1 .\" Copyright (c) 1993 by Thomas Koenig (ig25@rz.uni-karlsruhe.de)
2 .\" and Copyright 2006-2008, Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
4 .\" %%%LICENSE_START(VERBATIM)
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26 .\" Modified Sat Jul 24 19:27:50 1993 by Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu)
27 .\" Modified Mon Aug 30 22:02:34 1995 by Jim Van Zandt <jrv@vanzandt.mv.com>
28 .\" longindex is a pointer, has_arg can take 3 values, using consistent
29 .\" names for optstring and longindex, "\n" in formats fixed. Documenting
30 .\" opterr and getopt_long_only. Clarified explanations (borrowing heavily
31 .\" from the source code).
32 .\" Modified 8 May 1998 by Joseph S. Myers (jsm28@cam.ac.uk)
33 .\" Modified 990715, aeb: changed `EOF' into `-1' since that is what POSIX
34 .\" says; moreover, EOF is not defined in <unistd.h>.
35 .\" Modified 2002-02-16, joey: added information about nonexistent
36 .\" option character and colon as first option character
37 .\" Modified 2004-07-28, Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
38 .\" Added text to explain how to order both '[-+]' and ':' at
39 .\" the start of optstring
40 .\" Modified 2006-12-15, mtk, Added getopt() example program.
42 .TH GETOPT 3 2021-03-22 "GNU" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
44 getopt, getopt_long, getopt_long_only,
45 optarg, optind, opterr, optopt \- Parse command-line options
48 .B #include <unistd.h>
50 .BI "int getopt(int " argc ", char *const " argv [],
51 .BI " const char *" optstring );
53 .BI "extern char *" optarg ;
54 .BI "extern int " optind ", " opterr ", " optopt ;
56 .B #include <getopt.h>
58 .BI "int getopt_long(int " argc ", char *const " argv [],
59 .BI " const char *" optstring ,
60 .BI " const struct option *" longopts ", int *" longindex );
61 .BI "int getopt_long_only(int " argc ", char *const " argv [],
62 .BI " const char *" optstring ,
63 .BI " const struct option *" longopts ", int *" longindex );
67 Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see
68 .BR feature_test_macros (7)):
73 _POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 2 || _XOPEN_SOURCE
77 .BR getopt_long_only ():
84 function parses the command-line arguments.
89 are the argument count and array as passed to the
91 function on program invocation.
92 An element of \fIargv\fP that starts with \(aq\-\(aq
93 (and is not exactly "\-" or "\-\-")
95 The characters of this element
96 (aside from the initial \(aq\-\(aq) are option characters.
99 is called repeatedly, it returns successively each of the option characters
100 from each of the option elements.
104 is the index of the next element to be processed in
106 The system initializes this value to 1.
107 The caller can reset it to 1 to restart scanning of the same
109 or when scanning a new argument vector.
113 finds another option character, it returns that
114 character, updating the external variable \fIoptind\fP and a static
115 variable \fInextchar\fP so that the next call to
118 resume the scan with the following option character or
121 If there are no more option characters,
124 Then \fIoptind\fP is the index in \fIargv\fP of the first
125 \fIargv\fP-element that is not an option.
128 is a string containing the legitimate option characters.
129 A legitimate option character is any visible one byte
133 would return nonzero) that is not \(aq\-\(aq, \(aq:\(aq, or \(aq;\(aq.
135 character is followed by a colon, the option requires an argument, so
137 places a pointer to the following text in the same
138 \fIargv\fP-element, or the text of the following \fIargv\fP-element, in
140 Two colons mean an option takes
141 an optional arg; if there is text in the current \fIargv\fP-element
142 (i.e., in the same word as the option name itself, for example, "\-oarg"),
143 then it is returned in \fIoptarg\fP, otherwise \fIoptarg\fP is set to zero.
144 This is a GNU extension.
149 followed by a semicolon, then
151 is treated as the long option
155 option is reserved by POSIX.2 for implementation extensions.)
