2 .\" This man page is Copyright (c) 1998 by Andi Kleen.
4 .\" %%%LICENSE_START(GPL_NOVERSION_ONELINE)
5 .\" Subject to the GPL.
8 .\" Based on the original comments from Alexey Kuznetsov
9 .\" Modified 2005-12-27 by Hasso Tepper <hasso@estpak.ee>
10 .\" $Id: netlink.7,v 1.8 2000/06/22 13:23:00 ak Exp $
11 .TH NETLINK 7 2016-12-12 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
13 netlink \- communication between kernel and user space (AF_NETLINK)
16 .B #include <asm/types.h>
17 .B #include <sys/socket.h>
18 .B #include <linux/netlink.h>
20 .BI "netlink_socket = socket(AF_NETLINK, " socket_type ", " netlink_family );
23 Netlink is used to transfer information between the kernel and
25 It consists of a standard sockets-based interface for user space
26 processes and an internal kernel API for kernel modules.
27 The internal kernel interface is not documented in this manual page.
28 There is also an obsolete netlink interface
29 via netlink character devices; this interface is not documented here
30 and is provided only for backward compatibility.
32 Netlink is a datagram-oriented service.
39 However, the netlink protocol does not distinguish between datagram
43 selects the kernel module or netlink group to communicate with.
44 The currently assigned netlink families are:
47 Receives routing and link updates and may be used to modify the routing
48 tables (both IPv4 and IPv6), IP addresses, link parameters,
49 neighbor setups, queueing disciplines, traffic classes and
50 packet classifiers (see
53 .BR NETLINK_W1 " (Linux 2.6.13 to 2.16.17)"
54 Messages from 1-wire subsystem.
57 Reserved for user-mode socket protocols.
59 .BR NETLINK_FIREWALL " (up to and including Linux 3.4)"
60 .\" removed by commit d16cf20e2f2f13411eece7f7fb72c17d141c4a84
61 Transport IPv4 packets from netfilter to user space.
65 After a long period of being declared obsolete (in favor of the more advanced
69 was removed in Linux 3.5.
71 .BR NETLINK_INET_DIAG " (since Linux 2.6.14)"
72 Query information about sockets of various protocol families from the kernel
76 .BR NETLINK_SOCK_DIAG " (since Linux 3.3)"
77 .\" commit 7f1fb60c4fc9fb29fbb406ac8c4cfb4e59e168d6
79 .BR NETLINK_INET_DIAG .
81 .BR NETLINK_NFLOG " (up to and including Linux 3.16)"
82 Netfilter/iptables ULOG.
85 .\" FIXME More details on NETLINK_XFRM needed.
88 .BR NETLINK_SELINUX " (since Linux 2.6.4)"
89 SELinux event notifications.
91 .BR NETLINK_ISCSI " (since Linux 2.6.15)"
92 .\" FIXME More details on NETLINK_ISCSI needed.
95 .BR NETLINK_AUDIT " (since Linux 2.6.6)"
96 .\" FIXME More details on NETLINK_AUDIT needed.
99 .BR NETLINK_FIB_LOOKUP " (since Linux 2.6.13)"
100 .\" FIXME More details on NETLINK_FIB_LOOKUP needed.
101 Access to FIB lookup from user space.
103 .BR NETLINK_CONNECTOR " (since Linux 2.6.14)"
106 .I Documentation/connector/*
107 in the Linux kernel source tree for further information.
109 .BR NETLINK_NETFILTER " (since Linux 2.6.14)"
110 .\" FIXME More details on NETLINK_NETFILTER needed.
113 .BR NETLINK_SCSITRANSPORT " (since Linux 2.6.19)"
114 .\" commit 84314fd4740ad73550c76dee4a9578979d84af48
115 .\" FIXME More details on NETLINK_SCSITRANSPORT needed.
118 .BR NETLINK_RDMA " (since Linux 3.0)"
119 .\" commit b2cbae2c248776d81cc265ff7d48405b6a4cc463
120 .\" FIXME More details on NETLINK_RDMA needed.
123 .BR NETLINK_IP6_FW " (up to and including Linux 3.4)"
124 Transport IPv6 packets from netfilter to user space.
130 DECnet routing messages.
132 .BR NETLINK_KOBJECT_UEVENT " (since Linux 2.6.10)"
133 .\" FIXME More details on NETLINK_KOBJECT_UEVENT needed.
134 Kernel messages to user space.
136 .BR NETLINK_GENERIC " (since Linux 2.6.15)"
137 Generic netlink family for simplified netlink usage.
139 .BR NETLINK_CRYPTO " (since Linux 3.2)"
140 .\" commit a38f7907b926e4c6c7d389ad96cc38cec2e5a9e9
141 .\" Author: Steffen Klassert <steffen.klassert@secunet.com>
142 Netlink interface to request information about ciphers registered
143 with the kernel crypto API as well as allow configuration of the
146 Netlink messages consist of a byte stream with one or multiple
148 headers and associated payload.
149 The byte stream should be accessed only with the standard
154 for further information.
