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   9 <title>7.2 Increment and Decrement Operators</title>
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  15 <H2>7.2 Increment and Decrement Operators</H2>
  16
  17 <p>[This section corresponds to K&amp;R Sec. 2.8]
  18 </p><p>The assignment operators
  19 of the previous section
  20 let us replace
  21 <I>v</I> <TT>=</TT> <I>v</I> <I>op</I> <I>e</I>
  22 with
  23 <I>v</I> <I>op</I><TT>=</TT> <I>e</I>,
  24 so that we didn't have to mention <I>v</I> twice.
  25 In the most common cases,
  26 namely
  27 when we're adding or subtracting the constant 1
  28 (that is, when <I>op</I> is <TT>+</TT> or <TT>-</TT> and <I>e</I> is 1),
  29 C provides another set of shortcuts:
  30 the <dfn>autoincrement</dfn> and <dfn>autodecrement</dfn> operators.
  31 In their simplest forms, they look like this:
  32 <pre>
  33         ++i             <I>add 1 to</I> i
  34         --j             <I>subtract 1 from</I> j
  35 </pre>
  36 These correspond to the slightly longer <TT>i += 1</TT>
  37 and <TT>j -= 1</TT>,
  38 respectively,
  39
  40 and also to the fully
  41 ``longhand'' forms <TT>i = i + 1</TT>
  42 and
  43 <TT>j = j - 1</TT>.
  44 </p><p>The <TT>++</TT> and <TT>--</TT> operators apply to one operand
  45 (they're <dfn>unary</dfn> operators).
  46 The expression <TT>++i</TT> adds 1 to <TT>i</TT>,
  47 and stores the incremented result back in <TT>i</TT>.
  48
  49 This means that these operators don't just compute new values;
  50 they also modify the value of some variable.
  51 (They share this property--modifying some variable--with
  52 the assignment operators;
  53 we can say that these operators all have <dfn>side effects</dfn>.
  54 That is, they have some effect, on the side,
  55 other than just computing a new value.)
  56 </p><p>The incremented
  57 (or decremented)
  58 result is also made available to the rest of
  59 the expression,
  60 so an expression like
  61 <pre>
  62         k = 2 * ++i
  63 </pre>
  64 means
  65 ``add one to <TT>i</TT>,
  66 store the result back in <TT>i</TT>,
  67 multiply it by 2,
  68 and store <em>that</em> result in <TT>k</TT>.''
  69 (This is a pretty meaningless expression;
  70 our actual uses of <TT>++</TT> later will make more sense.)
  71 </p><p>Both the <TT>++</TT> and <TT>--</TT> operators have an unusual property:
  72 they can be used in two ways,
  73 depending on whether they are written
  74 to the left or the right of
  75 the variable
  76
  77 they're operating on.
  78 In either case,
  79 they increment or decrement the variable
  80
  81 they're operating on;
  82 the difference concerns whether it's the old or the new value
  83 that's ``returned'' to the surrounding expression.
  84 The <dfn>prefix</dfn> form <TT>++i</TT>
  85 increments <TT>i</TT> and returns the incremented value.
  86 The <dfn>postfix</dfn> form <TT>i++</TT>
  87 increments <TT>i</TT>,
  88 but returns the <em>prior</em>, non-incremented value.
  89 Rewriting our previous example slightly,
  90 the expression
  91 <pre>
  92         k = 2 * i++
  93 </pre>
  94 means
  95 ``take <TT>i</TT>'s old value and multiply it by 2,
  96 increment <TT>i</TT>,
  97 store the result of the multiplication in <TT>k</TT>.''
  98 </p><p>The distinction between the prefix and postfix forms of
  99 <TT>++</TT> and <TT>--</TT>
 100 will probably
 101 seem strained at first,
 102 but it will make more sense once we begin using these operators
 103 in more realistic situations.
 104 </p><p>For example,
 105 our <TT>getline</TT> function
 106 of the previous chapter
 107 used the statements
 108 <pre>
 109         line[nch] = c;
 110         nch = nch + 1;
 111 </pre>
 112 as the body of its inner loop.
