1 .\" Copyright (c) 1993 by Thomas Koenig (ig25@rz.uni-karlsruhe.de)
2 .\" and Copyright 2006-2008, Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
4 .\" %%%LICENSE_START(VERBATIM)
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22 .\" Formatted or processed versions of this manual, if unaccompanied by
23 .\" the source, must acknowledge the copyright and authors of this work.
26 .\" Modified Sat Jul 24 19:27:50 1993 by Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu)
27 .\" Modified Mon Aug 30 22:02:34 1995 by Jim Van Zandt <jrv@vanzandt.mv.com>
28 .\" longindex is a pointer, has_arg can take 3 values, using consistent
29 .\" names for optstring and longindex, "\n" in formats fixed. Documenting
30 .\" opterr and getopt_long_only. Clarified explanations (borrowing heavily
31 .\" from the source code).
32 .\" Modified 8 May 1998 by Joseph S. Myers (jsm28@cam.ac.uk)
33 .\" Modified 990715, aeb: changed `EOF' into `-1' since that is what POSIX
34 .\" says; moreover, EOF is not defined in <unistd.h>.
35 .\" Modified 2002-02-16, joey: added information about nonexistent
36 .\" option character and colon as first option character
37 .\" Modified 2004-07-28, Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
38 .\" Added text to explain how to order both '[-+]' and ':' at
39 .\" the start of optstring
40 .\" Modified 2006-12-15, mtk, Added getopt() example program.
42 .TH GETOPT 3 2021-03-22 "GNU" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
44 getopt, getopt_long, getopt_long_only,
45 optarg, optind, opterr, optopt \- Parse command-line options
48 .B #include <unistd.h>
50 .BI "int getopt(int " argc ", char *const " argv [],
51 .BI " const char *" optstring );
53 .BI "extern char *" optarg ;
54 .BI "extern int " optind ", " opterr ", " optopt ;
56 .B #include <getopt.h>
58 .BI "int getopt_long(int " argc ", char *const " argv [],
59 .BI " const char *" optstring ,
60 .BI " const struct option *" longopts ", int *" longindex );
61 .BI "int getopt_long_only(int " argc ", char *const " argv [],
62 .BI " const char *" optstring ,
63 .BI " const struct option *" longopts ", int *" longindex );
67 Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see
68 .BR feature_test_macros (7)):
73 _POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 2 || _XOPEN_SOURCE
77 .BR getopt_long_only ():
84 function parses the command-line arguments.
89 are the argument count and array as passed to the
91 function on program invocation.
92 An element of \fIargv\fP that starts with \(aq\-\(aq
93 (and is not exactly "\-" or "\-\-")
95 The characters of this element
96 (aside from the initial \(aq\-\(aq) are option characters.
99 is called repeatedly, it returns successively each of the option characters
100 from each of the option elements.
104 is the index of the next element to be processed in
106 The system initializes this value to 1.
107 The caller can reset it to 1 to restart scanning of the same
109 or when scanning a new argument vector.
113 finds another option character, it returns that
114 character, updating the external variable \fIoptind\fP and a static
115 variable \fInextchar\fP so that the next call to
118 resume the scan with the following option character or
121 If there are no more option characters,
124 Then \fIoptind\fP is the index in \fIargv\fP of the first
125 \fIargv\fP-element that is not an option.
128 is a string containing the legitimate option characters.
129 A legitimate option character is any visible one byte
133 would return nonzero) that is not \(aq\-\(aq or \(aq:\(aq.
135 character is followed by a colon, the option requires an argument, so
137 places a pointer to the following text in the same
138 \fIargv\fP-element, or the text of the following \fIargv\fP-element, in
140 Two colons mean an option takes
141 an optional arg; if there is text in the current \fIargv\fP-element
142 (i.e., in the same word as the option name itself, for example, "\-oarg"),
143 then it is returned in \fIoptarg\fP, otherwise \fIoptarg\fP is set to zero.