156 In multipart messages (multiple
158 headers with associated payload in one byte stream) the first and all
159 following headers have the
161 flag set, except for the last header which has the type
171 __u32 nlmsg_len; /* Length of message including header */
172 __u16 nlmsg_type; /* Type of message content */
173 __u16 nlmsg_flags; /* Additional flags */
174 __u32 nlmsg_seq; /* Sequence number */
175 __u32 nlmsg_pid; /* Sender port ID */
181 can be one of the standard message types:
183 message is to be ignored,
185 message signals an error and the payload contains an
189 message terminates a multipart message.
194 int error; /* Negative errno or 0 for acknowledgements */
195 struct nlmsghdr msg; /* Message header that caused the error */
200 A netlink family usually specifies more message types, see the
201 appropriate manual pages for that, for example,
209 Standard flag bits in \fInlmsg_flags\fP
211 NLM_F_REQUEST:Must be set on all request messages.
213 The message is part of a multipart message terminated by
216 NLM_F_ACK:Request for an acknowledgment on success.
217 NLM_F_ECHO:Echo this request.
219 .\" No right adjustment for text blocks in tables
224 Additional flag bits for GET requests
226 NLM_F_ROOT:Return the complete table instead of a single entry.
228 Return all entries matching criteria passed in message content.
231 NLM_F_ATOMIC:Return an atomic snapshot of the table.
233 Convenience macro; equivalent to
235 (NLM_F_ROOT|NLM_F_MATCH).
238 .\" FIXME NLM_F_ATOMIC is not used anymore?
244 capability or an effective UID of 0.
249 Additional flag bits for NEW requests
251 NLM_F_REPLACE:Replace existing matching object.
252 NLM_F_EXCL:Don't replace if the object already exists.
253 NLM_F_CREATE:Create object if it doesn't already exist.
254 NLM_F_APPEND:Add to the end of the object list.
260 are used to track messages.
262 shows the origin of the message.
263 Note that there isn't a 1:1 relationship between
265 and the PID of the process if the message originated from a netlink
269 section for further information.
275 .\" FIXME Explain more about nlmsg_seq and nlmsg_pid.
276 are opaque to netlink core.
278 Netlink is not a reliable protocol.
279 It tries its best to deliver a message to its destination(s),
280 but may drop messages when an out-of-memory condition or
282 For reliable transfer the sender can request an
283 acknowledgement from the receiver by setting the
286 An acknowledgment is an
288 packet with the error field set to 0.
289 The application must generate acknowledgements for
290 received messages itself.
291 The kernel tries to send an
293 message for every failed packet.
294 A user process should follow this convention too.
296 However, reliable transmissions from kernel to user are impossible
298 The kernel can't send a netlink message if the socket buffer is full:
299 the message will be dropped and the kernel and the user-space process will
300 no longer have the same view of kernel state.
301 It is up to the application to detect when this happens (via the
309 structure describes a netlink client in user space or in the kernel.
312 can be either unicast (only sent to one peer) or sent to
313 netlink multicast groups
320 sa_family_t nl_family; /* AF_NETLINK */
321 unsigned short nl_pad; /* Zero */
322 pid_t nl_pid; /* Port ID */
323 __u32 nl_groups; /* Multicast groups mask */
329 is the unicast address of netlink socket.
330 It's always 0 if the destination is in the kernel.
331 For a user-space process,
333 is usually the PID of the process owning the destination socket.
336 identifies a netlink socket, not a process.
337 If a process owns several netlink
340 can be equal to the process ID only for at most one socket.
341 There are two ways to assign
344 If the application sets
348 then it is up to the application to make sure that
351 If the application sets it to 0, the kernel takes care of assigning it.
352 The kernel assigns the process ID to the first netlink socket the process
353 opens and assigns a unique
355 to every netlink socket that the process subsequently creates.
358 is a bit mask with every bit representing a netlink group number.
359 Each netlink family has a set of 32 multicast groups.
362 is called on the socket, the
366 should be set to a bit mask of the groups which it wishes to listen to.
367 The default value for this field is zero which means that no multicasts
369 A socket may multicast messages to any of the multicast groups by setting
371 to a bit mask of the groups it wishes to send to when it calls
375 Only processes with an effective UID of 0 or the
377 capability may send or listen to a netlink multicast group.
379 .\" commit d629b836d151d43332492651dd841d32e57ebe3b
380 messages can't be broadcast to multiple groups.
381 Any replies to a message received for a multicast group should be
382 sent back to the sending PID and the multicast group.
383 Some Linux kernel subsystems may additionally allow other users
384 to send and/or receive messages.
386 .BR NETLINK_KOBJECT_UEVENT ,
387 .BR NETLINK_GENERIC ,
391 groups allow other users to receive messages.
392 No groups allow other users to send messages.
395 To set or get a netlink socket option, call
399 to write the option with the option level argument set to
401 Unless otherwise noted,
406 .BR NETLINK_PKTINFO " (since Linux 2.6.14)"
407 .\" commit 9a4595bc7e67962f13232ee55a64e063062c3a99
408 .\" Author: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
411 control messages for received packets to get the extended
412 destination group number.
