2 <clause number="17.5.1.2" title="Reference parameters">
3 <paragraph>A parameter declared with a ref modifier is a reference parameter. Unlike a value parameter, a reference parameter does not create a new storage location. Instead, a reference parameter represents the same storage location as the variable given as the argument in the method invocation. </paragraph>
4 <paragraph>When a formal parameter is a reference parameter, the corresponding argument in a method invocation must consist of the keyword ref followed by a <non_terminal where="12.4">variable-reference</non_terminal> (<hyperlink>12.3.3</hyperlink>) of the same type as the formal parameter. A variable must be definitely assigned before it can be passed as a reference parameter. </paragraph>
5 <paragraph>Within a method, a reference parameter is always considered definitely assigned. </paragraph>
7 <example>[Example: The example <code_example><![CDATA[
11 static void Swap(ref int x, ref int y) {
19 Console.WriteLine("i = {0}, j = {1}", i, j);
22 ]]></code_example>produces the output <code_example><![CDATA[
24 ]]></code_example></example>
27 <example>For the invocation of Swap in Main, x represents i and y represents j. Thus, the invocation has the effect of swapping the values of i and j. end example]</example>
29 <paragraph>In a method that takes reference parameters, it is possible for multiple names to represent the same storage location. <example>[Example: In the example <code_example><![CDATA[
33 void F(ref string a, ref string b) {
42 ]]></code_example>the invocation of F in G passes a reference to s for both a and b. Thus, for that invocation, the names s, a, and b all refer to the same storage location, and the three assignments all modify the instance field s. end example]</example> </paragraph>