1 .\" Copyright (c) 2009 Linux Foundation, written by Michael Kerrisk
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26 .TH TIMER_CREATE 2 2021-03-22 Linux "Linux Programmer's Manual"
28 timer_create \- create a POSIX per-process timer
31 .BR "#include <signal.h>" " /* Definition of " SIGEV_* " constants */"
34 .BI "int timer_create(clockid_t " clockid ", struct sigevent *restrict " sevp ,
35 .BI " timer_t *restrict " timerid );
38 Link with \fI\-lrt\fP.
41 Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see
42 .BR feature_test_macros (7)):
47 _POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 199309L
51 creates a new per-process interval timer.
52 The ID of the new timer is returned in the buffer pointed to by
54 which must be a non-null pointer.
55 This ID is unique within the process, until the timer is deleted.
56 The new timer is initially disarmed.
60 argument specifies the clock that the new timer uses to measure time.
61 It can be specified as one of the following values:
64 A settable system-wide real-time clock.
67 A nonsettable monotonically increasing clock that measures time
68 from some unspecified point in the past that does not change
70 .\" Note: the CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW clock added for clock_gettime()
71 .\" in 2.6.28 is not supported for POSIX timers -- mtk, Feb 2009
73 .BR CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID " (since Linux 2.6.12)"
74 A clock that measures (user and system) CPU time consumed by
75 (all of the threads in) the calling process.
77 .BR CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID " (since Linux 2.6.12)"
78 A clock that measures (user and system) CPU time consumed by
80 .\" The CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW that was added in 2.6.28 can't be used
81 .\" to create a timer -- mtk, Feb 2009
83 .BR CLOCK_BOOTTIME " (Since Linux 2.6.39)"
84 .\" commit 70a08cca1227dc31c784ec930099a4417a06e7d0
87 this is a monotonically increasing clock.
90 clock does not measure the time while a system is suspended, the
92 clock does include the time during which the system is suspended.
93 This is useful for applications that need to be suspend-aware.
95 is not suitable for such applications, since that clock is affected
96 by discontinuous changes to the system clock.
98 .BR CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM " (since Linux 3.0)"
99 .\" commit 9a7adcf5c6dea63d2e47e6f6d2f7a6c9f48b9337
102 but will wake the system if it is suspended.
103 The caller must have the
105 capability in order to set a timer against this clock.
107 .BR CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM " (since Linux 3.0)"
108 .\" commit 9a7adcf5c6dea63d2e47e6f6d2f7a6c9f48b9337
111 but will wake the system if it is suspended.
112 The caller must have the
114 capability in order to set a timer against this clock.
116 .BR CLOCK_TAI " (since Linux 3.10)"
117 A system-wide clock derived from wall-clock time but ignoring leap seconds.
121 for some further details on the above clocks.
123 As well as the above values,
125 can be specified as the
127 returned by a call to
128 .BR clock_getcpuclockid (3)
130 .BR pthread_getcpuclockid (3).
136 structure that specifies how the caller
137 should be notified when the timer expires.
138 For the definition and general details of this structure, see
143 field can have the following values:
146 Don't asynchronously notify when the timer expires.
147 Progress of the timer can be monitored using
148 .BR timer_gettime (2).
151 Upon timer expiration, generate the signal
161 structure will be set to
163 At any point in time,
164 at most one signal is queued to the process for a given timer; see
165 .BR timer_getoverrun (2)
169 Upon timer expiration, invoke
170 .I sigev_notify_function
171 as if it were the start function of a new thread.
176 .BR SIGEV_THREAD_ID " (Linux-specific)"
179 but the signal is targeted at the thread whose ID is given in
180 .IR sigev_notify_thread_id ,
181 which must be a thread in the same process as the caller.
183 .IR sigev_notify_thread_id
184 field specifies a kernel thread ID, that is, the value returned by
188 This flag is intended only for use by threading libraries.
192 as NULL is equivalent to specifying a pointer to a
202 .I sigev_value.sival_int
207 returns 0, and the ID of the new timer is placed in
209 On failure, \-1 is returned, and
211 is set to indicate the error.
215 Temporary error during kernel allocation of timer structures.
222 .IR sigev_notify_thread_id
226 .\" glibc layer: malloc()
227 Could not allocate memory.
230 The kernel does not support creating a timer against this
236 .BR CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM
238 .BR CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM
239 but the caller did not have the
243 This system call is available since Linux 2.6.
245 POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008.
247 A program may create multiple interval timers using
250 Timers are not inherited by the child of a
252 and are disarmed and deleted during an
255 The kernel preallocates a "queued real-time signal"
256 for each timer created using
258 Consequently, the number of timers is limited by the
259 .BR RLIMIT_SIGPENDING
263 The timers created by
265 are commonly known as "POSIX (interval) timers".
266 The POSIX timers API consists of the following interfaces:
271 .BR timer_settime (2):
272 Arm (start) or disarm (stop) a timer.
274 .BR timer_gettime (2):
275 Fetch the time remaining until the next expiration of a timer,
276 along with the interval setting of the timer.
278 .BR timer_getoverrun (2):
279 Return the overrun count for the last timer expiration.
281 .BR timer_delete (2):
282 Disarm and delete a timer.
284 Since Linux 3.10, the
285 .IR /proc/[pid]/timers
286 file can be used to list the POSIX timers for the process with PID
290 for further information.
293 .\" baa73d9e478ff32d62f3f9422822b59dd9a95a21
294 support for POSIX timers is a configurable option that is enabled by default.