414 .BR NETLINK_ADD_MEMBERSHIP ,\ NETLINK_DROP_MEMBERSHIP " (since Linux 2.6.14)"
415 .\" commit 9a4595bc7e67962f13232ee55a64e063062c3a99
416 .\" Author: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
417 Join/leave a group specified by
420 .BR NETLINK_LIST_MEMBERSHIPS " (since Linux 4.2)"
421 .\" commit b42be38b2778eda2237fc759e55e3b698b05b315
422 .\" Author: David Herrmann <dh.herrmann@gmail.com>
423 Retrieve all groups a socket is a member of.
429 is the size of the array.
430 The array is filled with the full membership set of the
431 socket, and the required array size is returned in
434 .BR NETLINK_BROADCAST_ERROR " (since Linux 2.6.30)"
435 .\" commit be0c22a46cfb79ab2342bb28fde99afa94ef868e
436 .\" Author: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
438 .B netlink_broadcast()
441 errors and silently ignore
445 .BR NETLINK_NO_ENOBUFS " (since Linux 2.6.30)"
446 .\" commit 38938bfe3489394e2eed5e40c9bb8f66a2ce1405
447 .\" Author: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
448 This flag can be used by unicast and broadcast listeners to avoid receiving
452 .BR NETLINK_LISTEN_ALL_NSID " (since Linux 4.2)"
453 .\" commit 59324cf35aba5336b611074028777838a963d03b
454 .\" Author: Nicolas Dichtel <nicolas.dichtel@6wind.com>
455 When set, this socket will receive netlink notifications from
456 all network namespaces that have an
458 assigned into the network namespace where the socket has been opened.
461 is sent to user space via an ancillary data.
463 .BR NETLINK_CAP_ACK " (since Linux 4.2)"
464 .\" commit 0a6a3a23ea6efde079a5b77688541a98bf202721
465 .\" Author: Christophe Ricard <christophe.ricard@gmail.com>
466 The kernel may fail to allocate the necessary room for the acknowledgment
467 message back to user space.
468 This option trims off the payload of the original netlink message.
469 The netlink message header is still included, so the user can guess from the
470 sequence number which message triggered the acknowledgment.
472 The socket interface to netlink first appeared Linux 2.2.
474 Linux 2.0 supported a more primitive device-based netlink interface
475 (which is still available as a compatibility option).
476 This obsolete interface is not described here.
478 It is often better to use netlink via
482 than via the low-level kernel interface.
484 This manual page is not complete.
486 The following example creates a
488 netlink socket which will listen to the
490 (network interface create/delete/up/down events) and
491 .B RTMGRP_IPV4_IFADDR
492 (IPv4 addresses add/delete events) multicast groups.
496 struct sockaddr_nl sa;
498 memset(&sa, 0, sizeof(sa));
499 sa.nl_family = AF_NETLINK;
500 sa.nl_groups = RTMGRP_LINK | RTMGRP_IPV4_IFADDR;
502 fd = socket(AF_NETLINK, SOCK_RAW, NETLINK_ROUTE);
503 bind(fd, (struct sockaddr *) &sa, sizeof(sa));
507 The next example demonstrates how to send a netlink message to the
509 Note that the application must take care of message sequence numbers
510 in order to reliably track acknowledgements.
514 struct nlmsghdr *nh; /* The nlmsghdr with payload to send */
515 struct sockaddr_nl sa;
516 struct iovec iov = { nh, nh\->nlmsg_len };
519 msg = { &sa, sizeof(sa), &iov, 1, NULL, 0, 0 };
520 memset(&sa, 0, sizeof(sa));
521 sa.nl_family = AF_NETLINK;
523 nh\->nlmsg_seq = ++sequence_number;
524 /* Request an ack from kernel by setting NLM_F_ACK */
525 nh\->nlmsg_flags |= NLM_F_ACK;
527 sendmsg(fd, &msg, 0);
531 And the last example is about reading netlink message.
537 struct iovec iov = { buf, sizeof(buf) };
538 struct sockaddr_nl sa;
542 msg = { &sa, sizeof(sa), &iov, 1, NULL, 0, 0 };
543 len = recvmsg(fd, &msg, 0);
545 for (nh = (struct nlmsghdr *) buf; NLMSG_OK (nh, len);
546 nh = NLMSG_NEXT (nh, len)) {
547 /* The end of multipart message */
548 if (nh\->nlmsg_type == NLMSG_DONE)
551 if (nh\->nlmsg_type == NLMSG_ERROR)
552 /* Do some error handling */
555 /* Continue with parsing payload */
563 .BR capabilities (7),
567 .UR ftp://ftp.inr.ac.ru\:/ip\-routing\:/iproute2*
568 information about libnetlink
571 .UR http://www.infradead.org\:/~tgr\:/libnl/
572 information about libnl
575 RFC 3549 "Linux Netlink as an IP Services Protocol"