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26 .TH PTHREAD_CREATE 3 2021-03-22 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
28 pthread_create \- create a new thread
31 .B #include <pthread.h>
33 .BI "int pthread_create(pthread_t *restrict " thread ,
34 .BI " const pthread_attr_t *restrict " attr ,
35 .BI " void *(*" start_routine ")(void *),"
36 .BI " void *restrict " arg );
39 Compile and link with \fI\-pthread\fP.
43 function starts a new thread in the calling process.
44 The new thread starts execution by invoking
47 is passed as the sole argument of
50 The new thread terminates in one of the following ways:
54 specifying an exit status value that is available to another thread
55 in the same process that calls
60 This is equivalent to calling
62 with the value supplied in the
67 .BR pthread_cancel (3)).
69 Any of the threads in the process calls
71 or the main thread performs a return from
73 This causes the termination of all threads in the process.
79 structure whose contents are used at thread creation time to
80 determine attributes for the new thread;
81 this structure is initialized using
82 .BR pthread_attr_init (3)
83 and related functions.
87 then the thread is created with default attributes.
89 Before returning, a successful call to
91 stores the ID of the new thread in the buffer pointed to by
93 this identifier is used to refer to the thread
94 in subsequent calls to other pthreads functions.
96 The new thread inherits a copy of the creating thread's signal mask
97 .RB ( pthread_sigmask (3)).
98 The set of pending signals for the new thread is empty
99 .RB ( sigpending (2)).
100 The new thread does not inherit the creating thread's
101 alternate signal stack
102 .RB ( sigaltstack (2)).
104 The new thread inherits the calling thread's floating-point environment
107 The initial value of the new thread's CPU-time clock is 0
109 .BR pthread_getcpuclockid (3)).
110 .\" CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID in clock_gettime(2)
111 .SS Linux-specific details
112 The new thread inherits copies of the calling thread's capability sets
114 .BR capabilities (7))
115 and CPU affinity mask (see
116 .BR sched_setaffinity (2)).
119 .BR pthread_create ()
121 on error, it returns an error number, and the contents of
127 Insufficient resources to create another thread.
130 .\" NOTE! The following should match the description in fork(2)
131 A system-imposed limit on the number of threads was encountered.
132 There are a number of limits that may trigger this error: the
134 soft resource limit (set via
136 which limits the number of processes and threads for a real user ID,
138 the kernel's system-wide limit on the number of processes and threads,
139 .IR /proc/sys/kernel/threads\-max ,
142 or the maximum number of PIDs,
143 .IR /proc/sys/kernel/pid_max ,
151 .\" FIXME . Test the following
153 No permission to set the scheduling policy and parameters specified in
156 For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see
164 Interface Attribute Value
166 .BR pthread_create ()
167 T} Thread safety MT-Safe
173 POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008.
177 for further information on the thread ID returned in
180 .BR pthread_create ().
181 Unless real-time scheduling policies are being employed,
183 .BR pthread_create (),
184 it is indeterminate which thread\(emthe caller or the new thread\(emwill
187 A thread may either be
191 If a thread is joinable, then another thread can call
193 to wait for the thread to terminate and fetch its exit status.
194 Only when a terminated joinable thread has been joined are
195 the last of its resources released back to the system.
196 When a detached thread terminates,
197 its resources are automatically released back to the system:
198 it is not possible to join with the thread in order to obtain
200 Making a thread detached is useful for some types of daemon threads
201 whose exit status the application does not need to care about.
202 By default, a new thread is created in a joinable state, unless
204 was set to create the thread in a detached state (using
205 .BR pthread_attr_setdetachstate (3)).
207 Under the NPTL threading implementation, if the
210 .IR "at the time the program started"
211 has any value other than "unlimited",
212 then it determines the default stack size of new threads.
214 .BR pthread_attr_setstacksize (3),
215 the stack size attribute can be explicitly set in the
217 argument used to create a thread,
218 in order to obtain a stack size other than the default.
221 resource limit is set to "unlimited",
222 a per-architecture value is used for the stack size.
223 Here is the value for a few architectures:
229 Architecture Default stack size
240 In the obsolete LinuxThreads implementation,
241 each of the threads in a process has a different process ID.
242 This is in violation of the POSIX threads specification,
243 and is the source of many other nonconformances to the standard; see
246 The program below demonstrates the use of
247 .BR pthread_create (),
248 as well as a number of other functions in the pthreads API.
