, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        uintptr_t byte_len = 0, len, bounds_size;
        MonoObject *o;
        MonoArray *array;
        MonoArrayBounds *bounds;
        MonoVTable *vtable;
        int i;

        error_init (error);

        if (!m_class_is_inited (array_class))
                mono_class_init (array_class);

        len = 1;

        guint8 array_class_rank = m_class_get_rank (array_class);
        /* A single dimensional array with a 0 lower bound is the same as an szarray */
        if (array_class_rank == 1 && ((m_class_get_byval_arg (array_class)->type == MONO_TYPE_SZARRAY) || (lower_bounds && lower_bounds [0] == 0))) {
                len = lengths [0];
                if (len > MONO_ARRAY_MAX_INDEX) {
                        mono_error_set_generic_error (error, "System", "OverflowException", "");
                        return NULL;
                }
                bounds_size = 0;
        } else {
                bounds_size = sizeof (MonoArrayBounds) * array_class_rank;

                for (i = 0; i < array_class_rank; ++i) {
                        if (lengths [i] > MONO_ARRAY_MAX_INDEX) {
                                mono_error_set_generic_error (error, "System", "OverflowException", "");
                                return NULL;
                        }
                        if (CHECK_MUL_OVERFLOW_UN (len, lengths [i])) {
                                mono_error_set_out_of_memory (error, "Could not allocate %i bytes", MONO_ARRAY_MAX_SIZE);
                                return NULL;
                        }
                        len *= lengths [i];
                }
        }

        if (!mono_array_calc_byte_len (array_class, len, &byte_len)) {
                mono_error_set_out_of_memory (error, "Could not allocate %i bytes", MONO_ARRAY_MAX_SIZE);
                return NULL;
        }

        if (bounds_size) {
                /* align */
                if (CHECK_ADD_OVERFLOW_UN (byte_len, 3)) {
                        mono_error_set_out_of_memory (error, "Could not allocate %i bytes", MONO_ARRAY_MAX_SIZE);
                        return NULL;
                }
                byte_len = (byte_len + 3) & ~3;
                if (CHECK_ADD_OVERFLOW_UN (byte_len, bounds_size)) {
                        mono_error_set_out_of_memory (error, "Could not allocate %i bytes", MONO_ARRAY_MAX_SIZE);
                        return NULL;
                }
                byte_len += bounds_size;
        }
        /* 
         * Following three lines almost taken from mono_object_new ():
         * they need to be kept in sync.
         */
        vtable = mono_class_vtable_checked (domain, array_class, error);
        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);

        if (bounds_size)
                o = (MonoObject *)mono_gc_alloc_array (vtable, byte_len, len, bounds_size);
        else
                o = (MonoObject *)mono_gc_alloc_vector (vtable, byte_len, len);

        if (G_UNLIKELY (!o)) {
                mono_error_set_out_of_memory (error, "Could not allocate %zd bytes", (gsize) byte_len);
                return NULL;
        }

        array = (MonoArray*)o;

        bounds = array->bounds;

        if (bounds_size) {
                for (i = 0; i < array_class_rank; ++i) {
                        bounds [i].length = lengths [i];
                        if (lower_bounds)
                                bounds [i].lower_bound = lower_bounds [i];
                }
        }

        return array;
}

/**
 * mono_array_new:
 * \param domain domain where the object is created
 * \param eclass element class
 * \param n number of array elements
 * This routine creates a new szarray with \p n elements of type \p eclass.
 */
MonoArray *
mono_array_new (MonoDomain *domain, MonoClass *eclass, uintptr_t n)
{
        MonoArray *result;
        MONO_ENTER_GC_UNSAFE;

        ERROR_DECL (error);
        result = mono_array_new_checked (domain, eclass, n, error);
        mono_error_cleanup (error);
        MONO_EXIT_GC_UNSAFE;
        return result;
}

/**
 * mono_array_new_checked:
 * \param domain domain where the object is created
 * \param eclass element class
 * \param n number of array elements
 * \param error set on error
 * This routine creates a new szarray with \p n elements of type \p eclass.
 * On failure returns NULL and sets \p error.
 */
MonoArray *
mono_array_new_checked (MonoDomain *domain, MonoClass *eclass, uintptr_t n, MonoError *error)
{
        MonoClass *ac;

        error_init (error);

        ac = mono_class_create_array (eclass, 1);
        g_assert (ac);

        MonoVTable *vtable = mono_class_vtable_checked (domain, ac, error);
        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);

        return mono_array_new_specific_checked (vtable, n, error);
}

MonoArray*
ves_icall_array_new (MonoDomain *domain, MonoClass *eclass, uintptr_t n)
{
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        MonoArray *arr = mono_array_new_checked (domain, eclass, n, error);
        mono_error_set_pending_exception (error);

        return arr;
}

/**
 * mono_array_new_specific:
 * \param vtable a vtable in the appropriate domain for an initialized class
 * \param n number of array elements
 * This routine is a fast alternative to \c mono_array_new for code which
 * can be sure about the domain it operates in.
 */
MonoArray *
mono_array_new_specific (MonoVTable *vtable, uintptr_t n)
{
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        MonoArray *arr = mono_array_new_specific_checked (vtable, n, error);
        mono_error_cleanup (error);

        return arr;
}

MonoArray*
mono_array_new_specific_checked (MonoVTable *vtable, uintptr_t n, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        MonoObject *o;
        uintptr_t byte_len;

        error_init (error);

        if (G_UNLIKELY (n > MONO_ARRAY_MAX_INDEX)) {
                mono_error_set_generic_error (error, "System", "OverflowException", "");
                return NULL;
        }

        if (!mono_array_calc_byte_len (vtable->klass, n, &byte_len)) {
                mono_error_set_out_of_memory (error, "Could not allocate %i bytes", MONO_ARRAY_MAX_SIZE);
                return NULL;
        }
        o = (MonoObject *)mono_gc_alloc_vector (vtable, byte_len, n);

        if (G_UNLIKELY (!o)) {
                mono_error_set_out_of_memory (error, "Could not allocate %zd bytes", (gsize) byte_len);
                return NULL;
        }

        return (MonoArray*)o;
}


MonoArrayHandle
mono_array_new_specific_handle (MonoVTable *vtable, uintptr_t n, MonoError *error)
{
        // FIXMEcoop invert relationship with mono_array_new_specific_checked
        return MONO_HANDLE_NEW (MonoArray, mono_array_new_specific_checked (vtable, n, error));
}

MonoArray*
ves_icall_array_new_specific (MonoVTable *vtable, uintptr_t n)
{
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        MonoArray *arr = mono_array_new_specific_checked (vtable, n, error);
        mono_error_set_pending_exception (error);

        return arr;
}

/**
 * mono_string_empty_wrapper:
 *
 * Returns: The same empty string instance as the managed string.Empty
 */
MonoString*
mono_string_empty_wrapper (void)
{
        MonoDomain *domain = mono_domain_get ();
        return mono_string_empty (domain);
}

/**
 * mono_string_empty:
 *
 * Returns: The same empty string instance as the managed string.Empty
 */
MonoString*
mono_string_empty (MonoDomain *domain)
{
        g_assert (domain);
        g_assert (domain->empty_string);
        return domain->empty_string;
}

MonoStringHandle
mono_string_empty_handle (MonoDomain *domain)
{
        return MONO_HANDLE_NEW (MonoString, mono_string_empty (domain));
}

/**
 * mono_string_new_utf16:
 * \param text a pointer to an utf16 string
 * \param len the length of the string
 * \returns A newly created string object which contains \p text.
 */
MonoString *
mono_string_new_utf16 (MonoDomain *domain, const mono_unichar2 *text, gint32 len)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        ERROR_DECL (error);
        MonoString *res = NULL;
        res = mono_string_new_utf16_checked (domain, text, len, error);
        mono_error_cleanup (error);

        return res;
}

/**
 * mono_string_new_utf16_checked:
 * \param text a pointer to an utf16 string
 * \param len the length of the string
 * \param error written on error.
 * \returns A newly created string object which contains \p text.
 * On error, returns NULL and sets \p error.
 */
MonoString *
mono_string_new_utf16_checked (MonoDomain *domain, const gunichar2 *text, gint32 len, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        MonoString *s;
        
        error_init (error);
        
        s = mono_string_new_size_checked (domain, len, error);
        if (s != NULL)
                memcpy (mono_string_chars (s), text, len * 2);

        return s;
}

/**
 * mono_string_new_utf16_handle:
 * \param text a pointer to an utf16 string
 * \param len the length of the string
 * \param error written on error.
 * \returns A newly created string object which contains \p text.
 * On error, returns NULL and sets \p error.
 */
MonoStringHandle
mono_string_new_utf16_handle (MonoDomain *domain, const gunichar2 *text, gint32 len, MonoError *error)
{
        return MONO_HANDLE_NEW (MonoString, mono_string_new_utf16_checked (domain, text, len, error));
}

/**
 * mono_string_new_utf32_checked:
 * \param text a pointer to an utf32 string
 * \param len the length of the string
 * \param error set on failure.
 * \returns A newly created string object which contains \p text. On failure returns NULL and sets \p error.
 */
static MonoString *
mono_string_new_utf32_checked (MonoDomain *domain, const mono_unichar4 *text, gint32 len, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        MonoString *s;
        mono_unichar2 *utf16_output = NULL;
        gint32 utf16_len = 0;
        
        error_init (error);
        utf16_output = g_ucs4_to_utf16 (text, len, NULL, NULL, NULL);
        
        while (utf16_output [utf16_len]) utf16_len++;
        
        s = mono_string_new_size_checked (domain, utf16_len, error);
        goto_if_nok (error, exit);

        memcpy (mono_string_chars (s), utf16_output, utf16_len * 2);

exit:
        g_free (utf16_output);
        
        return s;
}

/**
 * mono_string_new_utf32:
 * \param text a pointer to a UTF-32 string
 * \param len the length of the string
 * \returns A newly created string object which contains \p text.
 */
MonoString *
mono_string_new_utf32 (MonoDomain *domain, const mono_unichar4 *text, gint32 len)
{
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        MonoString *result = mono_string_new_utf32_checked (domain, text, len, error);
        mono_error_cleanup (error);
        return result;
}

/**
 * mono_string_new_size:
 * \param text a pointer to a UTF-16 string
 * \param len the length of the string
 * \returns A newly created string object of \p len
 */
MonoString *
mono_string_new_size (MonoDomain *domain, gint32 len)
{
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        MonoString *str = mono_string_new_size_checked (domain, len, error);
        mono_error_cleanup (error);

        return str;
}

MonoString *
mono_string_new_size_checked (MonoDomain *domain, gint32 len, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        MonoString *s;
        MonoVTable *vtable;
        size_t size;

        error_init (error);

