1 .\" This manpage is Copyright (C) 1992 Drew Eckhardt;
2 .\" and Copyright (C) 1993 Michael Haardt, Ian Jackson.
3 .\" and Copyright (C) 2005, 2008 Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
4 .\" and Copyright (C) 2014 Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
6 .\" %%%LICENSE_START(VERBATIM)
7 .\" Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
8 .\" manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
9 .\" preserved on all copies.
11 .\" Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
12 .\" manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
13 .\" entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
14 .\" permission notice identical to this one.
16 .\" Since the Linux kernel and libraries are constantly changing, this
17 .\" manual page may be incorrect or out-of-date. The author(s) assume no
18 .\" responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from
19 .\" the use of the information contained herein. The author(s) may not
20 .\" have taken the same level of care in the production of this manual,
21 .\" which is licensed free of charge, as they might when working
24 .\" Formatted or processed versions of this manual, if unaccompanied by
25 .\" the source, must acknowledge the copyright and authors of this work.
28 .\" Modified 1993-07-21, Rik Faith <faith@cs.unc.edu>
29 .\" Modified 1994-08-21, Michael Chastain <mec@shell.portal.com>:
31 .\" Modified 1997-01-31, Eric S. Raymond <esr@thyrsus.com>
32 .\" Modified 2002-09-28, aeb
33 .\" 2009-01-12, mtk, reordered text in DESCRIPTION and added some
34 .\" details for dup2().
35 .\" 2008-10-09, mtk: add description of dup3()
37 .TH DUP 2 2021-03-22 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
39 dup, dup2, dup3 \- duplicate a file descriptor
42 .B #include <unistd.h>
44 .BI "int dup(int " oldfd );
45 .BI "int dup2(int " oldfd ", int " newfd );
47 .BR "#define _GNU_SOURCE" " /* See feature_test_macros(7) */"
48 .BR "#include <fcntl.h>" " /* Definition of " O_* " constants */"
49 .B #include <unistd.h>
51 .BI "int dup3(int " oldfd ", int " newfd ", int " flags );
56 system call allocates a new file descriptor that refers to the same
57 open file description as the descriptor
59 (For an explanation of open file descriptions, see
61 The new file descriptor number is guaranteed to be the lowest-numbered
62 file descriptor that was unused in the calling process.
64 After a successful return,
65 the old and new file descriptors may be used interchangeably.
66 Since the two file descriptors refer to the same open file description,
67 they share file offset and file status flags;
68 for example, if the file offset is modified by using
70 on one of the file descriptors,
71 the offset is also changed for the other file descriptor.
73 The two file descriptors do not share file descriptor flags
74 (the close-on-exec flag).
75 The close-on-exec flag
79 for the duplicate descriptor is off.
84 system call performs the same task as
86 but instead of using the lowest-numbered unused file descriptor,
87 it uses the file descriptor number specified in
92 is adjusted so that it now refers to the same open file description as
95 If the file descriptor
97 was previously open, it is closed before being reused;
98 the close is performed silently
99 (i.e., any errors during the close are not reported by
102 The steps of closing and reusing the file descriptor
106 This is important, because trying to implement equivalent functionality using
111 subject to race conditions, whereby
113 might be reused between the two steps.
114 Such reuse could happen because the main program is interrupted
115 by a signal handler that allocates a file descriptor,
116 or because a parallel thread allocates a file descriptor.
118 Note the following points:
122 is not a valid file descriptor, then the call fails, and
128 is a valid file descriptor, and
130 has the same value as
134 does nothing, and returns
143 The caller can force the close-on-exec flag to be set
144 for the new file descriptor by specifying
148 See the description of the same flag in
150 for reasons why this may be useful.
152 .\" Ulrich Drepper, LKML, 2008-10-09:
153 .\" We deliberately decided on this change. Otherwise, what is the
154 .\" result of dup3(fd, fd, O_CLOEXEC)?
164 On success, these system calls
165 return the new file descriptor.
166 On error, \-1 is returned, and
168 is set to indicate the error.
173 isn't an open file descriptor.
177 is out of the allowed range for file descriptors (see the discussion of
183 (Linux only) This may be returned by
187 during a race condition with
197 call was interrupted by a signal; see
203 contain an invalid value.
212 The per-process limit on the number of open file descriptors has been reached
213 (see the discussion of
219 was added to Linux in version 2.6.27;
220 glibc support is available starting with
225 POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008, SVr4, 4.3BSD.
229 .\" SVr4 documents additional
230 .\" EINTR and ENOLINK error conditions. POSIX.1 adds EINTR.
231 .\" The EBUSY return is Linux-specific.
233 The error returned by
235 is different from that returned by
236 .BR fcntl( "..., " F_DUPFD ", ..." )
242 also sometimes returns
249 was open, any errors that would have been reported at
252 If this is of concern,
253 then\(emunless the program is single-threaded and does not allocate
254 file descriptors in signal handlers\(emthe correct approach is
260 because of the race condition described above.
261 Instead, code something like the following could be used:
265 /* Obtain a duplicate of \(aqnewfd\(aq that can subsequently
266 be used to check for close() errors; an EBADF error
267 means that \(aqnewfd\(aq was not open. */
270 if (tmpfd == \-1 && errno != EBADF) {
271 /* Handle unexpected dup() error. */
274 /* Atomically duplicate \(aqoldfd\(aq on \(aqnewfd\(aq. */
276 if (dup2(oldfd, newfd) == \-1) {
277 /* Handle dup2() error. */
280 /* Now check for close() errors on the file originally
281 referred to by \(aqnewfd\(aq. */
284 if (close(tmpfd) == \-1) {
285 /* Handle errors from close. */