156 This behavior is a GNU extension, not available with libraries before
161 permutes the contents of \fIargv\fP as it
162 scans, so that eventually all the nonoptions are at the end.
163 Two other scanning modes are also implemented.
164 If the first character of
165 \fIoptstring\fP is \(aq+\(aq or the environment variable
167 is set, then option processing stops as soon as a nonoption argument is
169 If \(aq+\(aq is not the first character of
171 it is treated as a normal option.
174 behaviour is required in this case
176 will contain two \(aq+\(aq symbols.
177 If the first character of \fIoptstring\fP is \(aq\-\(aq, then
178 each nonoption \fIargv\fP-element is handled as if it were the argument of
179 an option with character code 1.
180 (This is used by programs that were
181 written to expect options and other \fIargv\fP-elements in any order
182 and that care about the ordering of the two.)
183 The special argument "\-\-" forces an end of option-scanning regardless
184 of the scanning mode.
186 While processing the option list,
188 can detect two kinds of errors:
189 (1) an option character that was not specified in
191 and (2) a missing option argument
192 (i.e., an option at the end of the command line without an expected argument).
193 Such errors are handled and reported as follows:
197 prints an error message on standard error,
198 places the erroneous option character in
200 and returns \(aq?\(aq as the function result.
202 If the caller has set the global variable
206 does not print an error message.
207 The caller can determine that there was an error by testing whether
208 the function return value is \(aq?\(aq.
211 has a nonzero value.)
213 If the first character
214 (following any optional \(aq+\(aq or \(aq\-\(aq described above)
216 is a colon (\(aq:\(aq), then
218 likewise does not print an error message.
219 In addition, it returns \(aq:\(aq instead of \(aq?\(aq to
220 indicate a missing option argument.
221 This allows the caller to distinguish the two different types of errors.
223 .SS getopt_long() and getopt_long_only()
228 except that it also accepts long options, started with two dashes.
229 (If the program accepts only long options, then
231 should be specified as an empty string (""), not NULL.)
232 Long option names may be abbreviated if the abbreviation is
233 unique or is an exact match for some defined option.
235 may take a parameter, of the form
238 .BR "\-\-arg param" .
241 is a pointer to the first element of an array of
258 The meanings of the different fields are:
261 is the name of the long option.
265 \fBno_argument\fP (or 0) if the option does not take an argument;
266 \fBrequired_argument\fP (or 1) if the option requires an argument; or
267 \fBoptional_argument\fP (or 2) if the option takes an optional argument.
270 specifies how results are returned for a long option.
275 (For example, the calling program may set \fIval\fP to the equivalent short
280 \fIflag\fP points to a variable which is set to \fIval\fP if the
281 option is found, but left unchanged if the option is not found.
284 is the value to return, or to load into the variable pointed
287 The last element of the array has to be filled with zeros.
289 If \fIlongindex\fP is not NULL, it
290 points to a variable which is set to the index of the long option relative to
293 .BR getopt_long_only ()
296 but \(aq\-\(aq as well
297 as "\-\-" can indicate a long option.
298 If an option that starts with \(aq\-\(aq
299 (not "\-\-") doesn't match a long option, but does match a short option,
300 it is parsed as a short option instead.
302 If an option was successfully found, then
304 returns the option character.
305 If all command-line options have been parsed, then
310 encounters an option character that was not in
312 then \(aq?\(aq is returned.
315 encounters an option with a missing argument,
316 then the return value depends on the first character in
318 if it is \(aq:\(aq, then \(aq:\(aq is returned; otherwise \(aq?\(aq is returned.
322 .BR getopt_long_only ()
323 also return the option
324 character when a short option is recognized.
325 For a long option, they
326 return \fIval\fP if \fIflag\fP is NULL, and 0 otherwise.
327 Error and \-1 returns are the same as for
329 plus \(aq?\(aq for an
330 ambiguous match or an extraneous parameter.
