1 .\" Copyright (c) 1992 Drew Eckhardt (drew@cs.colorado.edu), March 28, 1992
3 .\" %%%LICENSE_START(VERBATIM)
4 .\" Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
5 .\" manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
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8 .\" Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
9 .\" manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
10 .\" entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
11 .\" permission notice identical to this one.
13 .\" Since the Linux kernel and libraries are constantly changing, this
14 .\" manual page may be incorrect or out-of-date. The author(s) assume no
15 .\" responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from
16 .\" the use of the information contained herein. The author(s) may not
17 .\" have taken the same level of care in the production of this manual,
18 .\" which is licensed free of charge, as they might when working
21 .\" Formatted or processed versions of this manual, if unaccompanied by
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25 .\" Modified by Michael Haardt <michael@moria.de>
26 .\" Modified 1993-07-21 by Rik Faith <faith@cs.unc.edu>
27 .\" Modified 1994-08-21 by Michael Chastain <mec@shell.portal.com>
28 .\" Modified 1996-06-13 by aeb
29 .\" Modified 1996-11-06 by Eric S. Raymond <esr@thyrsus.com>
30 .\" Modified 1997-08-21 by Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk>
31 .\" Modified 2004-06-23 by Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
33 .TH CHROOT 2 2021-03-22 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
35 chroot \- change root directory
38 .B #include <unistd.h>
40 .BI "int chroot(const char *" path );
44 Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see
45 .BR feature_test_macros (7)):
51 _XOPEN_SOURCE && ! (_POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200112L)
52 || /* Since glibc 2.20: */ _DEFAULT_SOURCE
53 || /* Glibc <= 2.19: */ _BSD_SOURCE
59 changes the root directory of the calling process to that specified in
61 This directory will be used for pathnames beginning with \fI/\fP.
62 The root directory is inherited by all children of the calling process.
64 Only a privileged process (Linux: one with the
66 capability in its user namespace) may call
69 This call changes an ingredient in the pathname resolution process
70 and does nothing else.
71 In particular, it is not intended to be used
72 for any kind of security purpose, neither to fully sandbox a process nor
73 to restrict filesystem system calls.
76 has been used by daemons to restrict themselves prior to passing paths
77 supplied by untrusted users to system calls such as
79 However, if a folder is moved out of the chroot directory, an attacker
80 can exploit that to get out of the chroot directory as well.
81 The easiest way to do that is to
83 to the to-be-moved directory, wait for it to be moved out, then open a
84 path like ../../../etc/passwd.
86 .\" This is how the "slightly trickier variation" works:
87 .\" https://github.com/QubesOS/qubes-secpack/blob/master/QSBs/qsb-014-2015.txt#L142
89 trickier variation also works under some circumstances if
92 If a daemon allows a "chroot directory" to be specified,
93 that usually means that if you want to prevent remote users from accessing
94 files outside the chroot directory, you must ensure that folders are never
97 This call does not change the current working directory,
98 so that after the call \(aq\fI.\fP\(aq can
99 be outside the tree rooted at \(aq\fI/\fP\(aq.
100 In particular, the superuser can escape from a "chroot jail"
105 mkdir foo; chroot foo; cd ..
109 This call does not close open file descriptors, and such file
110 descriptors may allow access to files outside the chroot tree.
112 On success, zero is returned.
113 On error, \-1 is returned, and
115 is set to indicate the error.
117 Depending on the filesystem, other errors can be returned.
118 The more general errors are listed below:
121 Search permission is denied on a component of the path prefix.
123 .BR path_resolution (7).)
124 .\" Also search permission is required on the final component,
125 .\" maybe just to guarantee that it is a directory?
129 points outside your accessible address space.
132 An I/O error occurred.
135 Too many symbolic links were encountered in resolving
143 The file does not exist.
146 Insufficient kernel memory was available.
154 The caller has insufficient privilege.
156 SVr4, 4.4BSD, SUSv2 (marked LEGACY).
157 This function is not part of POSIX.1-2001.
158 .\" SVr4 documents additional EINTR, ENOLINK and EMULTIHOP error conditions.
159 .\" X/OPEN does not document EIO, ENOMEM or EFAULT error conditions.
161 A child process created via
163 inherits its parent's root directory.
164 The root directory is left unchanged by
167 The magic symbolic link,
168 .IR /proc/[pid]/root ,
169 can be used to discover a process's root directory; see
173 FreeBSD has a stronger
180 .BR path_resolution (7),