144 This is a GNU extension.
149 followed by a semicolon, then
151 is treated as the long option
155 option is reserved by POSIX.2 for implementation extensions.)
156 This behavior is a GNU extension, not available with libraries before
161 permutes the contents of \fIargv\fP as it
162 scans, so that eventually all the nonoptions are at the end.
163 Two other scanning modes are also implemented.
164 If the first character of
165 \fIoptstring\fP is \(aq+\(aq or the environment variable
167 is set, then option processing stops as soon as a nonoption argument is
169 If the first character of \fIoptstring\fP is \(aq\-\(aq, then
170 each nonoption \fIargv\fP-element is handled as if it were the argument of
171 an option with character code 1. (This is used by programs that were
172 written to expect options and other \fIargv\fP-elements in any order
173 and that care about the ordering of the two.)
174 The special argument "\-\-" forces an end of option-scanning regardless
175 of the scanning mode.
177 While processing the option list,
179 can detect two kinds of errors:
180 (1) an option character that was not specified in
182 and (2) a missing option argument
183 (i.e., an option at the end of the command line without an expected argument).
184 Such errors are handled and reported as follows:
188 prints an error message on standard error,
189 places the erroneous option character in
191 and returns \(aq?\(aq as the function result.
193 If the caller has set the global variable
197 does not print an error message.
198 The caller can determine that there was an error by testing whether
199 the function return value is \(aq?\(aq.
202 has a nonzero value.)
204 If the first character
205 (following any optional \(aq+\(aq or \(aq\-\(aq described above)
207 is a colon (\(aq:\(aq), then
209 likewise does not print an error message.
210 In addition, it returns \(aq:\(aq instead of \(aq?\(aq to
211 indicate a missing option argument.
212 This allows the caller to distinguish the two different types of errors.
214 .SS getopt_long() and getopt_long_only()
219 except that it also accepts long options, started with two dashes.
220 (If the program accepts only long options, then
222 should be specified as an empty string (""), not NULL.)
223 Long option names may be abbreviated if the abbreviation is
224 unique or is an exact match for some defined option.
226 may take a parameter, of the form
229 .BR "\-\-arg param" .
232 is a pointer to the first element of an array of
249 The meanings of the different fields are:
252 is the name of the long option.
256 \fBno_argument\fP (or 0) if the option does not take an argument;
257 \fBrequired_argument\fP (or 1) if the option requires an argument; or
258 \fBoptional_argument\fP (or 2) if the option takes an optional argument.
261 specifies how results are returned for a long option.
266 (For example, the calling program may set \fIval\fP to the equivalent short
271 \fIflag\fP points to a variable which is set to \fIval\fP if the
272 option is found, but left unchanged if the option is not found.
275 is the value to return, or to load into the variable pointed
278 The last element of the array has to be filled with zeros.
280 If \fIlongindex\fP is not NULL, it
281 points to a variable which is set to the index of the long option relative to
284 .BR getopt_long_only ()
287 but \(aq\-\(aq as well
288 as "\-\-" can indicate a long option.
289 If an option that starts with \(aq\-\(aq
290 (not "\-\-") doesn't match a long option, but does match a short option,
291 it is parsed as a short option instead.
293 If an option was successfully found, then
295 returns the option character.
296 If all command-line options have been parsed, then
301 encounters an option character that was not in
303 then \(aq?\(aq is returned.
306 encounters an option with a missing argument,
307 then the return value depends on the first character in
309 if it is \(aq:\(aq, then \(aq:\(aq is returned; otherwise \(aq?\(aq is returned.
313 .BR getopt_long_only ()
314 also return the option
315 character when a short option is recognized.
316 For a long option, they
317 return \fIval\fP if \fIflag\fP is NULL, and 0 otherwise.
318 Error and \-1 returns are the same as for
320 plus \(aq?\(aq for an
321 ambiguous match or an extraneous parameter.
