1 .\" Copyright 2002 Walter Harms (walter.harms@informatik.uni-oldenburg.de)
3 .\" %%%LICENSE_START(GPL_NOVERSION_ONELINE)
4 .\" Distributed under GPL
7 .TH COMPLEX 7 2021-03-22 "" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
9 complex \- basics of complex mathematics
12 .B #include <complex.h>
15 Complex numbers are numbers of the form z = a+b*i, where a and b are
16 real numbers and i = sqrt(\-1), so that i*i = \-1.
18 There are other ways to represent that number.
19 The pair (a,b) of real
20 numbers may be viewed as a point in the plane, given by X- and
22 This same point may also be described by giving
23 the pair of real numbers (r,phi), where r is the distance to the origin O,
24 and phi the angle between the X-axis and the line Oz.
26 z = r*exp(i*phi) = r*(cos(phi)+i*sin(phi)).
28 The basic operations are defined on z = a+b*i and w = c+d*i as:
30 .B addition: z+w = (a+c) + (b+d)*i
32 .B multiplication: z*w = (a*c \- b*d) + (a*d + b*c)*i
34 .B division: z/w = ((a*c + b*d)/(c*c + d*d)) + ((b*c \- a*d)/(c*c + d*d))*i
36 Nearly all math function have a complex counterpart but there are
37 some complex-only functions.
39 Your C-compiler can work with complex numbers if it supports the C99 standard.
41 The imaginary unit is represented by I.
44 /* check that exp(i * pi) == \-1 */
45 #include <math.h> /* for atan */
52 double pi = 4 * atan(1.0);
53 double complex z = cexp(I * pi);
54 printf("%f + %f * i\en", creal(z), cimag(z));