295 Kernel support can be disabled via the
296 .BR CONFIG_POSIX_TIMERS
299 .SS C library/kernel differences
300 Part of the implementation of the POSIX timers API is provided by glibc.
301 .\" See nptl/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/timer_create.c
304 Much of the functionality for
306 is implemented within glibc, rather than the kernel.
307 (This is necessarily so,
308 since the thread involved in handling the notification is one
309 that must be managed by the C library POSIX threads implementation.)
310 Although the notification delivered to the process is via a thread,
311 internally the NPTL implementation uses a
315 along with a real-time signal that is reserved by the implementation (see
318 The implementation of the default case where
320 is NULL is handled inside glibc,
321 which invokes the underlying system call with a suitably populated
325 The timer IDs presented at user level are maintained by glibc,
326 which maps these IDs to the timer IDs employed by the kernel.
327 .\" See the glibc source file kernel-posix-timers.h for the structure
328 .\" that glibc uses to map user-space timer IDs to kernel timer IDs
329 .\" The kernel-level timer ID is exposed via siginfo.si_tid.
331 The POSIX timers system calls first appeared in Linux 2.6.
333 glibc provided an incomplete user-space implementation
335 timers only) using POSIX threads,
336 and in glibc versions before 2.17,
337 .\" glibc commit 93a78ac437ba44f493333d7e2a4b0249839ce460
338 the implementation falls back to this technique on systems
339 running pre-2.6 Linux kernels.
341 The program below takes two arguments: a sleep period in seconds,
342 and a timer frequency in nanoseconds.
343 The program establishes a handler for the signal it uses for the timer,
345 creates and arms a timer that expires with the given frequency,
346 sleeps for the specified number of seconds,
347 and then unblocks the timer signal.
348 Assuming that the timer expired at least once while the program slept,
349 the signal handler will be invoked,
350 and the handler displays some information about the timer notification.
351 The program terminates after one invocation of the signal handler.
353 In the following example run, the program sleeps for 1 second,
354 after creating a timer that has a frequency of 100 nanoseconds.
355 By the time the signal is unblocked and delivered,
356 there have been around ten million overruns.
360 $ \fB./a.out 1 100\fP
361 Establishing handler for signal 34
363 timer ID is 0x804c008
364 Sleeping for 1 seconds
367 sival_ptr = 0xbfb174f4; *sival_ptr = 0x804c008
368 overrun count = 10004886
381 #define CLOCKID CLOCK_REALTIME
384 #define errExit(msg) do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \e
388 print_siginfo(siginfo_t *si)
393 tidp = si\->si_value.sival_ptr;
395 printf(" sival_ptr = %p; ", si\->si_value.sival_ptr);
396 printf(" *sival_ptr = %#jx\en", (uintmax_t) *tidp);
398 or = timer_getoverrun(*tidp);
400 errExit("timer_getoverrun");
402 printf(" overrun count = %d\en", or);
406 handler(int sig, siginfo_t *si, void *uc)
408 /* Note: calling printf() from a signal handler is not safe
409 (and should not be done in production programs), since
410 printf() is not async\-signal\-safe; see signal\-safety(7).
411 Nevertheless, we use printf() here as a simple way of
412 showing that the handler was called. */
414 printf("Caught signal %d\en", sig);
416 signal(sig, SIG_IGN);
420 main(int argc, char *argv[])
424 struct itimerspec its;
425 long long freq_nanosecs;
430 fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <sleep\-secs> <freq\-nanosecs>\en",
435 /* Establish handler for timer signal. */
437 printf("Establishing handler for signal %d\en", SIG);
438 sa.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO;
439 sa.sa_sigaction = handler;
440 sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
441 if (sigaction(SIG, &sa, NULL) == \-1)
442 errExit("sigaction");
444 /* Block timer signal temporarily. */
446 printf("Blocking signal %d\en", SIG);
448 sigaddset(&mask, SIG);
449 if (sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &mask, NULL) == \-1)
450 errExit("sigprocmask");
452 /* Create the timer. */
454 sev.sigev_notify = SIGEV_SIGNAL;
455 sev.sigev_signo = SIG;
456 sev.sigev_value.sival_ptr = &timerid;
457 if (timer_create(CLOCKID, &sev, &timerid) == \-1)
458 errExit("timer_create");
460 printf("timer ID is %#jx\en", (uintmax_t) timerid);
462 /* Start the timer. */
464 freq_nanosecs = atoll(argv[2]);
465 its.it_value.tv_sec = freq_nanosecs / 1000000000;
466 its.it_value.tv_nsec = freq_nanosecs % 1000000000;
467 its.it_interval.tv_sec = its.it_value.tv_sec;
468 its.it_interval.tv_nsec = its.it_value.tv_nsec;
470 if (timer_settime(timerid, 0, &its, NULL) == \-1)
471 errExit("timer_settime");
473 /* Sleep for a while; meanwhile, the timer may expire
476 printf("Sleeping for %d seconds\en", atoi(argv[1]));
477 sleep(atoi(argv[1]));
479 /* Unlock the timer signal, so that timer notification
482 printf("Unblocking signal %d\en", SIG);
483 if (sigprocmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, &mask, NULL) == \-1)
484 errExit("sigprocmask");
492 .BR clock_gettime (2),
494 .BR timer_delete (2),
495 .BR timer_getoverrun (2),
496 .BR timer_settime (2),
497 .BR timerfd_create (2),
498 .BR clock_getcpuclockid (3),
499 .BR pthread_getcpuclockid (3),