325 If this is set, then option processing stops as soon as a nonoption
326 argument is encountered.
328 .B _<PID>_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_
329 This variable was used by
331 2.0 to communicate to glibc which arguments are the results of
332 wildcard expansion and so should not be considered as options.
333 This behavior was removed in
335 version 2.01, but the support remains in glibc.
337 For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see
345 Interface Attribute Value
349 .BR getopt_long_only ()
351 MT-Unsafe race:getopt env
360 POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008, and POSIX.2,
361 provided the environment variable
364 Otherwise, the elements of \fIargv\fP aren't really
366 because these functions permute them.
369 is used in the prototype to be compatible with other systems.
371 The use of \(aq+\(aq and \(aq\-\(aq in
375 On some older implementations,
379 SUSv1 permitted the declaration to appear in either
383 POSIX.1-1996 marked the use of
385 for this purpose as LEGACY.
386 POSIX.1-2001 does not require the declaration to appear in
389 .BR getopt_long "() and " getopt_long_only ():
390 These functions are GNU extensions.
392 A program that scans multiple argument vectors,
393 or rescans the same vector more than once,
394 and wants to make use of GNU extensions such as \(aq+\(aq
395 and \(aq\-\(aq at the start of
397 or changes the value of
404 to 0, rather than the traditional value of 1.
405 (Resetting to 0 forces the invocation of an internal initialization
406 routine that rechecks
408 and checks for GNU extensions in
411 Command-line arguments are parsed in strict order
412 meaning that an option requiring an argument will consume the next argument,
413 regardless of whether that argument is the correctly specified option argument
414 or simply the next option
415 (in the scenario the user mis-specifies the command line).
418 is specified as "1n:"
419 and the user specifies the command line arguments incorrectly as
420 .IR "prog\ \-n\ \-1" ,
423 option will be given the
427 option will be considered to have not been specified.
430 The following trivial example program uses
432 to handle two program options:
434 with no associated value; and
436 which expects an associated value.
444 main(int argc, char *argv[])
452 while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "nt:")) != \-1) {
458 nsecs = atoi(optarg);
461 default: /* \(aq?\(aq */
462 fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s [\-t nsecs] [\-n] name\en",
468 printf("flags=%d; tfnd=%d; nsecs=%d; optind=%d\en",
469 flags, tfnd, nsecs, optind);
471 if (optind >= argc) {
472 fprintf(stderr, "Expected argument after options\en");
476 printf("name argument = %s\en", argv[optind]);
478 /* Other code omitted */
484 The following example program illustrates the use of
486 with most of its features.
489 #include <stdio.h> /* for printf */
490 #include <stdlib.h> /* for exit */
494 main(int argc, char *argv[])
497 int digit_optind = 0;
500 int this_option_optind = optind ? optind : 1;
501 int option_index = 0;
502 static struct option long_options[] = {
503 {"add", required_argument, 0, 0 },
504 {"append", no_argument, 0, 0 },
505 {"delete", required_argument, 0, 0 },
506 {"verbose", no_argument, 0, 0 },
507 {"create", required_argument, 0, \(aqc\(aq},
508 {"file", required_argument, 0, 0 },
512 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "abc:d:012",
513 long_options, &option_index);
519 printf("option %s", long_options[option_index].name);
521 printf(" with arg %s", optarg);
528 if (digit_optind != 0 && digit_optind != this_option_optind)
529 printf("digits occur in two different argv\-elements.\en");
530 digit_optind = this_option_optind;
531 printf("option %c\en", c);
535 printf("option a\en");
539 printf("option b\en");
543 printf("option c with value \(aq%s\(aq\en", optarg);
547 printf("option d with value \(aq%s\(aq\en", optarg);
554 printf("?? getopt returned character code 0%o ??\en", c);
559 printf("non\-option ARGV\-elements: ");
560 while (optind < argc)
561 printf("%s ", argv[optind++]);