1 .\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1991 The Regents of the University of California.
2 .\" All rights reserved.
4 .\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
5 .\" Chris Torek and the American National Standards Committee X3,
6 .\" on Information Processing Systems.
8 .\" %%%LICENSE_START(BSD_4_CLAUSE_UCB)
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38 .\" @(#)fopen.3 6.8 (Berkeley) 6/29/91
40 .\" Converted for Linux, Mon Nov 29 15:22:01 1993, faith@cs.unc.edu
41 .\" Modified, aeb, 960421, 970806
42 .\" Modified, joey, aeb, 2002-01-03
44 .TH FOPEN 3 2017-09-15 "GNU" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
46 fopen, fdopen, freopen \- stream open functions
51 .BI "FILE *fopen(const char *" pathname ", const char *" mode );
53 .BI "FILE *fdopen(int " fd ", const char *" mode );
55 .BI "FILE *freopen(const char *" pathname ", const char *" mode ", FILE *" stream );
59 Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see
60 .BR feature_test_macros (7)):
68 function opens the file whose name is the string pointed to by
70 and associates a stream with it.
74 points to a string beginning with one of the following sequences
75 (possibly followed by additional characters, as described below):
78 Open text file for reading.
79 The stream is positioned at the beginning of the file.
82 Open for reading and writing.
83 The stream is positioned at the beginning of the file.
86 Truncate file to zero length or create text file for writing.
87 The stream is positioned at the beginning of the file.
90 Open for reading and writing.
91 The file is created if it does not exist, otherwise it is truncated.
92 The stream is positioned at the beginning of
96 Open for appending (writing at end of file).
97 The file is created if it does not exist.
98 The stream is positioned at the end of the file.
101 Open for reading and appending (writing at end of file).
102 The file is created if it does not exist.
103 The initial file position for reading is at the beginning of the file,
104 but output is always appended to the end of the file.
108 string can also include the letter \(aqb\(aq either as a last character or as
109 a character between the characters in any of the two-character strings
111 This is strictly for compatibility with C89
112 and has no effect; the \(aqb\(aq is ignored on all POSIX
113 conforming systems, including Linux.
114 (Other systems may treat text files and binary files differently,
115 and adding the \(aqb\(aq may be a good idea if you do I/O to a binary
116 file and expect that your program may be ported to non-UNIX
119 See NOTES below for details of glibc extensions for
122 Any created file will have the mode
123 .BR S_IRUSR " | " S_IWUSR " | " S_IRGRP " | " S_IWGRP " | " S_IROTH " | " S_IWOTH
124 (0666), as modified by the process's umask value (see
127 Reads and writes may be intermixed on read/write streams in any order.
128 Note that ANSI C requires that a file positioning function intervene
129 between output and input, unless an input operation encounters end-of-file.
130 (If this condition is not met, then a read is allowed to return the
131 result of writes other than the most recent.)
132 Therefore it is good practice (and indeed sometimes necessary
133 under Linux) to put an
137 operation between write and read operations on such a stream.
138 This operation may be an apparent no-op
139 (as in \fIfseek(..., 0L, SEEK_CUR)\fP
140 called for its synchronizing side effect).
142 Opening a file in append mode (\fBa\fP as the first character of
144 causes all subsequent write operations to this stream to occur
145 at end-of-file, as if preceded the call:
149 fseek(stream, 0, SEEK_END);
153 The file descriptor associated with the stream is opened as if by a call to
155 with the following flags:
161 fopen() mode open() flags
163 \fIw\fP O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC
164 \fIa\fP O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_APPEND
166 \fIw+\fP O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC
167 \fIa+\fP O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_APPEND
174 function associates a stream with the existing file descriptor,
178 of the stream (one of the values "r", "r+", "w", "w+", "a", "a+")
179 must be compatible with the mode of the file descriptor.
180 The file position indicator of the new stream is set to that
183 and the error and end-of-file indicators are cleared.
184 Modes "w" or "w+" do not cause truncation of the file.
185 The file descriptor is not dup'ed, and will be closed when
186 the stream created by
189 The result of applying
191 to a shared memory object is undefined.
196 function opens the file whose name is the string pointed to by
198 and associates the stream pointed to by
201 The original stream (if it exists) is closed.
204 argument is used just as in the
210 argument is a null pointer,
212 changes the mode of the stream to that specified in
216 reopens the pathname that is associated with the stream.
217 The specification for this behavior was added in the C99 standard, which says:
221 the file descriptor associated with the stream need not be closed
225 It is implementation-defined which changes of mode are permitted (if any),
226 and under what circumstances.
229 The primary use of the
231 function is to change the file associated with a standard text stream
232 .RI ( stderr ", " stdin ", or " stdout ).
234 Upon successful completion
242 Otherwise, NULL is returned and
244 is set to indicate the error.
262 functions may also fail and set
264 for any of the errors specified for the routine
269 function may also fail and set
271 for any of the errors specified for the routine
276 function may also fail and set
278 for any of the errors specified for the routine
283 function may also fail and set
285 for any of the errors specified for the routines
291 For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see
297 Interface Attribute Value
302 T} Thread safety MT-Safe
307 POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008, C89, C99.
310 POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008.
313 The GNU C library allows the following extensions for the string specified in
316 .BR c " (since glibc 2.3.3)"
317 Do not make the open operation,
318 or subsequent read and write operations,
319 thread cancellation points.
320 This flag is ignored for
323 .BR e " (since glibc 2.7)"
324 Open the file with the
329 for more information.
330 This flag is ignored for
333 .BR m " (since glibc 2.3)"
334 Attempt to access the file using
336 rather than I/O system calls
343 is attempted only for a file opened for reading.
347 .\" FIXME . C11 specifies this flag
348 Open the file exclusively
353 If the file already exists,
359 This flag is ignored for
362 In addition to the above characters,
366 support the following syntax
374 is taken as the name of a coded character set and
375 the stream is marked as wide-oriented.
376 Thereafter, internal conversion functions convert I/O
377 to and from the character set
381 syntax is not specified,
382 then the wide-orientation of the stream is
383 determined by the first file operation.
384 If that operation is a wide-character operation,
385 the stream is marked wide-oriented,
386 and functions to convert to the coded character set are loaded.
388 When parsing for individual flag characters in
390 (i.e., the characters preceding the "ccs" specification),
391 the glibc implementation of
392 .\" FIXME . http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=12685
396 limits the number of characters examined in
398 to 7 (or, in glibc versions before 2.14, to 6,
399 which was not enough to include possible specifications such as "rb+cmxe").
400 The current implementation of
402 parses at most 5 characters in
410 .BR open_memstream (3)