1 .\" Copyright (c) 1993 by Thomas Koenig (ig25@rz.uni-karlsruhe.de)
3 .\" %%%LICENSE_START(VERBATIM)
4 .\" Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
5 .\" manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
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8 .\" Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
9 .\" manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
10 .\" entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
11 .\" permission notice identical to this one.
13 .\" Since the Linux kernel and libraries are constantly changing, this
14 .\" manual page may be incorrect or out-of-date. The author(s) assume no
15 .\" responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from
16 .\" the use of the information contained herein. The author(s) may not
17 .\" have taken the same level of care in the production of this manual,
18 .\" which is licensed free of charge, as they might when working
21 .\" Formatted or processed versions of this manual, if unaccompanied by
22 .\" the source, must acknowledge the copyright and authors of this work.
25 .\" Modified Wed Jul 21 22:35:42 1993 by Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu)
26 .\" Modified 18 Mar 1996 by Martin Schulze (joey@infodrom.north.de):
27 .\" Corrected description of getwd().
28 .\" Modified Sat Aug 21 12:32:12 MET 1999 by aeb - applied fix by aj
29 .\" Modified Mon Dec 11 13:32:51 MET 2000 by aeb
30 .\" Modified Thu Apr 22 03:49:15 CEST 2002 by Roger Luethi <rl@hellgate.ch>
32 .TH GETCWD 3 2021-03-22 "GNU" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
34 getcwd, getwd, get_current_dir_name \- get current working directory
37 .B #include <unistd.h>
39 .BI "char *getcwd(char *" buf ", size_t " size );
40 .BI "char *getwd(char *" buf );
41 .B "char *get_current_dir_name(void);"
45 Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see
46 .BR feature_test_macros (7)):
49 .BR get_current_dir_name ():
57 (_XOPEN_SOURCE >= 500) && ! (_POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200809L)
58 || /* Glibc since 2.19: */ _DEFAULT_SOURCE
59 || /* Glibc <= 2.19: */ _BSD_SOURCE
61 _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE >= 500
62 .\" || _XOPEN_SOURCE && _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED
65 These functions return a null-terminated string containing an
66 absolute pathname that is the current working directory of
68 The pathname is returned as the function result and via the argument
74 function copies an absolute pathname of the current working directory
75 to the array pointed to by
80 If the length of the absolute pathname of the current working directory,
81 including the terminating null byte, exceeds
83 bytes, NULL is returned, and
87 an application should check for this error, and allocate a larger
90 As an extension to the POSIX.1-2001 standard, glibc's
92 allocates the buffer dynamically using
97 In this case, the allocated buffer has the length
103 is allocated as big as necessary.
108 .BR get_current_dir_name ()
111 an array big enough to hold the absolute pathname of
112 the current working directory.
116 is set, and its value is correct, then that value will be returned.
127 argument should be a pointer to an array at least
130 If the length of the absolute pathname of the current working directory,
131 including the terminating null byte, exceeds
133 bytes, NULL is returned, and
137 (Note that on some systems,
139 may not be a compile-time constant;
140 furthermore, its value may depend on the filesystem, see
142 For portability and security reasons, use of
146 On success, these functions return a pointer to a string containing
147 the pathname of the current working directory.
152 this is the same value as
155 On failure, these functions return NULL, and
157 is set to indicate the error.
158 The contents of the array pointed to by
160 are undefined on error.
164 Permission to read or search a component of the filename was denied.
168 points to a bad address.
175 is not a null pointer.
184 The size of the null-terminated absolute pathname string exceeds
189 The current working directory has been unlinked.
197 argument is less than the length of the absolute pathname of the
198 working directory, including the terminating null byte.
199 You need to allocate a bigger array and try again.
201 For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see
209 Interface Attribute Value
213 T} Thread safety MT-Safe
215 .BR get_current_dir_name ()
216 T} Thread safety MT-Safe env
223 conforms to POSIX.1-2001.
224 Note however that POSIX.1-2001 leaves the behavior of
231 is present in POSIX.1-2001, but marked LEGACY.
232 POSIX.1-2008 removes the specification of
238 does not define any errors for
241 .BR get_current_dir_name ()
244 Under Linux, these functions make use of the
246 system call (available since Linux 2.1.92).
247 On older systems they would query
249 If both system call and proc filesystem are missing, a
250 generic implementation is called.
251 Only in that case can
252 these calls fail under Linux with
255 These functions are often used to save the location of the current working
256 directory for the purpose of returning to it later.
258 directory (".") and calling
260 to return is usually a faster and more reliable alternative when sufficiently
261 many file descriptors are available, especially on platforms other than Linux.
263 .SS C library/kernel differences
264 On Linux, the kernel provides a
266 system call, which the functions described in this page will use if possible.
267 The system call takes the same arguments as the library function
268 of the same name, but is limited to returning at most
272 .\" commit 3272c544da48f8915a0e34189182aed029bd0f2b
273 the limit on the size of the returned pathname was the system page size.
274 On many architectures,
276 and the system page size are both 4096 bytes,
277 but a few architectures have a larger page size.)
278 If the length of the pathname of the current working directory
279 exceeds this limit, then the system call fails with the error
281 In this case, the library functions fall back to
282 a (slower) alternative implementation that returns the full pathname.
284 Following a change in Linux 2.6.36,
285 .\" commit 8df9d1a4142311c084ffeeacb67cd34d190eff74
286 the pathname returned by the
288 system call will be prefixed with the string "(unreachable)"
289 if the current directory is not below the root directory of the current
290 process (e.g., because the process set a new filesystem root using
292 without changing its current directory into the new root).
293 Such behavior can also be caused by an unprivileged user by changing
294 the current directory into another mount namespace.
295 When dealing with pathname from untrusted sources, callers of the
296 functions described in this page
297 should consider checking whether the returned pathname starts
298 with '/' or '(' to avoid misinterpreting an unreachable path
299 as a relative pathname.
301 Since the Linux 2.6.36 change that added "(unreachable)" in the
302 circumstances described above, the glibc implementation of
304 has failed to conform to POSIX and returned a relative pathname when the API
305 contract requires an absolute pathname.
306 With glibc 2.27 onwards this is corrected;
309 from such a pathname will now result in failure with