250 In the following run,
251 on a system providing the NPTL threading implementation,
252 the stack size defaults to the value given by the
253 "stack size" resource limit:
257 .RB "$" " ulimit \-s"
258 8192 # The stack size limit is 8 MB (0x800000 bytes)
259 .RB "$" " ./a.out hola salut servus"
260 Thread 1: top of stack near 0xb7dd03b8; argv_string=hola
261 Thread 2: top of stack near 0xb75cf3b8; argv_string=salut
262 Thread 3: top of stack near 0xb6dce3b8; argv_string=servus
263 Joined with thread 1; returned value was HOLA
264 Joined with thread 2; returned value was SALUT
265 Joined with thread 3; returned value was SERVUS
269 In the next run, the program explicitly sets a stack size of 1\ MB (using
270 .BR pthread_attr_setstacksize (3))
271 for the created threads:
275 .RB "$" " ./a.out \-s 0x100000 hola salut servus"
276 Thread 1: top of stack near 0xb7d723b8; argv_string=hola
277 Thread 2: top of stack near 0xb7c713b8; argv_string=salut
278 Thread 3: top of stack near 0xb7b703b8; argv_string=servus
279 Joined with thread 1; returned value was HOLA
280 Joined with thread 2; returned value was SALUT
281 Joined with thread 3; returned value was SERVUS
295 #define handle_error_en(en, msg) \e
296 do { errno = en; perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0)
298 #define handle_error(msg) \e
299 do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0)
301 struct thread_info { /* Used as argument to thread_start() */
302 pthread_t thread_id; /* ID returned by pthread_create() */
303 int thread_num; /* Application\-defined thread # */
304 char *argv_string; /* From command\-line argument */
307 /* Thread start function: display address near top of our stack,
308 and return upper\-cased copy of argv_string. */
311 thread_start(void *arg)
313 struct thread_info *tinfo = arg;
316 printf("Thread %d: top of stack near %p; argv_string=%s\en",
317 tinfo\->thread_num, (void *) &tinfo, tinfo\->argv_string);
319 uargv = strdup(tinfo\->argv_string);
321 handle_error("strdup");
323 for (char *p = uargv; *p != \(aq\e0\(aq; p++)
330 main(int argc, char *argv[])
332 int s, opt, num_threads;
337 /* The "\-s" option specifies a stack size for our threads. */
340 while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "s:")) != \-1) {
343 stack_size = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0);
347 fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s [\-s stack\-size] arg...\en",
353 num_threads = argc \- optind;
355 /* Initialize thread creation attributes. */
357 s = pthread_attr_init(&attr);
359 handle_error_en(s, "pthread_attr_init");
361 if (stack_size > 0) {
362 s = pthread_attr_setstacksize(&attr, stack_size);
364 handle_error_en(s, "pthread_attr_setstacksize");
367 /* Allocate memory for pthread_create() arguments. */
369 struct thread_info *tinfo = calloc(num_threads, sizeof(*tinfo));
371 handle_error("calloc");
373 /* Create one thread for each command\-line argument. */
375 for (int tnum = 0; tnum < num_threads; tnum++) {
376 tinfo[tnum].thread_num = tnum + 1;
377 tinfo[tnum].argv_string = argv[optind + tnum];
379 /* The pthread_create() call stores the thread ID into
380 corresponding element of tinfo[]. */
382 s = pthread_create(&tinfo[tnum].thread_id, &attr,
383 &thread_start, &tinfo[tnum]);
385 handle_error_en(s, "pthread_create");
388 /* Destroy the thread attributes object, since it is no
391 s = pthread_attr_destroy(&attr);
393 handle_error_en(s, "pthread_attr_destroy");
395 /* Now join with each thread, and display its returned value. */
397 for (int tnum = 0; tnum < num_threads; tnum++) {
398 s = pthread_join(tinfo[tnum].thread_id, &res);
400 handle_error_en(s, "pthread_join");
402 printf("Joined with thread %d; returned value was %s\en",
403 tinfo[tnum].thread_num, (char *) res);
404 free(res); /* Free memory allocated by thread */
415 .BR pthread_attr_init (3),
416 .BR pthread_cancel (3),
417 .BR pthread_detach (3),
418 .BR pthread_equal (3),
419 .BR pthread_exit (3),
420 .BR pthread_getattr_np (3),
421 .BR pthread_join (3),
422 .BR pthread_self (3),
423 .BR pthread_setattr_default_np (3),