        /* check for overflow */
        if (len < 0 || len > ((SIZE_MAX - G_STRUCT_OFFSET (MonoString, chars) - 8) / 2)) {
                mono_error_set_out_of_memory (error, "Could not allocate %i bytes", -1);
                return NULL;
        }

        size = (G_STRUCT_OFFSET (MonoString, chars) + (((size_t)len + 1) * 2));
        g_assert (size > 0);

        vtable = mono_class_vtable_checked (domain, mono_defaults.string_class, error);
        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);

        s = (MonoString *)mono_gc_alloc_string (vtable, size, len);

        if (G_UNLIKELY (!s)) {
                mono_error_set_out_of_memory (error, "Could not allocate %zd bytes", size);
                return NULL;
        }

        return s;
}

/**
 * mono_string_new_len:
 * \param text a pointer to an utf8 string
 * \param length number of bytes in \p text to consider
 * \returns A newly created string object which contains \p text.
 */
MonoString*
mono_string_new_len (MonoDomain *domain, const char *text, guint length)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        ERROR_DECL (error);
        MonoString *result = mono_string_new_len_checked (domain, text, length, error);
        mono_error_cleanup (error);
        return result;
}

/**
 * mono_string_new_len_checked:
 * \param text a pointer to an utf8 string
 * \param length number of bytes in \p text to consider
 * \param error set on error
 * \returns A newly created string object which contains \p text. On
 * failure returns NULL and sets \p error.
 */
MonoStringHandle
mono_string_new_utf8_len_handle (MonoDomain *domain, const char *text, guint length, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        error_init (error);

        GError *eg_error = NULL;
        MonoStringHandle o = NULL_HANDLE_STRING;
        gunichar2 *ut = NULL;
        glong items_written;

        ut = eg_utf8_to_utf16_with_nuls (text, length, NULL, &items_written, &eg_error);

        if (!eg_error)
                o = mono_string_new_utf16_handle (domain, ut, items_written, error);
        else 
                g_error_free (eg_error);

        g_free (ut);

        return o;
}

MonoString*
mono_string_new_len_checked (MonoDomain *domain, const char *text, guint length, MonoError *error)
{
        HANDLE_FUNCTION_ENTER ();
        error_init (error);
        HANDLE_FUNCTION_RETURN_OBJ (mono_string_new_utf8_len_handle (domain, text, length, error));
}

static MonoString*
mono_string_new_internal (MonoDomain *domain, const char *text)
{
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        MonoString *res = NULL;
        res = mono_string_new_checked (domain, text, error);
        if (!is_ok (error)) {
                /* Mono API compatability: assert on Out of Memory errors,
                 * return NULL otherwise (most likely an invalid UTF-8 byte
                 * sequence). */
                if (mono_error_get_error_code (error) == MONO_ERROR_OUT_OF_MEMORY)
                        mono_error_assert_ok (error);
                else
                        mono_error_cleanup (error);
        }
        return res;
}

/**
 * mono_string_new:
 * \param text a pointer to a UTF-8 string
 * \deprecated Use \c mono_string_new_checked in new code.
 * This function asserts if it cannot allocate a new string.
 * \returns A newly created string object which contains \p text.
 */
MonoString*
mono_string_new (MonoDomain *domain, const char *text)
{
        MonoString *res;
        MONO_ENTER_GC_UNSAFE;
        res = mono_string_new_internal (domain, text);
        MONO_EXIT_GC_UNSAFE;
        return res;
}

/**
 * mono_string_new_checked:
 * \param text a pointer to an utf8 string
 * \param merror set on error
 * \returns A newly created string object which contains \p text.
 * On error returns NULL and sets \p merror.
 */
MonoString*
mono_string_new_checked (MonoDomain *domain, const char *text, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        GError *eg_error = NULL;
        MonoString *o = NULL;
        gunichar2 *ut;
        glong items_written;
        int len;

        error_init (error);
        
        len = strlen (text);
        
        ut = g_utf8_to_utf16 (text, len, NULL, &items_written, &eg_error);
        
        if (!eg_error)
                o = mono_string_new_utf16_checked (domain, ut, items_written, error);
        else {
                mono_error_set_execution_engine (error, "String conversion error: %s", eg_error->message);
                g_error_free (eg_error);
        }
        
        g_free (ut);
    
/*FIXME g_utf8_get_char, g_utf8_next_char and g_utf8_validate are not part of eglib.*/
#if 0
        gunichar2 *str;
        const gchar *end;
        int len;
        MonoString *o = NULL;

        if (!g_utf8_validate (text, -1, &end)) {
                mono_error_set_argument (error, "text", "Not a valid utf8 string");
                goto leave;
        }

        len = g_utf8_strlen (text, -1);
        o = mono_string_new_size_checked (domain, len, error);
        if (!o)
                goto leave;
        str = mono_string_chars (o);

        while (text < end) {
                *str++ = g_utf8_get_char (text);
                text = g_utf8_next_char (text);
        }

leave:
#endif
        return o;
}

/**
 * mono_string_new_wtf8_len_checked:
 * \param text a pointer to an wtf8 string (see https://simonsapin.github.io/wtf-8/)
 * \param length number of bytes in \p text to consider
 * \param merror set on error
 * \returns A newly created string object which contains \p text.
 * On error returns NULL and sets \p merror.
 */
MonoString*
mono_string_new_wtf8_len_checked (MonoDomain *domain, const char *text, guint length, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        error_init (error);

        GError *eg_error = NULL;
        MonoString *o = NULL;
        gunichar2 *ut = NULL;
        glong items_written;

        ut = eg_wtf8_to_utf16 (text, length, NULL, &items_written, &eg_error);

        if (!eg_error)
                o = mono_string_new_utf16_checked (domain, ut, items_written, error);
        else 
                g_error_free (eg_error);

        g_free (ut);

        return o;
}

/**
 * mono_string_new_wrapper:
 * \param text pointer to UTF-8 characters.
 * Helper function to create a string object from \p text in the current domain.
 */
MonoString*
mono_string_new_wrapper (const char *text)
{
        MonoString *res;
        MONO_ENTER_GC_UNSAFE;

        res = mono_string_new_internal (mono_domain_get (), text);
        MONO_EXIT_GC_UNSAFE;
        return res;
}

/**
 * mono_value_box:
 * \param class the class of the value
 * \param value a pointer to the unboxed data
 * \returns A newly created object which contains \p value.
 */
MonoObject *
mono_value_box (MonoDomain *domain, MonoClass *klass, gpointer value)
{
        MonoObject *result;
        MONO_ENTER_GC_UNSAFE;
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        result = mono_value_box_checked (domain, klass, value, error);
        mono_error_cleanup (error);
        MONO_EXIT_GC_UNSAFE;
        return result;
}

/**
 * mono_value_box_checked:
 * \param domain the domain of the new object
 * \param class the class of the value
 * \param value a pointer to the unboxed data
 * \param error set on error
 * \returns A newly created object which contains \p value. On failure
 * returns NULL and sets \p error.
 */
MonoObjectHandle
mono_value_box_handle (MonoDomain *domain, MonoClass *klass, gpointer value, MonoError *error)
{
        // FIXMEcoop gpointer value needs more attention
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;
        MonoObject *res;
        int size;
        MonoVTable *vtable;

        error_init (error);

        g_assert (m_class_is_valuetype (klass));
        if (mono_class_is_nullable (klass))
                return mono_nullable_box_handle (value, klass, error);

        vtable = mono_class_vtable_checked (domain, klass, error);
        return_val_if_nok (error, MONO_HANDLE_NEW (MonoObject, NULL));

        size = mono_class_instance_size (klass);

        MonoObjectHandle res_handle = mono_object_new_alloc_by_vtable (vtable, error);
        return_val_if_nok (error, MONO_HANDLE_NEW (MonoObject, NULL));
        res = MONO_HANDLE_RAW (res_handle);

        size = size - MONO_ABI_SIZEOF (MonoObject);

        gpointer data = mono_object_get_data (res);

        if (mono_gc_is_moving ()) {
                g_assert (size == mono_class_value_size (klass, NULL));
                mono_gc_wbarrier_value_copy (data, value, 1, klass);
        } else {
#if NO_UNALIGNED_ACCESS
                mono_gc_memmove_atomic (data, value, size);
#else
                switch (size) {
                case 1:
                        *(guint8*)data = *(guint8 *) value;
                        break;
                case 2:
                        *(guint16 *)(data) = *(guint16 *) value;
                        break;
                case 4:
                        *(guint32 *)(data) = *(guint32 *) value;
                        break;
                case 8:
                        *(guint64 *)(data) = *(guint64 *) value;
                        break;
                default:
                        mono_gc_memmove_atomic (data, value, size);
                }
#endif
        }
        if (m_class_has_finalize (klass))
                mono_object_register_finalizer (res);

        return res_handle;
}

/**
 * mono_value_box_checked:
 * \param domain the domain of the new object
 * \param class the class of the value
 * \param value a pointer to the unboxed data
 * \param error set on error
 * \returns A newly created object which contains \p value. On failure
 * returns NULL and sets \p error.
 */
MonoObject *
mono_value_box_checked (MonoDomain *domain, MonoClass *klass, gpointer value, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;
        MonoObject *res;
        int size;
        MonoVTable *vtable;

        error_init (error);

        g_assert (m_class_is_valuetype (klass));
        if (mono_class_is_nullable (klass))
                return mono_nullable_box ((guint8 *)value, klass, error);

        vtable = mono_class_vtable_checked (domain, klass, error);
        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);

        size = mono_class_instance_size (klass);
        res = mono_object_new_alloc_specific_checked (vtable, error);
        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);

        size = size - MONO_ABI_SIZEOF (MonoObject);

        gpointer data = mono_object_get_data (res);
        if (mono_gc_is_moving ()) {
                g_assert (size == mono_class_value_size (klass, NULL));
                mono_gc_wbarrier_value_copy (data, value, 1, klass);
        } else {
#if NO_UNALIGNED_ACCESS
                mono_gc_memmove_atomic (data, value, size);
#else
                switch (size) {
                case 1:
                        *(guint8 *)(data) = *(guint8 *) value;
                        break;
                case 2:
                        *(guint16 *)(data) = *(guint16 *) value;
                        break;
                case 4:
                        *(guint32 *)(data) = *(guint32 *) value;
                        break;
                case 8:
                        *(guint64 *)(data) = *(guint64 *) value;
                        break;
                default:
                        mono_gc_memmove_atomic (data, value, size);
                }
#endif
        }
        if (m_class_has_finalize (klass)) {
                mono_object_register_finalizer (res);
                return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
        }
        return res;
}

/**
 * mono_value_copy:
 * \param dest destination pointer
 * \param src source pointer
 * \param klass a valuetype class
 * Copy a valuetype from \p src to \p dest. This function must be used
 * when \p klass contains reference fields.
 */
void
mono_value_copy (gpointer dest, gpointer src, MonoClass *klass)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        mono_gc_wbarrier_value_copy (dest, src, 1, klass);
}

