1 .\" Copyright 1993 Giorgio Ciucci (giorgio@crcc.it)
2 .\" and Copyright 2004, 2005 Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
4 .\" %%%LICENSE_START(VERBATIM)
5 .\" Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
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9 .\" Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
10 .\" manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
11 .\" entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
12 .\" permission notice identical to this one.
14 .\" Since the Linux kernel and libraries are constantly changing, this
15 .\" manual page may be incorrect or out-of-date. The author(s) assume no
16 .\" responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from
17 .\" the use of the information contained herein. The author(s) may not
18 .\" have taken the same level of care in the production of this manual,
19 .\" which is licensed free of charge, as they might when working
22 .\" Formatted or processed versions of this manual, if unaccompanied by
23 .\" the source, must acknowledge the copyright and authors of this work.
26 .\" Modified Tue Oct 22 17:53:56 1996 by Eric S. Raymond <esr@thyrsus.com>
27 .\" Modified Fri Jun 19 10:59:15 1998 by Andries Brouwer <aeb@cwi.nl>
28 .\" Modified Sun Feb 18 01:59:29 2001 by Andries Brouwer <aeb@cwi.nl>
29 .\" Modified 20 Dec 2001, Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
30 .\" Modified 21 Dec 2001, aeb
31 .\" Modified 27 May 2004, Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
32 .\" Added notes on CAP_IPC_OWNER requirement
33 .\" Modified 17 Jun 2004, Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
34 .\" Added notes on CAP_SYS_ADMIN requirement for IPC_SET and IPC_RMID
35 .\" Modified, 11 Nov 2004, Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
36 .\" Language and formatting clean-ups
37 .\" Rewrote semun text
38 .\" Added semid_ds and ipc_perm structure definitions
39 .\" 2005-08-02, mtk: Added IPC_INFO, SEM_INFO, SEM_STAT descriptions.
40 .\" 2018-03-20, dbueso: Added SEM_STAT_ANY description.
42 .TH SEMCTL 2 2021-03-22 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
44 semctl \- System V semaphore control operations
47 .B #include <sys/sem.h>
49 .BI "int semctl(int " semid ", int " semnum ", int " cmd ", ...);"
53 performs the control operation specified by
55 on the System\ V semaphore set identified by
59 semaphore of that set.
60 (The semaphores in a set are numbered starting at 0.)
62 This function has three or four arguments, depending on
64 When there are four, the fourth has the type
66 The \fIcalling program\fP must define this union as follows:
71 int val; /* Value for SETVAL */
72 struct semid_ds *buf; /* Buffer for IPC_STAT, IPC_SET */
73 unsigned short *array; /* Array for GETALL, SETALL */
74 struct seminfo *__buf; /* Buffer for IPC_INFO
82 data structure is defined in \fI<sys/sem.h>\fP as follows:
87 struct ipc_perm sem_perm; /* Ownership and permissions */
88 time_t sem_otime; /* Last semop time */
89 time_t sem_ctime; /* Creation time/time of last
90 modification via semctl() */
91 unsigned long sem_nsems; /* No. of semaphores in set */
98 structure are as follows:
103 structure (see below) that specifies the access permissions on the semaphore
112 Time of creation of semaphore set or time of last
121 Number of semaphores in the set.
122 Each semaphore of the set is referenced by a nonnegative integer
130 structure is defined as follows
131 (the highlighted fields are settable using
137 key_t __key; /* Key supplied to semget(2) */
138 uid_t \fBuid\fP; /* Effective UID of owner */
139 gid_t \fBgid\fP; /* Effective GID of owner */
140 uid_t cuid; /* Effective UID of creator */
141 gid_t cgid; /* Effective GID of creator */
142 unsigned short \fBmode\fP; /* Permissions */
143 unsigned short __seq; /* Sequence number */
148 The least significant 9 bits of the
152 structure define the access permissions for the shared memory segment.
153 The permission bits are as follows:
164 In effect, "write" means "alter" for a semaphore set.
165 Bits 0100, 0010, and 0001 (the execute bits) are unused by the system.
172 Copy information from the kernel data structure associated with
176 structure pointed to by
181 The calling process must have read permission on the semaphore set.
184 Write the values of some members of the
186 structure pointed to by
188 to the kernel data structure associated with this semaphore set,
193 The following members of the structure are updated:
196 and (the least significant 9 bits of)
199 The effective UID of the calling process must match the owner
202 .RI ( sem_perm.cuid )
203 of the semaphore set, or the caller must be privileged.
209 Immediately remove the semaphore set,
210 awakening all processes blocked in
212 calls on the set (with an error return and
216 The effective user ID of the calling process must
217 match the creator or owner of the semaphore set,
218 or the caller must be privileged.