 113 Using the <TT>++</TT> operator,
 114 we could simplify this to
 115 <pre>
 116         line[nch++] = c;
 117 </pre>
 118 We wanted to increment <TT>nch</TT> <em>after</em>
 119 deciding which element of the <TT>line</TT> array to store into,
 120 so the postfix form <TT>nch++</TT> is
 121 appropriate.
 122 </p><p>
 123 Notice that it only makes sense to apply the <TT>++</TT> and
 124 <TT>--</TT> operators to variables
 125 (or to other ``containers,'' such as <TT>a[i]</TT>).
 126 It would be meaningless to say something like
 127 <pre>
 128         1++
 129 </pre>
 130 or
 131 <pre>
 132         (2+3)++
 133 </pre>
 134 The <TT>++</TT> operator doesn't just mean ``add one'';
 135 it means ``add one <em>to a variable</em>''
 136 or ``make a variable's value one more than it was before.''
 137 But <TT>(1+2)</TT> is not a variable,
 138 it's an expression;
 139 so there's no place for <TT>++</TT> to store the incremented result.
 140 </p><p>Another unfortunate
 141 example is
 142 <pre>
 143         i = i++;
 144 </pre>
 145 which some confused programmers sometimes write,
 146 presumably because they want to
 147 be extra sure that
 148 <TT>i</TT> is incremented by 1.
 149 But <TT>i++</TT> all by itself is sufficient to increment <TT>i</TT> by 1;
 150 the extra
 151 (explicit)
 152 assignment to <TT>i</TT> is unnecessary
 153 and in fact counterproductive, meaningless, and incorrect.
 154 If you want to increment <TT>i</TT>
 155 (that is,
 156 add one to it,
 157 and store the result back in <TT>i</TT>),
 158 either use
 159
 160 <pre>
 161         i = i + 1;
 162 or
 163         i += 1;
 164 or
 165         ++i;
 166 or
 167         i++;
 168 </pre>
 169 Don't try to use some bizarre combination.
 170 </p><p>Did it matter whether we used
 171 <TT>++i</TT> or <TT>i++</TT> in this last example?
 172 Remember, the difference between
 173 the two forms
 174 is what value
 175 (either the old or the new) is passed on to the surrounding expression.
 176 If there is no surrounding expression,
 177 if the <TT>++i</TT> or <TT>i++</TT> appears all by itself,
 178 to increment <TT>i</TT> and do nothing else,
 179 you can use either form;
 180 it makes no difference.
 181 (Two ways that an expression can appear ``all by itself,''
 182 with ``no surrounding expression,''
 183 are when it is an expression statement terminated by a semicolon, as above,
 184 or when it is one of the controlling expressions of a <TT>for</TT> loop.)
 185 For example, both the loops
 186 <pre>
 187         for(i = 0; i &lt; 10; ++i)
 188                 printf("%d\n", i);
 189 </pre>
 190 and
 191 <pre>
 192         for(i = 0; i &lt; 10; i++)
 193                 printf("%d\n", i);
 194 </pre>
 195 will behave exactly the same way and produce exactly the same results.
 196 (In real code,
 197 postfix increment is probably more common,
 198 though prefix definitely has its uses, too.)
 199 </p><p>In the preceding section,
 200 we simplified the expression
 201 <pre>
 202         a[d1 + d2] = a[d1 + d2] + 1;
 203 </pre>
 204 from a previous chapter
 205 down to
 206 <pre>
 207         a[d1 + d2] += 1;
 208 </pre>
 209 Using <TT>++</TT>,
 210 we could simplify it still further to
 211 <pre>
 212         a[d1 + d2]++;
 213 </pre>
 214 or
 215 <pre>
 216         ++a[d1 + d2];
 217 </pre>
 218 (Again,
 219 in this case,
 220 both are equivalent.)
 221 </p><p>We'll see more examples of these operators
 222 in the next section
 223 and
 224 in the next chapter.
 225 </p><hr>
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