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34 .\" Modified 1993-07-24 by Rik Faith <faith@cs.unc.edu>
35 .\" Modified 1996-10-22 by Eric S. Raymond <esr@thyrsus.com>
36 .\" Modified Oct 1998 by Andi Kleen
37 .\" Modified Oct 2003 by aeb
38 .\" Modified 2004-07-01 by mtk
40 .TH SEND 2 2021-03-22 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
42 send, sendto, sendmsg \- send a message on a socket
45 .B #include <sys/socket.h>
47 .BI "ssize_t send(int " sockfd ", const void *" buf ", size_t " len \
49 .BI "ssize_t sendto(int " sockfd ", const void *" buf ", size_t " len \
51 .BI " const struct sockaddr *" dest_addr ", socklen_t " addrlen );
52 .BI "ssize_t sendmsg(int " sockfd ", const struct msghdr *" msg \
61 are used to transmit a message to another socket.
65 call may be used only when the socket is in a
67 state (so that the intended recipient is known).
68 The only difference between
80 Also, the following call
82 send(sockfd, buf, len, flags);
86 sendto(sockfd, buf, len, flags, NULL, 0);
90 is the file descriptor of the sending socket.
94 is used on a connection-mode
101 are ignored (and the error
103 may be returned when they are
104 not NULL and 0), and the error
106 is returned when the socket was not actually connected.
107 Otherwise, the address of the target is given by
114 the address of the target is given by
124 the message is found in
130 the message is pointed to by the elements of the array
134 call also allows sending ancillary data (also known as control information).
136 If the message is too long to pass atomically through the
137 underlying protocol, the error
139 is returned, and the message is not transmitted.
141 No indication of failure to deliver is implicit in a
143 Locally detected errors are indicated by a return value of \-1.
145 When the message does not fit into the send buffer of the socket,
147 normally blocks, unless the socket has been placed in nonblocking I/O
149 In nonblocking mode it would fail with the error
156 call may be used to determine when it is possible to send more data.
157 .SS The flags argument
160 argument is the bitwise OR
161 of zero or more of the following flags.
162 .\" FIXME . ? document MSG_PROXY (which went away in 2.3.15)
164 .BR MSG_CONFIRM " (since Linux 2.3.15)"
165 Tell the link layer that forward progress happened: you got a successful
166 reply from the other side.
167 If the link layer doesn't get this
168 it will regularly reprobe the neighbor (e.g., via a unicast ARP).
173 sockets and currently implemented only for IPv4 and IPv6.
179 Don't use a gateway to send out the packet, send to hosts only on
180 directly connected networks.
181 This is usually used only
182 by diagnostic or routing programs.
183 This is defined only for protocol
184 families that route; packet sockets don't.
186 .BR MSG_DONTWAIT " (since Linux 2.2)"
187 Enables nonblocking operation; if the operation would block,
192 This provides similar behavior to setting the
197 operation), but differs in that
199 is a per-call option, whereas
201 is a setting on the open file description (see
203 which will affect all threads in the calling process
204 and as well as other processes that hold file descriptors
205 referring to the same open file description.
207 .BR MSG_EOR " (since Linux 2.2)"
208 Terminates a record (when this notion is supported, as for sockets of type
209 .BR SOCK_SEQPACKET ).
211 .BR MSG_MORE " (since Linux 2.4.4)"
212 The caller has more data to send.
213 This flag is used with TCP sockets to obtain the same effect
218 with the difference that this flag can be set on a per-call basis.
220 Since Linux 2.6, this flag is also supported for UDP sockets, and informs
221 the kernel to package all of the data sent in calls with this flag set
222 into a single datagram which is transmitted only when a call is performed
223 that does not specify this flag.
226 socket option described in
229 .BR MSG_NOSIGNAL " (since Linux 2.2)"
232 signal if the peer on a stream-oriented socket has closed the connection.
235 error is still returned.
236 This provides similar behavior to using
242 is a per-call feature,
245 sets a process attribute that affects all threads in the process.
