1 .\" Copyright 1993 David Metcalfe (david@prism.demon.co.uk)
3 .\" %%%LICENSE_START(VERBATIM)
4 .\" Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
5 .\" manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
6 .\" preserved on all copies.
8 .\" Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
9 .\" manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
10 .\" entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
11 .\" permission notice identical to this one.
13 .\" Since the Linux kernel and libraries are constantly changing, this
14 .\" manual page may be incorrect or out-of-date. The author(s) assume no
15 .\" responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from
16 .\" the use of the information contained herein. The author(s) may not
17 .\" have taken the same level of care in the production of this manual,
18 .\" which is licensed free of charge, as they might when working
21 .\" Formatted or processed versions of this manual, if unaccompanied by
22 .\" the source, must acknowledge the copyright and authors of this work.
25 .\" References consulted:
26 .\" Linux libc source code
27 .\" Lewine's _POSIX Programmer's Guide_ (O'Reilly & Associates, 1991)
30 .\" Modified 1993-03-29, David Metcalfe
31 .\" Modified 1993-04-28, Lars Wirzenius
32 .\" Modified 1993-07-24, Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu)
33 .\" Modified 1995-05-18, Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu) to add
34 .\" better discussion of problems with rand on other systems.
35 .\" (Thanks to Esa Hyyti{ (ehyytia@snakemail.hut.fi).)
36 .\" Modified 1998-04-10, Nicolás Lichtmaier <nick@debian.org>
37 .\" with contribution from Francesco Potorti <F.Potorti@cnuce.cnr.it>
38 .\" Modified 2003-11-15, aeb, added rand_r
39 .\" 2010-09-13, mtk, added example program
41 .TH RAND 3 2021-03-22 "" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
43 rand, rand_r, srand \- pseudo-random number generator
46 .B #include <stdlib.h>
49 .BI "int rand_r(unsigned int *" seedp );
50 .BI "void srand(unsigned int " seed );
54 Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see
55 .BR feature_test_macros (7)):
61 _POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 199506L
62 Glibc 2.23 and earlier
68 function returns a pseudo-random integer in the range 0 to
70 inclusive (i.e., the mathematical range [0,\ \fBRAND_MAX\fR]).
74 function sets its argument as the seed for a new
75 sequence of pseudo-random integers to be returned by
77 These sequences are repeatable by calling
79 with the same seed value.
81 If no seed value is provided, the
83 function is automatically seeded with a value of 1.
87 is not reentrant, since it
88 uses hidden state that is modified on each call.
89 This might just be the seed value to be used by the next call,
90 or it might be something more elaborate.
91 In order to get reproducible behavior in a threaded
92 application, this state must be made explicit;
93 this can be done using the reentrant function
99 returns a pseudo-random integer in the range [0,\ \fBRAND_MAX\fR].
102 argument is a pointer to an
104 that is used to store state between calls.
107 is called with the same initial value for the integer pointed to by
109 and that value is not modified between calls,
110 then the same pseudo-random sequence will result.
112 The value pointed to by the
116 provides only a very small amount of state,
117 so this function will be a weak pseudo-random generator.
126 functions return a value between 0 and
131 function returns no value.
133 For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see
141 Interface Attribute Value
146 T} Thread safety MT-Safe
156 conform to SVr4, 4.3BSD, C89, C99, POSIX.1-2001.
159 is from POSIX.1-2001.
168 in the Linux C Library use the same random number generator as
172 so the lower-order bits should be as random as the higher-order bits.
175 implementations, and on current implementations on different systems,
176 the lower-order bits are much less random than the higher-order bits.
177 Do not use this function in applications intended to be portable
178 when good randomness is needed.
183 POSIX.1-2001 gives the following example of an implementation of
187 possibly useful when one needs the same sequence on two different machines.
191 static unsigned long next = 1;
193 /* RAND_MAX assumed to be 32767 */
195 next = next * 1103515245 + 12345;
196 return((unsigned)(next/65536) % 32768);
199 void mysrand(unsigned int seed) {
205 The following program can be used to display the
206 pseudo-random sequence produced by
208 when given a particular seed.
216 main(int argc, char *argv[])
222 fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <seed> <nloops>\en", argv[0]);
226 seed = atoi(argv[1]);
227 nloops = atoi(argv[2]);
230 for (int j = 0; j < nloops; j++) {