334 If this is set, then option processing stops as soon as a nonoption
335 argument is encountered.
337 .B _<PID>_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_
338 This variable was used by
340 2.0 to communicate to glibc which arguments are the results of
341 wildcard expansion and so should not be considered as options.
342 This behavior was removed in
344 version 2.01, but the support remains in glibc.
346 For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see
354 Interface Attribute Value
358 .BR getopt_long_only ()
360 MT-Unsafe race:getopt env
369 POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008, and POSIX.2,
370 provided the environment variable
373 Otherwise, the elements of \fIargv\fP aren't really
375 because these functions permute them.
378 is used in the prototype to be compatible with other systems.
380 The use of \(aq+\(aq and \(aq\-\(aq in
384 On some older implementations,
388 SUSv1 permitted the declaration to appear in either
392 POSIX.1-1996 marked the use of
394 for this purpose as LEGACY.
395 POSIX.1-2001 does not require the declaration to appear in
398 .BR getopt_long "() and " getopt_long_only ():
399 These functions are GNU extensions.
401 A program that scans multiple argument vectors,
402 or rescans the same vector more than once,
403 and wants to make use of GNU extensions such as \(aq+\(aq
404 and \(aq\-\(aq at the start of
406 or changes the value of
413 to 0, rather than the traditional value of 1.
414 (Resetting to 0 forces the invocation of an internal initialization
415 routine that rechecks
417 and checks for GNU extensions in
420 Command-line arguments are parsed in strict order
421 meaning that an option requiring an argument will consume the next argument,
422 regardless of whether that argument is the correctly specified option argument
423 or simply the next option
424 (in the scenario the user mis-specifies the command line).
427 is specified as "1n:"
428 and the user specifies the command line arguments incorrectly as
429 .IR "prog\ \-n\ \-1" ,
432 option will be given the
436 option will be considered to have not been specified.
439 The following trivial example program uses
441 to handle two program options:
443 with no associated value; and
445 which expects an associated value.
453 main(int argc, char *argv[])
461 while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "nt:")) != \-1) {
467 nsecs = atoi(optarg);
470 default: /* \(aq?\(aq */
471 fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s [\-t nsecs] [\-n] name\en",
477 printf("flags=%d; tfnd=%d; nsecs=%d; optind=%d\en",
478 flags, tfnd, nsecs, optind);
480 if (optind >= argc) {
481 fprintf(stderr, "Expected argument after options\en");
485 printf("name argument = %s\en", argv[optind]);
487 /* Other code omitted */
493 The following example program illustrates the use of
495 with most of its features.
498 #include <stdio.h> /* for printf */
499 #include <stdlib.h> /* for exit */
503 main(int argc, char *argv[])
506 int digit_optind = 0;
509 int this_option_optind = optind ? optind : 1;
510 int option_index = 0;
511 static struct option long_options[] = {
512 {"add", required_argument, 0, 0 },
513 {"append", no_argument, 0, 0 },
514 {"delete", required_argument, 0, 0 },
515 {"verbose", no_argument, 0, 0 },
516 {"create", required_argument, 0, \(aqc\(aq},
517 {"file", required_argument, 0, 0 },
521 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "abc:d:012",
522 long_options, &option_index);
528 printf("option %s", long_options[option_index].name);
530 printf(" with arg %s", optarg);
537 if (digit_optind != 0 && digit_optind != this_option_optind)
538 printf("digits occur in two different argv\-elements.\en");
539 digit_optind = this_option_optind;
540 printf("option %c\en", c);
544 printf("option a\en");
548 printf("option b\en");
552 printf("option c with value \(aq%s\(aq\en", optarg);
556 printf("option d with value \(aq%s\(aq\en", optarg);
563 printf("?? getopt returned character code 0%o ??\en", c);
568 printf("non\-option ARGV\-elements: ");
569 while (optind < argc)
570 printf("%s ", argv[optind++]);