/**
 * mono_value_copy_array:
 * \param dest destination array
 * \param dest_idx index in the \p dest array
 * \param src source pointer
 * \param count number of items
 * Copy \p count valuetype items from \p src to the array \p dest at index \p dest_idx. 
 * This function must be used when \p klass contains references fields.
 * Overlap is handled.
 */
void
mono_value_copy_array (MonoArray *dest, int dest_idx, gpointer src, int count)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        int size = mono_array_element_size (dest->obj.vtable->klass);
        char *d = mono_array_addr_with_size_fast (dest, size, dest_idx);
        g_assert (size == mono_class_value_size (m_class_get_element_class (mono_object_class (dest)), NULL));
        mono_gc_wbarrier_value_copy (d, src, count, m_class_get_element_class (mono_object_class (dest)));
}

MonoVTable *
mono_object_get_vtable (MonoObject *obj)
{
        // This could be called during STW, so untag the vtable if needed.
        return mono_gc_get_vtable (obj);
}

/**
 * mono_object_get_domain:
 * \param obj object to query
 * \returns the \c MonoDomain where the object is hosted
 */
MonoDomain*
mono_object_get_domain (MonoObject *obj)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        return mono_object_domain (obj);
}

/**
 * mono_object_get_class:
 * \param obj object to query
 * Use this function to obtain the \c MonoClass* for a given \c MonoObject.
 * \returns the \c MonoClass of the object.
 */
MonoClass*
mono_object_get_class (MonoObject *obj)
{
        MonoClass *res;
        MONO_ENTER_GC_UNSAFE;

        res = mono_object_class (obj);
        MONO_EXIT_GC_UNSAFE;
        return res;
}
/**
 * mono_object_get_size:
 * \param o object to query
 * \returns the size, in bytes, of \p o
 */
guint
mono_object_get_size (MonoObject* o)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        MonoClass* klass = mono_object_class (o);
        if (klass == mono_defaults.string_class) {
                return MONO_SIZEOF_MONO_STRING + 2 * mono_string_length ((MonoString*) o) + 2;
        } else if (o->vtable->rank) {
                MonoArray *array = (MonoArray*)o;
                size_t size = MONO_SIZEOF_MONO_ARRAY + mono_array_element_size (klass) * mono_array_length (array);
                if (array->bounds) {
                        size += 3;
                        size &= ~3;
                        size += sizeof (MonoArrayBounds) * o->vtable->rank;
                }
                return size;
        } else {
                return mono_class_instance_size (klass);
        }
}

/**
 * mono_object_unbox:
 * \param obj object to unbox
 * \returns a pointer to the start of the valuetype boxed in this
 * object.
 *
 * This method will assert if the object passed is not a valuetype.
 */
gpointer
mono_object_unbox (MonoObject *obj)
{
        gpointer res;
        MONO_ENTER_GC_UNSAFE;

        /* add assert for valuetypes? */
        g_assert (m_class_is_valuetype (mono_object_class (obj)));
        res = mono_object_get_data (obj);
        MONO_EXIT_GC_UNSAFE;
        return res;
}

/**
 * mono_object_isinst:
 * \param obj an object
 * \param klass a pointer to a class 
 * \returns \p obj if \p obj is derived from \p klass or NULL otherwise.
 */
MonoObject *
mono_object_isinst (MonoObject *obj_raw, MonoClass *klass)
{
        HANDLE_FUNCTION_ENTER ();
        MonoObjectHandle result;
        MONO_ENTER_GC_UNSAFE;

        MONO_HANDLE_DCL (MonoObject, obj);
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        result = mono_object_handle_isinst (obj, klass, error);
        mono_error_cleanup (error);
        MONO_EXIT_GC_UNSAFE;
        HANDLE_FUNCTION_RETURN_OBJ (result);
}
        

/**
 * mono_object_isinst_checked:
 * \param obj an object
 * \param klass a pointer to a class 
 * \param error set on error
 * \returns \p obj if \p obj is derived from \p klass or NULL if it isn't.
 * On failure returns NULL and sets \p error.
 */
MonoObject *
mono_object_isinst_checked (MonoObject *obj_raw, MonoClass *klass, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        HANDLE_FUNCTION_ENTER ();
        error_init (error);
        MONO_HANDLE_DCL (MonoObject, obj);
        MonoObjectHandle result = mono_object_handle_isinst (obj, klass, error);
        HANDLE_FUNCTION_RETURN_OBJ (result);
}

/**
 * mono_object_handle_isinst:
 * \param obj an object
 * \param klass a pointer to a class 
 * \param error set on error
 * \returns \p obj if \p obj is derived from \p klass or NULL if it isn't.
 * On failure returns NULL and sets \p error.
 */
MonoObjectHandle
mono_object_handle_isinst (MonoObjectHandle obj, MonoClass *klass, MonoError *error)
{
        error_init (error);
        
        if (!m_class_is_inited (klass))
                mono_class_init (klass);

        if (mono_class_is_marshalbyref (klass) || mono_class_is_interface (klass)) {
                return mono_object_handle_isinst_mbyref (obj, klass, error);
        }

        MonoObjectHandle result = MONO_HANDLE_NEW (MonoObject, NULL);

        if (!MONO_HANDLE_IS_NULL (obj) && mono_class_is_assignable_from_internal (klass, mono_handle_class (obj)))
                MONO_HANDLE_ASSIGN (result, obj);
        return result;
}

/**
 * mono_object_isinst_mbyref:
 */
MonoObject *
mono_object_isinst_mbyref (MonoObject *obj_raw, MonoClass *klass)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        HANDLE_FUNCTION_ENTER ();
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        MONO_HANDLE_DCL (MonoObject, obj);
        MonoObjectHandle result = mono_object_handle_isinst_mbyref (obj, klass, error);
        mono_error_cleanup (error); /* FIXME better API that doesn't swallow the error */
        HANDLE_FUNCTION_RETURN_OBJ (result);
}

MonoObjectHandle
mono_object_handle_isinst_mbyref (MonoObjectHandle obj, MonoClass *klass, MonoError *error)
{
        error_init (error);

        MonoObjectHandle result = MONO_HANDLE_NEW (MonoObject, NULL);

        if (MONO_HANDLE_IS_NULL (obj))
                goto leave;

        MonoVTable *vt;
        vt = MONO_HANDLE_GETVAL (obj, vtable);
        
        if (mono_class_is_interface (klass)) {
                if (MONO_VTABLE_IMPLEMENTS_INTERFACE (vt, m_class_get_interface_id (klass))) {
                        MONO_HANDLE_ASSIGN (result, obj);
                        goto leave;
                }

                /* casting an array one of the invariant interfaces that must act as such */
                if (m_class_is_array_special_interface (klass)) {
                        if (mono_class_is_assignable_from_internal (klass, vt->klass)) {
                                MONO_HANDLE_ASSIGN (result, obj);
                                goto leave;
                        }
                }

                /*If the above check fails we are in the slow path of possibly raising an exception. So it's ok to it this way.*/
                else if (mono_class_has_variant_generic_params (klass) && mono_class_is_assignable_from_internal (klass, mono_handle_class (obj))) {
                        MONO_HANDLE_ASSIGN (result, obj);
                        goto leave;
                }
        } else {
                MonoClass *oklass = vt->klass;
                if (mono_class_is_transparent_proxy (oklass)){
                        MonoRemoteClass *remote_class = MONO_HANDLE_GETVAL (MONO_HANDLE_CAST (MonoTransparentProxy, obj), remote_class);
                        oklass = remote_class->proxy_class;
                }

                mono_class_setup_supertypes (klass);
                if (mono_class_has_parent_fast (oklass, klass)) {
                        MONO_HANDLE_ASSIGN (result, obj);
                        goto leave;
                }
        }
#ifndef DISABLE_REMOTING
        if (mono_class_is_transparent_proxy (vt->klass)) 
        {
                MonoBoolean custom_type_info =  MONO_HANDLE_GETVAL (MONO_HANDLE_CAST (MonoTransparentProxy, obj), custom_type_info);
                if (!custom_type_info)
                        goto leave;
                MonoDomain *domain = mono_domain_get ();
                MonoObjectHandle rp = MONO_HANDLE_NEW (MonoObject, NULL);
                MONO_HANDLE_GET (rp, MONO_HANDLE_CAST (MonoTransparentProxy, obj), rp);
                MonoClass *rpklass = mono_defaults.iremotingtypeinfo_class;
                MonoMethod *im = NULL;
                gpointer pa [2];

                im = mono_class_get_method_from_name_checked (rpklass, "CanCastTo", -1, 0, error);
                goto_if_nok (error, leave);
                if (!im) {
                        mono_error_set_not_supported (error, "Linked away.");
                        goto leave;
                }
                im = mono_object_handle_get_virtual_method (rp, im, error);
                goto_if_nok (error, leave);
                g_assert (im);
        
                MonoReflectionTypeHandle reftype = mono_type_get_object_handle (domain, m_class_get_byval_arg (klass), error);
                goto_if_nok (error, leave);

                pa [0] = MONO_HANDLE_RAW (reftype);
                pa [1] = MONO_HANDLE_RAW (obj);
                MonoObject *res = mono_runtime_invoke_checked (im, MONO_HANDLE_RAW (rp), pa, error);
                goto_if_nok (error, leave);

                if (*(MonoBoolean *) mono_object_unbox(res)) {
                        /* Update the vtable of the remote type, so it can safely cast to this new type */
                        mono_upgrade_remote_class (domain, obj, klass, error);
                        goto_if_nok (error, leave);
                        MONO_HANDLE_ASSIGN (result, obj);
                }
        }
#endif /* DISABLE_REMOTING */
leave:
        return result;
}

/**
 * mono_object_castclass_mbyref:
 * \param obj an object
 * \param klass a pointer to a class 
 * \returns \p obj if \p obj is derived from \p klass, returns NULL otherwise.
 */
MonoObject *
mono_object_castclass_mbyref (MonoObject *obj_raw, MonoClass *klass)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;
        HANDLE_FUNCTION_ENTER ();
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        MONO_HANDLE_DCL (MonoObject, obj);
        MonoObjectHandle result = MONO_HANDLE_NEW (MonoObject, NULL);
        if (MONO_HANDLE_IS_NULL (obj))
                goto leave;
        MONO_HANDLE_ASSIGN (result, mono_object_handle_isinst_mbyref (obj, klass, error));
        mono_error_cleanup (error);
leave:
        HANDLE_FUNCTION_RETURN_OBJ (result);
}

static MonoString*
mono_string_get_pinned (MonoString *str, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        error_init (error);

