1 .\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1991 The Regents of the University of California.
2 .\" All rights reserved.
4 .\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
5 .\" Chris Torek and the American National Standards Committee X3,
6 .\" on Information Processing Systems.
8 .\" %%%LICENSE_START(BSD_4_CLAUSE_UCB)
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10 .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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20 .\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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38 .\" @(#)fopen.3 6.8 (Berkeley) 6/29/91
40 .\" Converted for Linux, Mon Nov 29 15:22:01 1993, faith@cs.unc.edu
41 .\" Modified, aeb, 960421, 970806
42 .\" Modified, joey, aeb, 2002-01-03
44 .TH FOPEN 3 2021-03-22 "GNU" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
46 fopen, fdopen, freopen \- stream open functions
51 .BI "FILE *fopen(const char *restrict " pathname \
52 ", const char *restrict " mode );
53 .BI "FILE *fdopen(int " fd ", const char *" mode );
54 .BI "FILE *freopen(const char *restrict " pathname \
55 ", const char *restrict " mode ,
56 .BI " FILE *restrict " stream );
60 Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see
61 .BR feature_test_macros (7)):
71 function opens the file whose name is the string pointed to by
73 and associates a stream with it.
77 points to a string beginning with one of the following sequences
78 (possibly followed by additional characters, as described below):
81 Open text file for reading.
82 The stream is positioned at the beginning of the file.
85 Open for reading and writing.
86 The stream is positioned at the beginning of the file.
89 Truncate file to zero length or create text file for writing.
90 The stream is positioned at the beginning of the file.
93 Open for reading and writing.
94 The file is created if it does not exist, otherwise it is truncated.
95 The stream is positioned at the beginning of
99 Open for appending (writing at end of file).
100 The file is created if it does not exist.
101 The stream is positioned at the end of the file.
104 Open for reading and appending (writing at end of file).
105 The file is created if it does not exist.
106 Output is always appended to the end of the file.
107 POSIX is silent on what the initial read position is when using this mode.
108 For glibc, the initial file position for reading is at
109 the beginning of the file, but for Android/BSD/MacOS, the
110 initial file position for reading is at the end of the file.
114 string can also include the letter \(aqb\(aq either as a last character or as
115 a character between the characters in any of the two-character strings
117 This is strictly for compatibility with C89
118 and has no effect; the \(aqb\(aq is ignored on all POSIX
119 conforming systems, including Linux.
120 (Other systems may treat text files and binary files differently,
121 and adding the \(aqb\(aq may be a good idea if you do I/O to a binary
122 file and expect that your program may be ported to non-UNIX
125 See NOTES below for details of glibc extensions for
128 Any created file will have the mode
129 .BR S_IRUSR " | " S_IWUSR " | " S_IRGRP " | " S_IWGRP " | " S_IROTH " | " S_IWOTH
130 (0666), as modified by the process's umask value (see
133 Reads and writes may be intermixed on read/write streams in any order.
134 Note that ANSI C requires that a file positioning function intervene
135 between output and input, unless an input operation encounters end-of-file.
136 (If this condition is not met, then a read is allowed to return the
137 result of writes other than the most recent.)
138 Therefore it is good practice (and indeed sometimes necessary
139 under Linux) to put an
143 operation between write and read operations on such a stream.
144 This operation may be an apparent no-op
145 (as in \fIfseek(..., 0L, SEEK_CUR)\fP
146 called for its synchronizing side effect).
148 Opening a file in append mode (\fBa\fP as the first character of
150 causes all subsequent write operations to this stream to occur
151 at end-of-file, as if preceded the call:
155 fseek(stream, 0, SEEK_END);
159 The file descriptor associated with the stream is opened as if by a call to
161 with the following flags:
167 fopen() mode open() flags
169 \fIw\fP O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC
170 \fIa\fP O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_APPEND
172 \fIw+\fP O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC
173 \fIa+\fP O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_APPEND
180 function associates a stream with the existing file descriptor,
184 of the stream (one of the values "r", "r+", "w", "w+", "a", "a+")
185 must be compatible with the mode of the file descriptor.
186 The file position indicator of the new stream is set to that
189 and the error and end-of-file indicators are cleared.
190 Modes "w" or "w+" do not cause truncation of the file.
191 The file descriptor is not dup'ed, and will be closed when
192 the stream created by
195 The result of applying
197 to a shared memory object is undefined.
202 function opens the file whose name is the string pointed to by
204 and associates the stream pointed to by
207 The original stream (if it exists) is closed.
210 argument is used just as in the
216 argument is a null pointer,
218 changes the mode of the stream to that specified in
222 reopens the pathname that is associated with the stream.
223 The specification for this behavior was added in the C99 standard, which says:
227 the file descriptor associated with the stream need not be closed
231 It is implementation-defined which changes of mode are permitted (if any),
232 and under what circumstances.
235 The primary use of the
237 function is to change the file associated with a standard text stream
238 .RI ( stderr ", " stdin ", or " stdout ).
240 Upon successful completion
248 Otherwise, NULL is returned and
250 is set to indicate the error.
268 functions may also fail and set
270 for any of the errors specified for the routine
275 function may also fail and set
277 for any of the errors specified for the routine
282 function may also fail and set
284 for any of the errors specified for the routine
289 function may also fail and set
291 for any of the errors specified for the routines
297 For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see
305 Interface Attribute Value
310 T} Thread safety MT-Safe
318 POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008, C89, C99.
321 POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008.
324 The GNU C library allows the following extensions for the string specified in
327 .BR c " (since glibc 2.3.3)"
328 Do not make the open operation,
329 or subsequent read and write operations,
330 thread cancellation points.
331 This flag is ignored for
334 .BR e " (since glibc 2.7)"
335 Open the file with the
340 for more information.
341 This flag is ignored for
344 .BR m " (since glibc 2.3)"
345 Attempt to access the file using
347 rather than I/O system calls
354 is attempted only for a file opened for reading.
358 .\" FIXME . C11 specifies this flag
359 Open the file exclusively
364 If the file already exists,
370 This flag is ignored for
373 In addition to the above characters,
377 support the following syntax
385 is taken as the name of a coded character set and
386 the stream is marked as wide-oriented.
387 Thereafter, internal conversion functions convert I/O
388 to and from the character set
392 syntax is not specified,
393 then the wide-orientation of the stream is
394 determined by the first file operation.
395 If that operation is a wide-character operation,
396 the stream is marked wide-oriented,
397 and functions to convert to the coded character set are loaded.
399 When parsing for individual flag characters in
401 (i.e., the characters preceding the "ccs" specification),
402 the glibc implementation of
403 .\" FIXME . http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=12685
407 limits the number of characters examined in
409 to 7 (or, in glibc versions before 2.14, to 6,
410 which was not enough to include possible specifications such as "rb+cmxe").
411 The current implementation of
413 parses at most 5 characters in
421 .BR open_memstream (3)