1 .\" Copyright (c) 1992 Drew Eckhardt (drew@cs.colorado.edu), March 28, 1992
3 .\" %%%LICENSE_START(VERBATIM)
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8 .\" Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
9 .\" manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
10 .\" entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
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13 .\" Since the Linux kernel and libraries are constantly changing, this
14 .\" manual page may be incorrect or out-of-date. The author(s) assume no
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18 .\" which is licensed free of charge, as they might when working
21 .\" Formatted or processed versions of this manual, if unaccompanied by
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25 .\" Modified by Michael Haardt <michael@moria.de>
26 .\" Modified 1993-07-24 by Rik Faith <faith@cs.unc.edu>
27 .\" Modified 1995-07-22 by Michael Chastain <mec@duracef.shout.net>
28 .\" Modified 1995-07-23 by aeb
29 .\" Modified 1996-10-22 by Eric S. Raymond <esr@thyrsus.com>
30 .\" Modified 1998-09-08 by aeb
31 .\" Modified 2004-06-17 by Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
32 .\" Modified 2004-10-10 by aeb
33 .\" 2004-12-14 mtk, Anand Kumria: added new errors
34 .\" 2007-06-22 Ivana Varekova <varekova@redhat.com>, mtk
35 .\" Update text describing limit on number of swap files.
37 .\" FIXME Linux 3.11 added SWAP_FLAG_DISCARD_ONCE and SWAP_FLAG_DISCARD_PAGES
38 .\" commit dcf6b7ddd7df8965727746f89c59229b23180e5a
39 .\" Author: Rafael Aquini <aquini@redhat.com>
40 .\" Date: Wed Jul 3 15:02:46 2013 -0700
42 .TH SWAPON 2 2017-09-15 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
44 swapon, swapoff \- start/stop swapping to file/device
46 .B #include <unistd.h>
48 .B #include <sys/swap.h>
50 .BI "int swapon(const char *" path ", int " swapflags );
52 .BI "int swapoff(const char *" path );
55 sets the swap area to the file or block device specified by
58 stops swapping to the file or block device specified by
63 flag is specified in the
66 argument, the new swap area will have a higher priority than default.
67 The priority is encoded within
73 .I "(prio << SWAP_FLAG_PRIO_SHIFT) & SWAP_FLAG_PRIO_MASK"
79 flag is specified in the
82 argument, freed swap pages will be discarded before they are reused,
83 if the swap device supports the discard or trim operation.
84 (This may improve performance on some Solid State Devices,
85 but often it does not.)
88 These functions may be used only by a privileged process (one having the
92 Each swap area has a priority, either high or low.
93 The default priority is low.
94 Within the low-priority areas,
95 newer areas are even lower priority than older areas.
97 All priorities set with
99 are high-priority, higher than default.
100 They may have any nonnegative value chosen by the caller.
101 Higher numbers mean higher priority.
103 Swap pages are allocated from areas in priority order,
104 highest priority first.
105 For areas with different priorities,
106 a higher-priority area is exhausted before using a lower-priority area.
107 If two or more areas have the same priority,
108 and it is the highest priority available,
109 pages are allocated on a round-robin basis between them.
111 As of Linux 1.3.6, the kernel usually follows these rules,
112 but there are exceptions.
114 On success, zero is returned.
115 On error, \-1 is returned, and
117 is set appropriately.
125 is already being used as a swap area.
130 exists, but refers neither to a regular file nor to a block device;
134 The indicated path does not contain a valid swap signature or
135 resides on an in-memory filesystem such as
138 .BR EINVAL " (since Linux 3.4)"
140 An invalid flag value was specified in
146 is not currently a swap area.
149 The system-wide limit on the total number of open files has been reached.
157 The system has insufficient memory to start swapping.
160 The caller does not have the
163 Alternatively, the maximum number of swap files are already in use;
166 These functions are Linux-specific and should not be used in programs
167 intended to be portable.
170 argument was introduced in Linux 1.3.2.
172 The partition or path must be prepared with
175 There is an upper limit on the number of swap files that may be used,
176 defined by the kernel constant
178 Before kernel 2.4.10,
181 since kernel 2.4.10, it has the value 32.
182 Since kernel 2.6.18, the limit is decreased by 2 (thus: 30)
183 if the kernel is built with the
186 (which reserves two swap table entries for the page migration features of
189 .BR migrate_pages (2)).
190 Since kernel 2.6.32, the limit is further decreased by 1
191 if the kernel is built with the
192 .B CONFIG_MEMORY_FAILURE
195 Discard of swap pages was introduced in kernel 2.6.29,
196 then made conditional
199 flag in kernel 2.6.36,
200 .\" To be precise: 2.6.35.5
201 which still discards the
202 entire swap area when
204 is called, even if that flag bit is not set.