        /* We only need to make a pinned version of a string if this is a moving GC */
        if (!mono_gc_is_moving ())
                return str;
        int size;
        MonoString *news;
        size = MONO_SIZEOF_MONO_STRING + 2 * (mono_string_length (str) + 1);
        news = (MonoString *)mono_gc_alloc_pinned_obj (((MonoObject*)str)->vtable, size);
        if (news) {
                memcpy (mono_string_chars (news), mono_string_chars (str), mono_string_length (str) * 2);
                news->length = mono_string_length (str);
        } else {
                mono_error_set_out_of_memory (error, "Could not allocate %i bytes", size);
        }
        return news;
}

static MonoString*
mono_string_is_interned_lookup (MonoString *str, int insert, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        MonoGHashTable *ldstr_table;
        MonoString *s, *res;
        MonoDomain *domain;
        
        error_init (error);

        domain = ((MonoObject *)str)->vtable->domain;
        ldstr_table = domain->ldstr_table;
        ldstr_lock ();
        res = (MonoString *)mono_g_hash_table_lookup (ldstr_table, str);
        if (res) {
                ldstr_unlock ();
                return res;
        }
        if (insert) {
                /* Allocate outside the lock */
                ldstr_unlock ();
                s = mono_string_get_pinned (str, error);
                return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
                if (s) {
                        ldstr_lock ();
                        res = (MonoString *)mono_g_hash_table_lookup (ldstr_table, str);
                        if (res) {
                                ldstr_unlock ();
                                return res;
                        }
                        mono_g_hash_table_insert (ldstr_table, s, s);
                        ldstr_unlock ();
                }
                return s;
        }
        ldstr_unlock ();
        return NULL;
}

/**
 * mono_string_is_interned:
 * \param o String to probe
 * \returns Whether the string has been interned.
 */
MonoString*
mono_string_is_interned (MonoString *o)
{
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        MonoString *result = mono_string_is_interned_lookup (o, FALSE, error);
        /* This function does not fail. */
        mono_error_assert_ok (error);
        return result;
}

/**
 * mono_string_intern:
 * \param o String to intern
 * Interns the string passed.  
 * \returns The interned string.
 */
MonoString*
mono_string_intern (MonoString *str)
{
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        MonoString *result = mono_string_intern_checked (str, error);
        mono_error_assert_ok (error);
        return result;
}

/**
 * mono_string_intern_checked:
 * \param o String to intern
 * \param error set on error.
 * Interns the string passed.
 * \returns The interned string.  On failure returns NULL and sets \p error
 */
MonoString*
mono_string_intern_checked (MonoString *str, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        error_init (error);

        return mono_string_is_interned_lookup (str, TRUE, error);
}

/**
 * mono_ldstr:
 * \param domain the domain where the string will be used.
 * \param image a metadata context
 * \param idx index into the user string table.
 * Implementation for the \c ldstr opcode.
 * \returns a loaded string from the \p image / \p idx combination.
 */
MonoString*
mono_ldstr (MonoDomain *domain, MonoImage *image, guint32 idx)
{
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        MonoString *result = mono_ldstr_checked (domain, image, idx, error);
        mono_error_cleanup (error);
        return result;
}

/**
 * mono_ldstr_checked:
 * \param domain the domain where the string will be used.
 * \param image a metadata context
 * \param idx index into the user string table.
 * \param error set on error.
 * Implementation for the \c ldstr opcode.
 * \returns A loaded string from the \p image / \p idx combination.
 * On failure returns NULL and sets \p error.
 */
MonoString*
mono_ldstr_checked (MonoDomain *domain, MonoImage *image, guint32 idx, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;
        error_init (error);

        if (image->dynamic) {
                MonoString *str = (MonoString *)mono_lookup_dynamic_token (image, MONO_TOKEN_STRING | idx, NULL, error);
                return str;
        } else {
                if (!mono_verifier_verify_string_signature (image, idx, error))
                        return NULL;
                MonoString *str = mono_ldstr_metadata_sig (domain, mono_metadata_user_string (image, idx), error);
                return str;
        }
}

MonoStringHandle
mono_ldstr_handle (MonoDomain *domain, MonoImage *image, guint32 idx, MonoError *error)
{
        // FIXME invert mono_ldstr_handle and mono_ldstr_checked.
        return MONO_HANDLE_NEW (MonoString, mono_ldstr_checked (domain, image, idx, error));
}


char*
mono_string_from_blob (const char *str, MonoError *error)
{
        gsize len = mono_metadata_decode_blob_size (str, &str) >> 1;

#if G_BYTE_ORDER != G_LITTLE_ENDIAN
        gunichar2 *src = (gunichar2*)str;
        gunichar2 *copy = g_new (gunichar2, len);
        int i;
        for (i = 0; i < len; ++i)
                copy [i] = GUINT16_FROM_LE (src [i]);

        char *res = mono_utf16_to_utf8 (copy, len, error);
        g_free (copy);
        return res;
#else
        return mono_utf16_to_utf8 ((const gunichar2*)str, len, error);
#endif
}
/**
 * mono_ldstr_metadata_sig
 * \param domain the domain for the string
 * \param sig the signature of a metadata string
 * \param error set on error
 * \returns a \c MonoString for a string stored in the metadata. On
 * failure returns NULL and sets \p error.
 */
static MonoString*
mono_ldstr_metadata_sig (MonoDomain *domain, const char* sig, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        error_init (error);
        const char *str = sig;
        MonoString *o, *interned;
        size_t len2;

        len2 = mono_metadata_decode_blob_size (str, &str);
        len2 >>= 1;

        o = mono_string_new_utf16_checked (domain, (gunichar2*)str, len2, error);
        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
#if G_BYTE_ORDER != G_LITTLE_ENDIAN
        {
                int i;
                gunichar2 *p2 = (gunichar2*)mono_string_chars (o);
                for (i = 0; i < len2; ++i) {
                        *p2 = GUINT16_FROM_LE (*p2);
                        ++p2;
                }
        }
#endif
        ldstr_lock ();
        interned = (MonoString *)mono_g_hash_table_lookup (domain->ldstr_table, o);
        ldstr_unlock ();
        if (interned)
                return interned; /* o will get garbage collected */

        o = mono_string_get_pinned (o, error);
        if (o) {
                ldstr_lock ();
                interned = (MonoString *)mono_g_hash_table_lookup (domain->ldstr_table, o);
                if (!interned) {
                        mono_g_hash_table_insert (domain->ldstr_table, o, o);
                        interned = o;
                }
                ldstr_unlock ();
        }

        return interned;
}

/*
 * mono_ldstr_utf8:
 *
 *   Same as mono_ldstr, but return a NULL terminated utf8 string instead
 * of an object.
 */
char*
mono_ldstr_utf8 (MonoImage *image, guint32 idx, MonoError *error)
{
        const char *str;
        size_t len2;
        long written = 0;
        char *as;
        GError *gerror = NULL;

        error_init (error);

        if (!mono_verifier_verify_string_signature (image, idx, error))
                return NULL;
        str = mono_metadata_user_string (image, idx);

        len2 = mono_metadata_decode_blob_size (str, &str);
        len2 >>= 1;

        as = g_utf16_to_utf8 ((gunichar2*)str, len2, NULL, &written, &gerror);
        if (gerror) {
                mono_error_set_argument (error, "string", gerror->message);
                g_error_free (gerror);
                return NULL;
        }
        /* g_utf16_to_utf8 may not be able to complete the conversion (e.g. NULL values were found, #335488) */
        if (len2 > written) {
                /* allocate the total length and copy the part of the string that has been converted */
                char *as2 = (char *)g_malloc0 (len2);
                memcpy (as2, as, written);
                g_free (as);
                as = as2;
        }

        return as;
}

/**
 * mono_string_to_utf8:
 * \param s a \c System.String
 * \deprecated Use \c mono_string_to_utf8_checked to avoid having an exception arbitrarily raised.
 * \returns the UTF-8 representation for \p s.
 * The resulting buffer needs to be freed with \c mono_free().
 */
char *
mono_string_to_utf8 (MonoString *s)
{
        char *result;
        MONO_ENTER_GC_UNSAFE;
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        result = mono_string_to_utf8_checked (s, error);
        
        if (!is_ok (error)) {
                mono_error_cleanup (error);
                result = NULL;
        }
        MONO_EXIT_GC_UNSAFE;
        return result;
}

/**
 * mono_utf16_to_utf8:
 */
char *
mono_utf16_to_utf8 (const gunichar2 *s, gsize slength, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        long written = 0;
        char *as;
        GError *gerror = NULL;

        error_init (error);

        if (s == NULL)
                return NULL;

        if (!slength)
                return g_strdup ("");

        as = g_utf16_to_utf8 (s, slength, NULL, &written, &gerror);
        if (gerror) {
                mono_error_set_argument (error, "string", gerror->message);
                g_error_free (gerror);
                return NULL;
        }
        /* g_utf16_to_utf8 may not be able to complete the conversion (e.g. NULL values were found, #335488) */
        if (slength > written) {
                /* allocate the total length and copy the part of the string that has been converted */
                char *as2 = (char *)g_malloc0 (slength);
                memcpy (as2, as, written);
                g_free (as);
                as = as2;
        }

        return as;
}

/**
 * mono_string_to_utf8_checked:
 * \param s a \c System.String
 * \param error a \c MonoError.
 * Converts a \c MonoString to its UTF-8 representation. May fail; check
 * \p error to determine whether the conversion was successful.
 * The resulting buffer should be freed with \c mono_free().
 */
char *
mono_string_to_utf8_checked (MonoString *s, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        error_init (error);

        if (s == NULL)
                return NULL;

        if (!s->length)
                return g_strdup ("");

        return mono_utf16_to_utf8 (mono_string_chars (s), s->length, error);
}

char *
mono_string_handle_to_utf8 (MonoStringHandle s, MonoError *error)
{
        return mono_string_to_utf8_checked (MONO_HANDLE_RAW (s), error);
}

/**
 * mono_string_to_utf8_ignore:
 * \param s a MonoString
 * Converts a \c MonoString to its UTF-8 representation. Will ignore
 * invalid surrogate pairs.
 * The resulting buffer should be freed with \c mono_free().
 */
char *
mono_string_to_utf8_ignore (MonoString *s)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        long written = 0;
        char *as;

        if (s == NULL)
                return NULL;

        if (!s->length)
                return g_strdup ("");

        as = g_utf16_to_utf8 (mono_string_chars (s), s->length, NULL, &written, NULL);

        /* g_utf16_to_utf8 may not be able to complete the conversion (e.g. NULL values were found, #335488) */
        if (s->length > written) {
                /* allocate the total length and copy the part of the string that has been converted */
                char *as2 = (char *)g_malloc0 (s->length);
                memcpy (as2, as, written);
                g_free (as);
                as = as2;
        }

        return as;
}

/**
 * mono_string_to_utf16:
 * \param s a \c MonoString
 * \returns a null-terminated array of the UTF-16 chars
 * contained in \p s. The result must be freed with \c g_free().
 * This is a temporary helper until our string implementation
 * is reworked to always include the null-terminating char.
 */
mono_unichar2*
mono_string_to_utf16 (MonoString *s)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        if (s == NULL)
                return NULL;

        int const length = s->length;
        mono_unichar2* const as = (mono_unichar2*)g_malloc ((length + 1) * sizeof (*as));
        if (as) {
                as [length] = 0;
                if (length)
                        memcpy (as, mono_string_chars(s), length * sizeof (*as));
        }
        return as;
}