250 data on sockets that support this notion (e.g., of type
252 the underlying protocol must also support
256 The definition of the
258 structure employed by
265 void *msg_name; /* Optional address */
266 socklen_t msg_namelen; /* Size of address */
267 struct iovec *msg_iov; /* Scatter/gather array */
268 size_t msg_iovlen; /* # elements in msg_iov */
269 void *msg_control; /* Ancillary data, see below */
270 size_t msg_controllen; /* Ancillary data buffer len */
271 int msg_flags; /* Flags (unused) */
278 field is used on an unconnected socket to specify the target
279 address for a datagram.
280 It points to a buffer containing the address; the
282 field should be set to the size of the address.
283 For a connected socket, these fields should be specified as NULL and 0,
290 fields specify scatter-gather locations, as for
293 You may send control information (ancillary data) using the
298 The maximum control buffer length the kernel can process is limited
299 per socket by the value in
300 .IR /proc/sys/net/core/optmem_max ;
303 For further information on the use of ancillary data in various
312 .\" Still to be documented:
313 .\" Send file descriptors and user credentials using the
314 .\" msg_control* fields.
316 On success, these calls return the number of bytes sent.
317 On error, \-1 is returned, and
319 is set to indicate the error.
321 These are some standard errors generated by the socket layer.
323 may be generated and returned from the underlying protocol modules;
324 see their respective manual pages.
327 (For UNIX domain sockets, which are identified by pathname)
328 Write permission is denied on the destination socket file,
329 or search permission is denied for one of the directories
332 .BR path_resolution (7).)
334 (For UDP sockets) An attempt was made to send to a
335 network/broadcast address as though it was a unicast address.
337 .BR EAGAIN " or " EWOULDBLOCK
338 .\" Actually EAGAIN on Linux
339 The socket is marked nonblocking and the requested operation
341 POSIX.1-2001 allows either error to be returned for this case,
342 and does not require these constants to have the same value,
343 so a portable application should check for both possibilities.
346 (Internet domain datagram sockets)
347 The socket referred to by
349 had not previously been bound to an address and,
350 upon attempting to bind it to an ephemeral port,
351 it was determined that all port numbers in the ephemeral port range
352 are currently in use.
353 See the discussion of
354 .I /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_local_port_range
359 Another Fast Open is in progress.
363 is not a valid open file descriptor.
366 Connection reset by peer.
369 The socket is not connection-mode, and no peer address is set.
372 An invalid user space address was specified for an argument.
375 A signal occurred before any data was transmitted; see
379 Invalid argument passed.
382 The connection-mode socket was connected already but a
383 recipient was specified.
384 (Now either this error is returned, or the recipient specification
389 .\" (e.g., SOCK_DGRAM )
390 requires that message be sent atomically, and the size
391 of the message to be sent made this impossible.
394 The output queue for a network interface was full.
395 This generally indicates that the interface has stopped sending,
396 but may be caused by transient congestion.
397 (Normally, this does not occur in Linux.
398 Packets are just silently dropped
399 when a device queue overflows.)
405 The socket is not connected, and no target has been given.
410 does not refer to a socket.
415 argument is inappropriate for the socket type.
418 The local end has been shut down on a connection oriented socket.
419 In this case, the process
426 4.4BSD, SVr4, POSIX.1-2001.
427 These interfaces first appeared in 4.2BSD.
429 POSIX.1-2001 describes only the
434 POSIX.1-2008 adds a specification of
438 flag is a Linux extension.
440 According to POSIX.1-2001, the
444 structure should be typed as
448 field should be typed as
450 but glibc currently types both as
452 .\" glibc bug for msg_controllen raised 12 Mar 2006
453 .\" http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=2448
454 .\" The problem is an underlying kernel issue: the size of the
455 .\" __kernel_size_t type used to type these fields varies
456 .\" across architectures, but socklen_t is always 32 bits,
457 .\" as (at least with GCC) is int.
461 for information about a Linux-specific system call
462 that can be used to transmit multiple datagrams in a single call.
469 An example of the use of