223 .BR IPC_INFO " (Linux\-specific)"
224 Return information about system-wide semaphore limits and
225 parameters in the structure pointed to by
227 This structure is of type
233 feature test macro is defined:
238 int semmap; /* Number of entries in semaphore
239 map; unused within kernel */
240 int semmni; /* Maximum number of semaphore sets */
241 int semmns; /* Maximum number of semaphores in all
243 int semmnu; /* System\-wide maximum number of undo
244 structures; unused within kernel */
245 int semmsl; /* Maximum number of semaphores in a
247 int semopm; /* Maximum number of operations for
249 int semume; /* Maximum number of undo entries per
250 process; unused within kernel */
251 int semusz; /* Size of struct sem_undo */
252 int semvmx; /* Maximum semaphore value */
253 int semaem; /* Max. value that can be recorded for
254 semaphore adjustment (SEM_UNDO) */
265 settings can be changed via
266 .IR /proc/sys/kernel/sem ;
271 .BR SEM_INFO " (Linux-specific)"
274 structure containing the same information as for
276 except that the following fields are returned with information
277 about system resources consumed by semaphores: the
279 field returns the number of semaphore sets that currently exist
280 on the system; and the
282 field returns the total number of semaphores in all semaphore sets
285 .BR SEM_STAT " (Linux-specific)"
292 argument is not a semaphore identifier, but instead an index into
293 the kernel's internal array that maintains information about
294 all semaphore sets on the system.
296 .BR SEM_STAT_ANY " (Linux-specific, since Linux 4.17)"
303 is not checked for read access for
305 meaning that any user can employ this operation (just as any user may read
306 .IR /proc/sysvipc/sem
307 to obtain the same information).
312 (i.e., the current value)
313 for all semaphores of the set into
318 The calling process must have read permission on the semaphore set.
326 (i.e., the number of processes waiting for the semaphore's value to increase).
327 The calling process must have read permission on the semaphore set.
334 semaphore of the set.
335 This is the PID of the process that last performed an operation on
336 that semaphore (but see NOTES).
337 The calling process must have read permission on the semaphore set.
342 (i.e., the semaphore value) for the
344 semaphore of the set.
345 The calling process must have read permission on the semaphore set.
353 (i.e., the number of processes waiting for the semaphore value to become 0).
354 The calling process must have read permission on the semaphore set.
359 values for all semaphores of the set using
365 structure associated with the set.
368 are cleared for altered semaphores in all processes.
369 If the changes to semaphore values would permit blocked
371 calls in other processes to proceed, then those processes are woken up.
375 The calling process must have alter (write) permission on
379 Set the semaphore value
385 semaphore of the set, updating also the
389 structure associated with the set.
390 Undo entries are cleared for altered semaphores in all processes.
391 If the changes to semaphore values would permit blocked
393 calls in other processes to proceed, then those processes are woken up.
394 The calling process must have alter permission on the semaphore set.
398 returns a nonnegative value depending on
419 the index of the highest used entry in the
420 kernel's internal array recording information about all
422 (This information can be used with repeated
426 operations to obtain information about all semaphore sets on the system.)
433 the identifier of the semaphore set whose index was given in
442 values return 0 on success.
448 to indicate the error.
454 has one of the values
466 and the calling process does not have the required
467 permissions on the semaphore set and does not have the
469 capability in the user namespace that governs its IPC namespace.
472 The address pointed to by
479 The semaphore set was removed.
488 operation, the index value specified in
490 referred to an array slot that is currently unused.
499 but the effective user ID of the calling process is not the creator
505 of the semaphore set,
506 and the process does not have the
517 and the value to which
519 is to be set (for some semaphore of the set) is less than 0
520 or greater than the implementation limit
523 POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008, SVr4.
524 .\" SVr4 documents more error conditions EINVAL and EOVERFLOW.
526 POSIX.1 specifies the
527 .\" POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008
531 structure as having the type
532 .IR "unsigned\ short" ,
533 and the field is so defined on most other systems.
534 It was also so defined on Linux 2.2 and earlier,
535 but, since Linux 2.4, the field has the type
536 .IR "unsigned\ long" .
543 operations are used by the
545 program to provide information on allocated resources.
546 In the future these may modified or moved to a
548 filesystem interface.
550 Various fields in a \fIstruct semid_ds\fP were typed as
556 To take advantage of this,
557 a recompilation under glibc-2.1.91 or later should suffice.
558 (The kernel distinguishes old and new calls by an
563 In some earlier versions of glibc, the
565 union was defined in \fI<sys/sem.h>\fP, but POSIX.1 requires
566 .\" POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008
567 that the caller define this union.
568 On versions of glibc where this union is \fInot\fP defined,
570 .B _SEM_SEMUN_UNDEFINED
571 is defined in \fI<sys/sem.h>\fP.
573 The following system limit on semaphore sets affects a
580 implementation dependent (32767).
582 For greater portability, it is best to always call
589 as the "process ID of [the] last operation" on a semaphore,
590 and explicitly notes that this value is set by a successful
592 call, with the implication that no other interface affects the
596 While some implementations conform to the behavior specified in POSIX.1,
598 (The fault here probably lies with POSIX.1 inasmuch as it likely failed
599 to capture the full range of existing implementation behaviors.)
600 Various other implementations
601 .\" At least OpenSolaris (and, one supposes, older Solaris) and Darwin
604 for the other operations that update the value of a semaphore: the
608 operations, as well as the semaphore adjustments performed
609 on process termination as a consequence of the use of the
618 operations and semaphore adjustments.
619 However, somewhat inconsistently, up to and including Linux 4.5,
620 the kernel did not update
626 .\" commit a5f4db877177d2a3d7ae62a7bac3a5a27e083d7f
635 .BR capabilities (7),
636 .BR sem_overview (7),