/**
 * mono_string_to_utf32:
 * \param s a \c MonoString
 * \returns a null-terminated array of the UTF-32 (UCS-4) chars
 * contained in \p s. The result must be freed with \c g_free().
 */
mono_unichar4*
mono_string_to_utf32 (MonoString *s)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;
        
        if (s == NULL)
                return NULL;
                
        return g_utf16_to_ucs4 (s->chars, s->length, NULL, NULL, NULL);
}

/**
 * mono_string_from_utf16:
 * \param data the UTF-16 string (LPWSTR) to convert
 * Converts a NULL-terminated UTF-16 string (LPWSTR) to a \c MonoString.
 * \returns a \c MonoString.
 */
MonoString *
mono_string_from_utf16 (gunichar2 *data)
{
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        MonoString *result = mono_string_from_utf16_checked (data, error);
        mono_error_cleanup (error);
        return result;
}

/**
 * mono_string_from_utf16_checked:
 * \param data the UTF-16 string (LPWSTR) to convert
 * \param error set on error
 * Converts a NULL-terminated UTF-16 string (LPWSTR) to a \c MonoString.
 * \returns a \c MonoString. On failure sets \p error and returns NULL.
 */
MonoString *
mono_string_from_utf16_checked (const gunichar2 *data, MonoError *error)
{

        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        error_init (error);
        MonoDomain *domain = mono_domain_get ();
        int len = 0;

        if (!data)
                return NULL;

        while (data [len]) len++;

        return mono_string_new_utf16_checked (domain, data, len, error);
}

/**
 * mono_string_from_utf32:
 * \param data the UTF-32 string (LPWSTR) to convert
 * Converts a UTF-32 (UCS-4) string to a \c MonoString.
 * \returns a \c MonoString.
 */
MonoString *
mono_string_from_utf32 (/*const*/ mono_unichar4 *data)
{
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        MonoString *result = mono_string_from_utf32_checked (data, error);
        mono_error_cleanup (error);
        return result;
}

/**
 * mono_string_from_utf32_checked:
 * \param data the UTF-32 string (LPWSTR) to convert
 * \param error set on error
 * Converts a UTF-32 (UCS-4) string to a \c MonoString.
 * \returns a \c MonoString. On failure returns NULL and sets \p error.
 */
MonoString *
mono_string_from_utf32_checked (const mono_unichar4 *data, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        error_init (error);
        MonoString* result = NULL;
        mono_unichar2 *utf16_output = NULL;
        GError *gerror = NULL;
        glong items_written;
        int len = 0;

        if (!data)
                return NULL;

        while (data [len]) len++;

        utf16_output = g_ucs4_to_utf16 (data, len, NULL, &items_written, &gerror);

        if (gerror)
                g_error_free (gerror);

        result = mono_string_from_utf16_checked (utf16_output, error);
        g_free (utf16_output);
        return result;
}

static char *
mono_string_to_utf8_internal (MonoMemPool *mp, MonoImage *image, MonoString *s, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        char *r;
        char *mp_s;
        int len;

        r = mono_string_to_utf8_checked (s, error);
        if (!mono_error_ok (error))
                return NULL;

        if (!mp && !image)
                return r;

        len = strlen (r) + 1;
        if (mp)
                mp_s = (char *)mono_mempool_alloc (mp, len);
        else
                mp_s = (char *)mono_image_alloc (image, len);

        memcpy (mp_s, r, len);

        g_free (r);

        return mp_s;
}

/**
 * mono_string_to_utf8_image:
 * \param s a \c System.String
 * Same as \c mono_string_to_utf8, but allocate the string from the image mempool.
 */
char *
mono_string_to_utf8_image (MonoImage *image, MonoStringHandle s, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        return mono_string_to_utf8_internal (NULL, image, MONO_HANDLE_RAW (s), error); /* FIXME pin the string */
}

/**
 * mono_string_to_utf8_mp:
 * \param s a \c System.String
 * Same as \c mono_string_to_utf8, but allocate the string from a mempool.
 */
char *
mono_string_to_utf8_mp (MonoMemPool *mp, MonoString *s, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        return mono_string_to_utf8_internal (mp, NULL, s, error);
}


static MonoRuntimeExceptionHandlingCallbacks eh_callbacks;

void
mono_install_eh_callbacks (MonoRuntimeExceptionHandlingCallbacks *cbs)
{
        eh_callbacks = *cbs;
}

MonoRuntimeExceptionHandlingCallbacks *
mono_get_eh_callbacks (void)
{
        return &eh_callbacks;
}

/**
 * mono_raise_exception:
 * \param ex exception object
 * Signal the runtime that the exception \p ex has been raised in unmanaged code.
 * DEPRECATED. DO NOT ADD NEW CALLERS FOR THIS FUNCTION.
 */
void
mono_raise_exception (MonoException *ex) 
{
        /* raise_exception doesn't return, so the transition to GC Unsafe is unbalanced */
        MONO_STACKDATA (stackdata);
        mono_threads_enter_gc_unsafe_region_unbalanced_with_info (mono_thread_info_current (), &stackdata);
        mono_raise_exception_deprecated (ex);
}

/*
 * DEPRECATED. DO NOT ADD NEW CALLERS FOR THIS FUNCTION.
 */
void
mono_raise_exception_deprecated (MonoException *ex) 
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        eh_callbacks.mono_raise_exception (ex);
}

/**
 * mono_reraise_exception:
 * \param ex exception object
 * Signal the runtime that the exception \p ex has been raised in unmanaged code.
 * DEPRECATED. DO NOT ADD NEW CALLERS FOR THIS FUNCTION.
 */
void
mono_reraise_exception (MonoException *ex)
{
        mono_reraise_exception_deprecated (ex);
}

/*
 * DEPRECATED. DO NOT ADD NEW CALLERS FOR THIS FUNCTION.
 */
void
mono_reraise_exception_deprecated (MonoException *ex)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        eh_callbacks.mono_reraise_exception (ex);
}

/*
 * CTX must point to managed code.
 */
void
mono_raise_exception_with_context (MonoException *ex, MonoContext *ctx)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        eh_callbacks.mono_raise_exception_with_ctx (ex, ctx);
}

/**
 * mono_wait_handle_new:
 * \param domain Domain where the object will be created
 * \param handle Handle for the wait handle
 * \param error set on error.
 * \returns A new \c MonoWaitHandle created in the given domain for the
 * given handle.  On failure returns NULL and sets \p error.
 */
MonoWaitHandle *
mono_wait_handle_new (MonoDomain *domain, HANDLE handle, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        MonoWaitHandle *res;
        gpointer params [1];
        static MonoMethod *handle_set;

        error_init (error);
        res = (MonoWaitHandle *)mono_object_new_checked (domain, mono_defaults.manualresetevent_class, error);
        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);

        /* Even though this method is virtual, it's safe to invoke directly, since the object type matches.  */
        if (!handle_set)
                handle_set = mono_class_get_property_from_name (mono_defaults.manualresetevent_class, "Handle")->set;

        params [0] = &handle;

        mono_runtime_invoke_checked (handle_set, res, params, error);
        return res;
}

HANDLE
mono_wait_handle_get_handle (MonoWaitHandle *handle)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        static MonoClassField *f_safe_handle = NULL;
        MonoSafeHandle *sh;

        if (!f_safe_handle) {
                f_safe_handle = mono_class_get_field_from_name_full (mono_defaults.manualresetevent_class, "safeWaitHandle", NULL);
                g_assert (f_safe_handle);
        }

        mono_field_get_value ((MonoObject*)handle, f_safe_handle, &sh);
        return sh->handle;
}


static MonoObject*
mono_runtime_capture_context (MonoDomain *domain, MonoError *error)
{
#ifdef HOST_WASM
        return mono_runtime_invoke_checked (mono_get_context_capture_method (), NULL, NULL, error);
#else
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        RuntimeInvokeFunction runtime_invoke;

        error_init (error);

        if (!domain->capture_context_runtime_invoke || !domain->capture_context_method) {
                MonoMethod *method = mono_get_context_capture_method ();
                MonoMethod *wrapper;
                if (!method)
                        return NULL;
                wrapper = mono_marshal_get_runtime_invoke (method, FALSE);
                domain->capture_context_runtime_invoke = mono_compile_method_checked (wrapper, error);
                return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
                domain->capture_context_method = mono_compile_method_checked (method, error);
                return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
        }

        runtime_invoke = (RuntimeInvokeFunction)domain->capture_context_runtime_invoke;

        return runtime_invoke (NULL, NULL, NULL, domain->capture_context_method);
#endif
}
/**
 * mono_async_result_new:
 * \param domain domain where the object will be created.
 * \param handle wait handle.
 * \param state state to pass to AsyncResult
 * \param data C closure data.
 * \param error set on error.
 * Creates a new MonoAsyncResult (\c AsyncResult C# class) in the given domain.
 * If the handle is not null, the handle is initialized to a \c MonoWaitHandle.
 * On failure returns NULL and sets \p error.
 */
MonoAsyncResult *
mono_async_result_new (MonoDomain *domain, HANDLE handle, MonoObject *state, gpointer data, MonoObject *object_data, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        error_init (error);
        MonoAsyncResult *res = (MonoAsyncResult *)mono_object_new_checked (domain, mono_class_get_asyncresult_class (), error);
        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
        MonoObject *context = mono_runtime_capture_context (domain, error);
        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
        /* we must capture the execution context from the original thread */
        if (context) {
                MONO_OBJECT_SETREF (res, execution_context, context);
                /* note: result may be null if the flow is suppressed */
        }

        res->data = (void **)data;
        MONO_OBJECT_SETREF (res, object_data, object_data);
        MONO_OBJECT_SETREF (res, async_state, state);
        MonoWaitHandle *wait_handle = mono_wait_handle_new (domain, handle, error);
        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
        if (handle != NULL)
                MONO_OBJECT_SETREF (res, handle, (MonoObject *) wait_handle);

        res->sync_completed = FALSE;
        res->completed = FALSE;

        return res;
}

MonoObject *
ves_icall_System_Runtime_Remoting_Messaging_AsyncResult_Invoke (MonoAsyncResult *ares)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        ERROR_DECL (error);
        MonoAsyncCall *ac;
        MonoObject *res;

        g_assert (ares);
        g_assert (ares->async_delegate);

        ac = (MonoAsyncCall*) ares->object_data;
        if (!ac) {
                res = mono_runtime_delegate_invoke_checked (ares->async_delegate, (void**) &ares->async_state, error);
                if (mono_error_set_pending_exception (error))
                        return NULL;
        } else {
                gpointer wait_event = NULL;

                ac->msg->exc = NULL;

                res = mono_message_invoke (ares->async_delegate, ac->msg, &ac->msg->exc, &ac->out_args, error);

