1 .\" Copyright (C) 2005, 2008, Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
2 .\" (A few fragments remain from an earlier (1992) version by
3 .\" Drew Eckhardt <drew@cs.colorado.edu>.)
5 .\" %%%LICENSE_START(VERBATIM)
6 .\" Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
7 .\" manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
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10 .\" Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
11 .\" manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
12 .\" entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
13 .\" permission notice identical to this one.
15 .\" Since the Linux kernel and libraries are constantly changing, this
16 .\" manual page may be incorrect or out-of-date. The author(s) assume no
17 .\" responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from
18 .\" the use of the information contained herein. The author(s) may not
19 .\" have taken the same level of care in the production of this manual,
20 .\" which is licensed free of charge, as they might when working
23 .\" Formatted or processed versions of this manual, if unaccompanied by
24 .\" the source, must acknowledge the copyright and authors of this work.
27 .\" Modified by Michael Haardt <michael@moria.de>
28 .\" Modified 1993-07-23 by Rik Faith <faith@cs.unc.edu>
29 .\" Modified 1996-10-22 by Eric S. Raymond <esr@thyrsus.com>
30 .\" Modified 2004-06-17 by Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
31 .\" Modified 2005, mtk: added an example program
32 .\" Modified 2008-01-09, mtk: rewrote DESCRIPTION; minor additions
34 .\" 2008-10-10, mtk: add description of pipe2()
36 .TH PIPE 2 2021-03-22 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
38 pipe, pipe2 \- create pipe
41 .B #include <unistd.h>
43 .BI "int pipe(int " pipefd [2]);
45 .BR "#define _GNU_SOURCE" " /* See feature_test_macros(7) */"
46 .BR "#include <fcntl.h>" " /* Definition of " O_* " constants */"
47 .B #include <unistd.h>
49 .BI "int pipe2(int " pipefd "[2], int " flags );
51 /* On Alpha, IA-64, MIPS, SuperH, and SPARC/SPARC64, pipe() has the
52 following prototype; see NOTES */
54 .B #include <unistd.h>
59 .B struct fd_pair pipe(void);
63 creates a pipe, a unidirectional data channel that
64 can be used for interprocess communication.
67 is used to return two file descriptors referring to the ends of the pipe.
69 refers to the read end of the pipe.
71 refers to the write end of the pipe.
72 Data written to the write end of the pipe is buffered by the kernel
73 until it is read from the read end of the pipe.
74 For further details, see
83 The following values can be bitwise ORed in
85 to obtain different behavior:
90 flag on the two new file descriptors.
91 See the description of the same flag in
93 for reasons why this may be useful.
95 .BR O_DIRECT " (since Linux 3.4)"
96 .\" commit 9883035ae7edef3ec62ad215611cb8e17d6a1a5d
97 Create a pipe that performs I/O in "packet" mode.
100 to the pipe is dealt with as a separate packet, and
102 from the pipe will read one packet at a time.
103 Note the following points:
106 Writes of greater than
110 will be split into multiple packets.
118 specifies a buffer size that is smaller than the next packet,
119 then the requested number of bytes are read,
120 and the excess bytes in the packet are discarded.
121 Specifying a buffer size of
123 will be sufficient to read the largest possible packets
124 (see the previous point).
126 Zero-length packets are not supported.
129 that specifies a buffer size of zero is a no-op, and returns 0.)
132 Older kernels that do not support this flag will indicate this via an
137 .\" commit 0dbf5f20652108106cb822ad7662c786baaa03ff
138 .\" FIXME . But, it is not possible to specify O_DIRECT when opening a FIFO
139 it is possible to change the
141 setting of a pipe file descriptor using
147 file status flag on the open file descriptions
148 referred to by the new file descriptors.
149 Using this flag saves extra calls to
151 to achieve the same result.
153 On success, zero is returned.
154 On error, \-1 is returned,
156 is set to indicate the error, and
160 On Linux (and other systems),
165 A requirement standardizing this behavior was added in POSIX.1-2008 TC2.
166 .\" http://austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=467
170 likewise does not modify
185 The per-process limit on the number of open file descriptors has been reached.
188 The system-wide limit on the total number of open files has been reached.
191 The user hard limit on memory that can be allocated for pipes
192 has been reached and the caller is not privileged; see
196 was added to Linux in version 2.6.27;
197 glibc support is available starting with
201 POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008.
206 .\" See http://math-atlas.sourceforge.net/devel/assembly/64.psabi.1.33.ps.Z
207 .\" for example, section 3.2.1 "Registers and the Stack Frame".
208 The System V ABI on some architectures allows the use of more than one register
209 for returning multiple values; several architectures
210 (namely, Alpha, IA-64, MIPS, SuperH, and SPARC/SPARC64)
211 (ab)use this feature in order to implement the
213 system call in a functional manner:
214 the call doesn't take any arguments and returns
215 a pair of file descriptors as the return value on success.
218 wrapper function transparently deals with this.
221 for information regarding registers used for storing second file descriptor.
223 .\" fork.2 refers to this example program.
224 The following program creates a pipe, and then
226 to create a child process;
227 the child inherits a duplicate set of file
228 descriptors that refer to the same pipe.
231 each process closes the file descriptors that it doesn't need for the pipe
234 The parent then writes the string contained in the program's
235 command-line argument to the pipe,
236 and the child reads this string a byte at a time from the pipe
237 and echoes it on standard output.
240 #include <sys/types.h>
241 #include <sys/wait.h>
248 main(int argc, char *argv[])
255 fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <string>\en", argv[0]);
259 if (pipe(pipefd) == \-1) {
270 if (cpid == 0) { /* Child reads from pipe */
271 close(pipefd[1]); /* Close unused write end */
273 while (read(pipefd[0], &buf, 1) > 0)
274 write(STDOUT_FILENO, &buf, 1);
276 write(STDOUT_FILENO, "\en", 1);
280 } else { /* Parent writes argv[1] to pipe */
281 close(pipefd[0]); /* Close unused read end */
282 write(pipefd[1], argv[1], strlen(argv[1]));
283 close(pipefd[1]); /* Reader will see EOF */
284 wait(NULL); /* Wait for child */