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34 .\" @(#)ioctl.2 6.4 (Berkeley) 3/10/91
36 .\" Modified 1993-07-23 by Rik Faith <faith@cs.unc.edu>
37 .\" Modified 1996-10-22 by Eric S. Raymond <esr@thyrsus.com>
38 .\" Modified 1999-06-25 by Rachael Munns <vashti@dream.org.uk>
39 .\" Modified 2000-09-21 by Andries Brouwer <aeb@cwi.nl>
41 .TH IOCTL 2 2021-03-22 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
43 ioctl \- control device
46 .B #include <sys/ioctl.h>
48 .BI "int ioctl(int " fd ", unsigned long " request ", ...);"
49 .\" POSIX says 'request' is int, but glibc has the above
50 .\" See https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=42705
55 system call manipulates the underlying device parameters of special files.
56 In particular, many operating characteristics of character special files
57 (e.g., terminals) may be controlled with
62 must be an open file descriptor.
64 The second argument is a device-dependent request code.
65 The third argument is an untyped pointer to memory.
70 was valid C), and will be so named for this discussion.
75 has encoded in it whether the argument is an
79 parameter, and the size of the argument
82 Macros and defines used in specifying an
85 are located in the file
89 Usually, on success zero is returned.
92 requests use the return value as an output parameter
93 and return a nonnegative value on success.
94 On error, \-1 is returned, and
96 is set to indicate the error.
101 is not a valid file descriptor.
105 references an inaccessible memory area.
115 is not associated with a character special device.
118 The specified request does not apply to the kind of object that the
124 Arguments, returns, and semantics of
126 vary according to the device driver in question (the call is used as a
127 catch-all for operations that don't cleanly fit the UNIX stream I/O
132 system call appeared in Version 7 AT&T UNIX.
134 In order to use this call, one needs an open file descriptor.
137 call has unwanted side effects, that can be avoided under Linux
143 .\" added two sections - aeb
144 Ioctl command values are 32-bit constants.
145 In principle these constants are completely arbitrary, but people have
146 tried to build some structure into them.
148 The old Linux situation was that of mostly 16-bit constants, where the
149 last byte is a serial number, and the preceding byte(s) give a type
150 indicating the driver.
151 Sometimes the major number was used: 0x03
158 one or more ASCII letters were used.
162 0x00005401, with 0x54 = \(aqT\(aq indicating the terminal driver, and
164 has value 0x00435906, with 0x43 0x59 = \(aqC\(aq \(aqY\(aq
165 indicating the cyclades driver.
167 Later (0.98p5) some more information was built into the number.
168 One has 2 direction bits
169 (00: none, 01: write, 10: read, 11: read/write)
170 followed by 14 size bits (giving the size of the argument),
171 followed by an 8-bit type (collecting the ioctls in groups
172 for a common purpose or a common driver), and an 8-bit
175 The macros describing this structure live in
180 .BR "{_IOR,_IOW,_IOWR}(type,nr,size)" .
184 misnomer here: this third argument is a data type.
186 Note that the size bits are very unreliable: in lots of cases
187 they are wrong, either because of buggy macros using
188 .IR sizeof(sizeof(struct)) ,
189 or because of legacy values.
191 Thus, it seems that the new structure only gave disadvantages:
192 it does not help in checking, but it causes varying values
193 for the various architectures.
197 .BR ioctl_console (2),
199 .BR ioctl_ficlonerange (2),
200 .BR ioctl_fideduperange (2),
201 .BR ioctl_fslabel (2),
202 .BR ioctl_getfsmap (2),
203 .BR ioctl_iflags (2),
206 .BR ioctl_userfaultfd (2),