                /* The exit side of the invoke must not be aborted as it would leave the runtime in an undefined state */
                mono_threads_begin_abort_protected_block ();

                if (!ac->msg->exc) {
                        MonoException *ex = mono_error_convert_to_exception (error);
                        ac->msg->exc = (MonoObject *)ex;
                } else {
                        mono_error_cleanup (error);
                }

                MONO_OBJECT_SETREF (ac, res, res);

                mono_monitor_enter ((MonoObject*) ares);
                ares->completed = 1;
                if (ares->handle)
                        wait_event = mono_wait_handle_get_handle ((MonoWaitHandle*) ares->handle);
                mono_monitor_exit ((MonoObject*) ares);

                if (wait_event != NULL)
                        mono_w32event_set (wait_event);

                error_init (error); //the else branch would leave it in an undefined state
                if (ac->cb_method)
                        mono_runtime_invoke_checked (ac->cb_method, ac->cb_target, (gpointer*) &ares, error);

                mono_threads_end_abort_protected_block ();

                if (mono_error_set_pending_exception (error))
                        return NULL;
        }

        return res;
}

gboolean
mono_message_init (MonoDomain *domain,
                   MonoMethodMessage *this_obj, 
                   MonoReflectionMethod *method,
                   MonoArray *out_args,
                   MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        static MonoMethod *init_message_method = NULL;

        if (!init_message_method) {
                init_message_method = mono_class_get_method_from_name_checked (mono_defaults.mono_method_message_class, "InitMessage", 2, 0, error);
                mono_error_assert_ok (error);
                g_assert (init_message_method != NULL);
        }

        error_init (error);
        /* FIXME set domain instead? */
        g_assert (domain == mono_domain_get ());
        
        gpointer args[2];

        args[0] = method;
        args[1] = out_args;

        mono_runtime_invoke_checked (init_message_method, this_obj, args, error);
        return is_ok (error);
}

#ifndef DISABLE_REMOTING
/**
 * mono_remoting_invoke:
 * \param real_proxy pointer to a \c RealProxy object
 * \param msg The \c MonoMethodMessage to execute
 * \param exc used to store exceptions
 * \param out_args used to store output arguments
 * This is used to call \c RealProxy::Invoke(). \c RealProxy::Invoke() returns an
 * \c IMessage interface and it is not trivial to extract results from there. So
 * we call an helper method \c PrivateInvoke instead of calling
 * \c RealProxy::Invoke() directly.
 * \returns the result object.
 */
MonoObject *
mono_remoting_invoke (MonoObject *real_proxy, MonoMethodMessage *msg, MonoObject **exc, MonoArray **out_args, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        MonoObject *o;
        MonoMethod *im = real_proxy->vtable->domain->private_invoke_method;
        gpointer pa [4];

        g_assert (exc);

        error_init (error);

        /*static MonoObject *(*invoke) (gpointer, gpointer, MonoObject **, MonoArray **) = NULL;*/

        if (!im) {
                im = mono_class_get_method_from_name_checked (mono_defaults.real_proxy_class, "PrivateInvoke", 4, 0, error);
                return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
                if (!im) {
                        mono_error_set_not_supported (error, "Linked away.");
                        return NULL;
                }
                real_proxy->vtable->domain->private_invoke_method = im;
        }

        pa [0] = real_proxy;
        pa [1] = msg;
        pa [2] = exc;
        pa [3] = out_args;

        o = mono_runtime_try_invoke (im, NULL, pa, exc, error);
        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);

        return o;
}
#endif

MonoObject *
mono_message_invoke (MonoObject *target, MonoMethodMessage *msg, 
                     MonoObject **exc, MonoArray **out_args, MonoError *error) 
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        static MonoClass *object_array_klass;
        error_init (error);

        MonoDomain *domain; 
        MonoMethod *method;
        MonoMethodSignature *sig;
        MonoArray *arr;
        int i, j, outarg_count = 0;

#ifndef DISABLE_REMOTING
        if (target && mono_object_is_transparent_proxy (target)) {
                MonoTransparentProxy* tp = (MonoTransparentProxy *)target;
                if (mono_class_is_contextbound (tp->remote_class->proxy_class) && tp->rp->context == (MonoObject *) mono_context_get ()) {
                        target = tp->rp->unwrapped_server;
                } else {
                        return mono_remoting_invoke ((MonoObject *)tp->rp, msg, exc, out_args, error);
                }
        }
#endif

        domain = mono_domain_get (); 
        method = msg->method->method;
        sig = mono_method_signature (method);

        for (i = 0; i < sig->param_count; i++) {
                if (sig->params [i]->byref) 
                        outarg_count++;
        }

        if (!object_array_klass) {
                MonoClass *klass;

                klass = mono_class_create_array (mono_defaults.object_class, 1);
                g_assert (klass);

                mono_memory_barrier ();
                object_array_klass = klass;
        }

        MonoVTable *vt = mono_class_vtable_checked (domain, object_array_klass, error);
        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
        arr = mono_array_new_specific_checked (vt, outarg_count, error);
        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);

        mono_gc_wbarrier_generic_store (out_args, (MonoObject*) arr);
        *exc = NULL;

        MonoObject *ret = mono_runtime_try_invoke_array (method, m_class_is_valuetype (method->klass)? mono_object_unbox (target): target, msg->args, exc, error);
        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);

        for (i = 0, j = 0; i < sig->param_count; i++) {
                if (sig->params [i]->byref) {
                        MonoObject* arg;
                        arg = (MonoObject *)mono_array_get (msg->args, gpointer, i);
                        mono_array_setref (*out_args, j, arg);
                        j++;
                }
        }

        return ret;
}

/**
 * prepare_to_string_method:
 * @obj: The object
 * @target: Set to @obj or unboxed value if a valuetype
 *
 * Returns: the ToString override for @obj. If @obj is a valuetype, @target is unboxed otherwise it's @obj.
 */
static MonoMethod *
prepare_to_string_method (MonoObject *obj, void **target)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        static MonoMethod *to_string = NULL;
        MonoMethod *method;
        g_assert (target);
        g_assert (obj);

        *target = obj;

        if (!to_string) {
                ERROR_DECL (error);
                to_string = mono_class_get_method_from_name_checked (mono_get_object_class (), "ToString", 0, METHOD_ATTRIBUTE_VIRTUAL | METHOD_ATTRIBUTE_PUBLIC, error);
                mono_error_assert_ok (error);
        }

        method = mono_object_get_virtual_method (obj, to_string);

        // Unbox value type if needed
        if (m_class_is_valuetype (mono_method_get_class (method))) {
                *target = mono_object_unbox (obj);
        }
        return method;
}

/**
 * mono_object_to_string:
 * \param obj The object
 * \param exc Any exception thrown by \c ToString. May be NULL.
 * \returns the result of calling \c ToString on an object.
 */
MonoString *
mono_object_to_string (MonoObject *obj, MonoObject **exc)
{
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        MonoString *s = NULL;
        void *target;
        MonoMethod *method = prepare_to_string_method (obj, &target);
        if (exc) {
                s = (MonoString *) mono_runtime_try_invoke (method, target, NULL, exc, error);
                if (*exc == NULL && !mono_error_ok (error))
                        *exc = (MonoObject*) mono_error_convert_to_exception (error);
                else
                        mono_error_cleanup (error);
        } else {
                s = (MonoString *) mono_runtime_invoke_checked (method, target, NULL, error);
                mono_error_raise_exception_deprecated (error); /* OK to throw, external only without a good alternative */
        }

        return s;
}

/**
 * mono_object_try_to_string:
 * \param obj The object
 * \param exc Any exception thrown by \c ToString(). Must not be NULL.
 * \param error Set if method cannot be invoked.
 * \returns the result of calling \c ToString() on an object. If the
 * method cannot be invoked sets \p error, if it raises an exception sets \p exc,
 * and returns NULL.
 */
MonoString *
mono_object_try_to_string (MonoObject *obj, MonoObject **exc, MonoError *error)
{
        g_assert (exc);
        error_init (error);
        void *target;
        MonoMethod *method = prepare_to_string_method (obj, &target);
        return (MonoString*) mono_runtime_try_invoke (method, target, NULL, exc, error);
}



static char *
get_native_backtrace (MonoException *exc_raw)
{
        HANDLE_FUNCTION_ENTER ();
        MONO_HANDLE_DCL(MonoException, exc);
        char * trace = mono_exception_handle_get_native_backtrace (exc);
        HANDLE_FUNCTION_RETURN_VAL (trace);
}

/**
 * mono_print_unhandled_exception:
 * \param exc The exception
 * Prints the unhandled exception.
 */
void
mono_print_unhandled_exception (MonoObject *exc)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        MonoString * str;
        char *message = (char*)"";
        gboolean free_message = FALSE;
        ERROR_DECL (error);

        if (exc == (MonoObject*)mono_object_domain (exc)->out_of_memory_ex) {
                message = g_strdup ("OutOfMemoryException");
                free_message = TRUE;
        } else if (exc == (MonoObject*)mono_object_domain (exc)->stack_overflow_ex) {
                message = g_strdup ("StackOverflowException"); //if we OVF, we can't expect to have stack space to JIT Exception::ToString.
                free_message = TRUE;
        } else {
                
                if (((MonoException*)exc)->native_trace_ips) {
                        message = get_native_backtrace ((MonoException*)exc);
                        free_message = TRUE;
                } else {
                        MonoObject *other_exc = NULL;
                        str = mono_object_try_to_string (exc, &other_exc, error);
                        if (other_exc == NULL && !is_ok (error))
                                other_exc = (MonoObject*)mono_error_convert_to_exception (error);
                        else
                                mono_error_cleanup (error);
                        if (other_exc) {
                                char *original_backtrace = mono_exception_get_managed_backtrace ((MonoException*)exc);
                                char *nested_backtrace = mono_exception_get_managed_backtrace ((MonoException*)other_exc);
                                
                                message = g_strdup_printf ("Nested exception detected.\nOriginal Exception: %s\nNested exception:%s\n",
                                        original_backtrace, nested_backtrace);

                                g_free (original_backtrace);
                                g_free (nested_backtrace);
                                free_message = TRUE;
                        } else if (str) {
                                message = mono_string_to_utf8_checked (str, error);
                                if (!mono_error_ok (error)) {
                                        mono_error_cleanup (error);
                                        message = (char *) "";
                                } else {
                                        free_message = TRUE;
                                }
                        }
                }
        }

        /*
         * g_printerr ("\nUnhandled Exception: %s.%s: %s\n", exc->vtable->klass->name_space, 
         *         exc->vtable->klass->name, message);
         */
        g_printerr ("\nUnhandled Exception:\n%s\n", message);
        
        if (free_message)
                g_free (message);
}

/**
 * mono_delegate_ctor_with_method:
 * \param this pointer to an uninitialized delegate object
 * \param target target object
 * \param addr pointer to native code
 * \param method method
 * \param error set on error.
 * Initialize a delegate and sets a specific method, not the one
 * associated with \p addr.  This is useful when sharing generic code.
 * In that case \p addr will most probably not be associated with the
 * correct instantiation of the method.
 * On failure returns FALSE and sets \p error.
 */
gboolean
mono_delegate_ctor_with_method (MonoObjectHandle this_obj, MonoObjectHandle target, gpointer addr, MonoMethod *method, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        error_init (error);
        MonoDelegateHandle delegate = MONO_HANDLE_CAST (MonoDelegate, this_obj);

        g_assert (!MONO_HANDLE_IS_NULL (this_obj));
        g_assert (addr);

        MonoClass *klass = mono_handle_class (this_obj);
        g_assert (mono_class_has_parent (klass, mono_defaults.multicastdelegate_class));

        if (method)
                MONO_HANDLE_SETVAL (delegate, method, MonoMethod*, method);

        UnlockedIncrement (&mono_stats.delegate_creations);

#ifndef DISABLE_REMOTING
        if (!MONO_HANDLE_IS_NULL (target) && mono_class_is_transparent_proxy (mono_handle_class (target))) {
                if (callbacks.interp_get_remoting_invoke) {
                        MONO_HANDLE_SETVAL (delegate, interp_method, gpointer, callbacks.interp_get_remoting_invoke (addr, error));
                } else {
                        g_assert (method);
                        method = mono_marshal_get_remoting_invoke (method, error);
                        return_val_if_nok (error, FALSE);
                        MONO_HANDLE_SETVAL (delegate, method_ptr, gpointer, mono_compile_method_checked (method, error));
                }
                return_val_if_nok (error, FALSE);
                MONO_HANDLE_SET (delegate, target, target);
        } else
#endif
        {
                MONO_HANDLE_SETVAL (delegate, method_ptr, gpointer, addr);
                MONO_HANDLE_SET (delegate, target, target);
        }

        MONO_HANDLE_SETVAL (delegate, invoke_impl, gpointer, callbacks.create_delegate_trampoline (MONO_HANDLE_DOMAIN (delegate), mono_handle_class (delegate)));
        if (callbacks.init_delegate)
                callbacks.init_delegate (MONO_HANDLE_RAW (delegate)); /* FIXME: update init_delegate callback to take a MonoDelegateHandle */
        return TRUE;
}

/**
 * mono_delegate_ctor:
 * \param this pointer to an uninitialized delegate object
 * \param target target object
 * \param addr pointer to native code
 * \param error set on error.
 * This is used to initialize a delegate.
 * On failure returns FALSE and sets \p error.
 */
gboolean
mono_delegate_ctor (MonoObjectHandle this_obj, MonoObjectHandle target, gpointer addr, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        error_init (error);
        MonoDomain *domain = mono_domain_get ();
        MonoJitInfo *ji;
        MonoMethod *method = NULL;

        g_assert (addr);

        ji = mono_jit_info_table_find (domain, mono_get_addr_from_ftnptr (addr));
        /* Shared code */
        if (!ji && domain != mono_get_root_domain ())
                ji = mono_jit_info_table_find (mono_get_root_domain (), mono_get_addr_from_ftnptr (addr));
        if (ji) {
                method = mono_jit_info_get_method (ji);
                g_assert (!mono_class_is_gtd (method->klass));
        }

        return mono_delegate_ctor_with_method (this_obj, target, addr, method, error);
}

/**
 * mono_method_call_message_new:
 * \param method method to encapsulate
 * \param params parameters to the method
 * \param invoke optional, delegate invoke.
 * \param cb async callback delegate.
 * \param state state passed to the async callback.
 * \param error set on error.
  * Translates arguments pointers into a \c MonoMethodMessage.
 * On failure returns NULL and sets \p error.
 */
MonoMethodMessage *
mono_method_call_message_new (MonoMethod *method, gpointer *params, MonoMethod *invoke, 
                              MonoDelegate **cb, MonoObject **state, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        error_init (error);

        MonoDomain *domain = mono_domain_get ();
        MonoMethodSignature *sig = mono_method_signature (method);
        MonoMethodMessage *msg;
        int i, count;

        msg = (MonoMethodMessage *)mono_object_new_checked (domain, mono_defaults.mono_method_message_class, error); 
        return_val_if_nok  (error, NULL);

        if (invoke) {
                MonoReflectionMethod *rm = mono_method_get_object_checked (domain, invoke, NULL, error);
                return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
                mono_message_init (domain, msg, rm, NULL, error);
                return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
                count =  sig->param_count - 2;
        } else {
                MonoReflectionMethod *rm = mono_method_get_object_checked (domain, method, NULL, error);
                return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
                mono_message_init (domain, msg, rm, NULL, error);
                return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
                count =  sig->param_count;
        }

        for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
                gpointer vpos;
                MonoClass *klass;
                MonoObject *arg;

                if (sig->params [i]->byref)
                        vpos = *((gpointer *)params [i]);
                else 
                        vpos = params [i];

                klass = mono_class_from_mono_type (sig->params [i]);

                if (m_class_is_valuetype (klass)) {
                        arg = mono_value_box_checked (domain, klass, vpos, error);
                        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
                } else 
                        arg = *((MonoObject **)vpos);
                      
                mono_array_setref (msg->args, i, arg);
        }

        if (cb != NULL && state != NULL) {
                *cb = *((MonoDelegate **)params [i]);
                i++;
                *state = *((MonoObject **)params [i]);
        }

        return msg;
}

/**
 * mono_method_return_message_restore:
 *
 * Restore results from message based processing back to arguments pointers
 */
void
mono_method_return_message_restore (MonoMethod *method, gpointer *params, MonoArray *out_args, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        error_init (error);

        MonoMethodSignature *sig = mono_method_signature (method);
        int i, j, type, size, out_len;
        
        if (out_args == NULL)
                return;
        out_len = mono_array_length (out_args);
        if (out_len == 0)
                return;

        for (i = 0, j = 0; i < sig->param_count; i++) {
                MonoType *pt = sig->params [i];

                if (pt->byref) {
                        char *arg;
                        if (j >= out_len) {
                                mono_error_set_execution_engine (error, "The proxy call returned an incorrect number of output arguments");
                                return;
                        }

                        arg = (char *)mono_array_get (out_args, gpointer, j);
                        type = pt->type;

                        g_assert (type != MONO_TYPE_VOID);

                        if (MONO_TYPE_IS_REFERENCE (pt)) {
                                mono_gc_wbarrier_generic_store (*((MonoObject ***)params [i]), (MonoObject *)arg);
                        } else {
                                if (arg) {
                                        MonoClass *klass = ((MonoObject*)arg)->vtable->klass;
                                        size = mono_class_value_size (klass, NULL);
                                        if (m_class_has_references (klass))
                                                mono_gc_wbarrier_value_copy (*((gpointer *)params [i]), mono_object_get_data ((MonoObject*)arg), 1, klass);
                                        else
                                                mono_gc_memmove_atomic (*((gpointer *)params [i]), mono_object_get_data ((MonoObject*)arg), size);
                                } else {
                                        size = mono_class_value_size (mono_class_from_mono_type (pt), NULL);
                                        mono_gc_bzero_atomic (*((gpointer *)params [i]), size);
                                }
                        }

                        j++;
                }
        }
}

#ifndef DISABLE_REMOTING

/**
 * mono_load_remote_field:
 * \param this pointer to an object
 * \param klass klass of the object containing \p field
 * \param field the field to load
 * \param res a storage to store the result
 * This method is called by the runtime on attempts to load fields of
 * transparent proxy objects. \p this points to such TP, \p klass is the class of
 * the object containing \p field. \p res is a storage location which can be
 * used to store the result.
 * \returns an address pointing to the value of field.
 */
gpointer
mono_load_remote_field (MonoObject *this_obj, MonoClass *klass, MonoClassField *field, gpointer *res)
{
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        gpointer result = mono_load_remote_field_checked (this_obj, klass, field, res, error);
        mono_error_cleanup (error);
        return result;
}

/**
 * mono_load_remote_field_checked:
 * \param this pointer to an object
 * \param klass klass of the object containing \p field
 * \param field the field to load
 * \param res a storage to store the result
 * \param error set on error
 * This method is called by the runtime on attempts to load fields of
 * transparent proxy objects. \p this points to such TP, \p klass is the class of
 * the object containing \p field. \p res is a storage location which can be
 * used to store the result.
 * \returns an address pointing to the value of field.  On failure returns NULL and sets \p error.
 */
gpointer
mono_load_remote_field_checked (MonoObject *this_obj, MonoClass *klass, MonoClassField *field, gpointer *res, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        static MonoMethod *getter = NULL;

        error_init (error);

        MonoDomain *domain = mono_domain_get ();
        MonoTransparentProxy *tp = (MonoTransparentProxy *) this_obj;
        MonoClass *field_class;
        MonoMethodMessage *msg;
        MonoArray *out_args;
        MonoObject *exc;
        char* full_name;

        g_assert (mono_object_is_transparent_proxy (this_obj));
        g_assert (res != NULL);

        if (mono_class_is_contextbound (tp->remote_class->proxy_class) && tp->rp->context == (MonoObject *) mono_context_get ()) {
                mono_field_get_value (tp->rp->unwrapped_server, field, res);
                return res;
        }
        
        if (!getter) {
                getter = mono_class_get_method_from_name_checked (mono_defaults.object_class, "FieldGetter", -1, 0, error);
                return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
                if (!getter) {
                        mono_error_set_not_supported (error, "Linked away.");
                        return NULL;
                }
        }
        
        field_class = mono_class_from_mono_type (field->type);

        msg = (MonoMethodMessage *)mono_object_new_checked (domain, mono_defaults.mono_method_message_class, error);
        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
        out_args = mono_array_new_checked (domain, mono_defaults.object_class, 1, error);
        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
        MonoReflectionMethod *rm = mono_method_get_object_checked (domain, getter, NULL, error);
        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
        mono_message_init (domain, msg, rm, out_args, error);
        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);

        full_name = mono_type_get_full_name (klass);
        MonoString *full_name_str = mono_string_new_checked (domain, full_name, error);
        g_free (full_name);
        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
        mono_array_setref (msg->args, 0, full_name_str);
        MonoString *field_name = mono_string_new_checked (domain, mono_field_get_name (field), error);
        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
        mono_array_setref (msg->args, 1, field_name);

        mono_remoting_invoke ((MonoObject *)(tp->rp), msg, &exc, &out_args, error);
        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);

        if (exc) {
                mono_error_set_exception_instance (error, (MonoException *)exc);
                return NULL;
        }

        if (mono_array_length (out_args) == 0)
                return NULL;

        mono_gc_wbarrier_generic_store (res, mono_array_get (out_args, MonoObject *, 0));

        if (m_class_is_valuetype (field_class)) {
                return mono_object_get_data ((MonoObject*)*res);
        } else
                return res;
}

/**
 * mono_load_remote_field_new:
 * \param this
 * \param klass
 * \param field
 * Missing documentation.
 */
MonoObject *
mono_load_remote_field_new (MonoObject *this_obj, MonoClass *klass, MonoClassField *field)
{
        ERROR_DECL (error);

        MonoObject *result = mono_load_remote_field_new_checked (this_obj, klass, field, error);
        mono_error_cleanup (error);
        return result;
}

/**
 * mono_load_remote_field_new_checked:
 * \param this pointer to an object
 * \param klass klass of the object containing \p field
 * \param field the field to load
 * \param error set on error.
 * This method is called by the runtime on attempts to load fields of
 * transparent proxy objects. \p this points to such TP, \p klass is the class of
 * the object containing \p field.
 * \returns a freshly allocated object containing the value of the field.  On failure returns NULL and sets \p error.
 */
MonoObject *
mono_load_remote_field_new_checked (MonoObject *this_obj, MonoClass *klass, MonoClassField *field, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        error_init (error);

        static MonoMethod *tp_load = NULL;

        g_assert (mono_object_is_transparent_proxy (this_obj));

        if (!tp_load) {
                tp_load = mono_class_get_method_from_name_checked (mono_defaults.transparent_proxy_class, "LoadRemoteFieldNew", -1, 0, error);
                return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);
                if (!tp_load) {
                        mono_error_set_not_supported (error, "Linked away.");
                        return NULL;
                }
        }
        
        /* MonoType *type = m_class_get_byval_arg (klass); */

        gpointer args[2];
        args [0] = &klass;
        args [1] = &field;

        return mono_runtime_invoke_checked (tp_load, this_obj, args, error);
}

/**
 * mono_store_remote_field:
 * \param this_obj pointer to an object
 * \param klass klass of the object containing \p field
 * \param field the field to load
 * \param val the value/object to store
 * This method is called by the runtime on attempts to store fields of
 * transparent proxy objects. \p this_obj points to such TP, \p klass is the class of
 * the object containing \p field. \p val is the new value to store in \p field.
 */
void
mono_store_remote_field (MonoObject *this_obj, MonoClass *klass, MonoClassField *field, gpointer val)
{
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        (void) mono_store_remote_field_checked (this_obj, klass, field, val, error);
        mono_error_cleanup (error);
}

/**
 * mono_store_remote_field_checked:
 * \param this_obj pointer to an object
 * \param klass klass of the object containing \p field
 * \param field the field to load
 * \param val the value/object to store
 * \param error set on error
 * This method is called by the runtime on attempts to store fields of
 * transparent proxy objects. \p this_obj points to such TP, \p klass is the class of
 * the object containing \p field. \p val is the new value to store in \p field.
 * \returns on success returns TRUE, on failure returns FALSE and sets \p error.
 */
gboolean
mono_store_remote_field_checked (MonoObject *this_obj, MonoClass *klass, MonoClassField *field, gpointer val, MonoError *error)
{
        
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        error_init (error);

        MonoDomain *domain = mono_domain_get ();
        MonoClass *field_class;
        MonoObject *arg;

        g_assert (mono_object_is_transparent_proxy (this_obj));

        field_class = mono_class_from_mono_type (field->type);

        if (m_class_is_valuetype (field_class)) {
                arg = mono_value_box_checked (domain, field_class, val, error);
                return_val_if_nok (error, FALSE);
        } else {
                arg = *((MonoObject**)val);
        }

        return mono_store_remote_field_new_checked (this_obj, klass, field, arg, error);
}

/**
 * mono_store_remote_field_new:
 * \param this_obj
 * \param klass
 * \param field
 * \param arg
 * Missing documentation
 */
void
mono_store_remote_field_new (MonoObject *this_obj, MonoClass *klass, MonoClassField *field, MonoObject *arg)
{
        ERROR_DECL (error);
        (void) mono_store_remote_field_new_checked (this_obj, klass, field, arg, error);
        mono_error_cleanup (error);
}

/**
 * mono_store_remote_field_new_checked:
 * \param this_obj
 * \param klass
 * \param field
 * \param arg
 * \param error
 * Missing documentation
 */
gboolean
mono_store_remote_field_new_checked (MonoObject *this_obj, MonoClass *klass, MonoClassField *field, MonoObject *arg, MonoError *error)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        static MonoMethod *tp_store = NULL;

        error_init (error);

        g_assert (mono_object_is_transparent_proxy (this_obj));

        if (!tp_store) {
                tp_store = mono_class_get_method_from_name_checked (mono_defaults.transparent_proxy_class, "StoreRemoteField", -1, 0, error);
                return_val_if_nok (error, FALSE);
                if (!tp_store) {
                        mono_error_set_not_supported (error, "Linked away.");
                        return FALSE;
                }
        }

        gpointer args[3];
        args [0] = &klass;
        args [1] = &field;
        args [2] = arg;

        mono_runtime_invoke_checked (tp_store, this_obj, args, error);
        return is_ok (error);
}
#endif

/**
 * mono_create_ftnptr:
 *
 * Given a function address, create a function descriptor for it.
 * This is only needed on some platforms.
 */
gpointer
mono_create_ftnptr (MonoDomain *domain, gpointer addr)
{
        return callbacks.create_ftnptr (domain, addr);
}

/*
 * mono_get_addr_from_ftnptr:
 *
 *   Given a pointer to a function descriptor, return the function address.
 * This is only needed on some platforms.
 */
gpointer
mono_get_addr_from_ftnptr (gpointer descr)
{
        return callbacks.get_addr_from_ftnptr (descr);
}       

/**
 * mono_string_chars:
 * \param s a \c MonoString
 * \returns a pointer to the UTF-16 characters stored in the \c MonoString
 */
gunichar2 *
mono_string_chars (MonoString *s)
{
        // MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE; //FIXME too much trouble for now

        return s->chars;
}

/**
 * mono_string_length:
 * \param s MonoString
 * \returns the length in characters of the string
 */
int
mono_string_length (MonoString *s)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        return s->length;
}

/**
 * mono_string_handle_length:
 * \param s \c MonoString
 * \returns the length in characters of the string
 */
int
mono_string_handle_length (MonoStringHandle s)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

        return MONO_HANDLE_GETVAL (s, length);
}


/**
 * mono_array_length:
 * \param array a \c MonoArray*
 * \returns the total number of elements in the array. This works for
 * both vectors and multidimensional arrays.
 */
uintptr_t
mono_array_length (MonoArray *array)
{
        uintptr_t res;
        MONO_ENTER_GC_UNSAFE;
        res = array->max_length;
        MONO_EXIT_GC_UNSAFE;
        return res;
}

/**
 * mono_array_addr_with_size:
 * \param array a \c MonoArray*
 * \param size size of the array elements
 * \param idx index into the array
 * Use this function to obtain the address for the \p idx item on the
 * \p array containing elements of size \p size.
 *
 * This method performs no bounds checking or type checking.
 * \returns the address of the \p idx element in the array.
 */
char*
mono_array_addr_with_size (MonoArray *array, int size, uintptr_t idx)
{
        char *res;
        MONO_ENTER_GC_UNSAFE;

        res = mono_array_addr_with_size_fast (array, size, idx);
        MONO_EXIT_GC_UNSAFE;
        return res;
}


MonoArray *
mono_glist_to_array (GList *list, MonoClass *eclass, MonoError *error) 
{
        MonoDomain *domain = mono_domain_get ();
        MonoArray *res;
        int len, i;

        error_init (error);
        if (!list)
                return NULL;

        len = g_list_length (list);
        res = mono_array_new_checked (domain, eclass, len, error);
        return_val_if_nok (error, NULL);

        for (i = 0; list; list = list->next, i++)
                mono_array_set (res, gpointer, i, list->data);

        return res;
}

/**
 * mono_class_value_size:
 * \param klass a class
 *
 * This function is used for value types, and return the
 * space and the alignment to store that kind of value object.
 *
 * \returns the size of a value of kind \p klass
 */
gint32
mono_class_value_size (MonoClass *klass, guint32 *align)
{
        gint32 size;

        /* fixme: check disable, because we still have external revereces to
         * mscorlib and Dummy Objects
         */
        /*g_assert (klass->valuetype);*/

        size = mono_class_instance_size (klass) - MONO_ABI_SIZEOF (MonoObject);

        if (align)
                *align = m_class_get_min_align (klass);

        return size;
}

/*
 * mono_object_get_data:
 *
 *   Return a pointer to the beginning of data inside a MonoObject.
 */
gpointer
mono_object_get_data (MonoObject *o)
{
        return (guint8*)o + MONO_ABI_SIZEOF (MonoObject);
}

/*
 * mono_vtype_get_field_addr:
 *
 *   Return the address of the FIELD in the valuetype VTYPE.
 */
gpointer
mono_vtype_get_field_addr (gpointer vtype, MonoClassField *field)
{
        return ((char*)vtype) + field->offset - MONO_ABI_SIZEOF (MonoObject);
}


#if NEVER_DEFINED
/*
 * The following section is purely to declare prototypes and
 * document the API, as these C files are processed by our
 * tool
 */

/**
 * mono_array_set:
 * \param array array to alter
 * \param element_type A C type name, this macro will use the sizeof(type) to determine the element size
 * \param index index into the array
 * \param value value to set
 * Value Type version: This sets the \p index's element of the \p array
 * with elements of size sizeof(type) to the provided \p value.
 *
 * This macro does not attempt to perform type checking or bounds checking.
 *
 * Use this to set value types in a \c MonoArray.
 */
void mono_array_set(MonoArray *array, Type element_type, uintptr_t index, Value value)
{
}

/**
 * mono_array_setref:
 * \param array array to alter
 * \param index index into the array
 * \param value value to set
 * Reference Type version. This sets the \p index's element of the
 * \p array with elements of size sizeof(type) to the provided \p value.
 *
 * This macro does not attempt to perform type checking or bounds checking.
 *
 * Use this to reference types in a \c MonoArray.
 */
void mono_array_setref(MonoArray *array, uintptr_t index, MonoObject *object)
{
}

/**
 * mono_array_get:
 * \param array array on which to operate on
 * \param element_type C element type (example: \c MonoString*, \c int, \c MonoObject*)
 * \param index index into the array
 *
 * Use this macro to retrieve the \p index element of an \p array and
 * extract the value assuming that the elements of the array match
 * the provided type value.
 *
 * This method can be used with both arrays holding value types and
 * reference types.   For reference types, the \p type parameter should
 * be a \c MonoObject* or any subclass of it, like \c MonoString*.
 *
 * This macro does not attempt to perform type checking or bounds checking.
 *
 * \returns The element at the \p index position in the \p array.
 */
Type mono_array_get (MonoArray *array, Type element_type, uintptr_t index)
{
}
#endif