2 .\" Copyright (C) 2001 Andries Brouwer <aeb@cwi.nl>
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26 .TH UNITS 7 2012-08-05 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
28 units \- decimal and binary prefixes
31 The SI system of units uses prefixes that indicate powers of ten.
32 A kilometer is 1000 meter, and a megawatt is 1000000 watt.
33 Below the standard prefixes.
38 y yocto 10^-24 = 0.000000000000000000000001
39 z zepto 10^-21 = 0.000000000000000000001
40 a atto 10^-18 = 0.000000000000000001
41 f femto 10^-15 = 0.000000000000001
42 p pico 10^-12 = 0.000000000001
43 n nano 10^-9 = 0.000000001
44 \(mc micro 10^-6 = 0.000001
51 M mega 10^ 6 = 1000000
52 G giga 10^ 9 = 1000000000
53 T tera 10^12 = 1000000000000
54 P peta 10^15 = 1000000000000000
55 E exa 10^18 = 1000000000000000000
56 Z zetta 10^21 = 1000000000000000000000
57 Y yotta 10^24 = 1000000000000000000000000
61 The symbol for micro is the Greek letter mu, often written u
62 in an ASCII context where this Greek letter is not available.
66 .UR http://physics.nist.gov\:/cuu\:/Units\:/prefixes.html
70 The binary prefixes resemble the decimal ones,
71 but have an additional \(aqi\(aq
72 (and "Ki" starts with a capital \(aqK\(aq).
73 The names are formed by taking the
74 first syllable of the names of the decimal prefix with roughly the same
75 size, followed by "bi" for "binary".
81 Mi mebi 2^20 = 1048576
82 Gi gibi 2^30 = 1073741824
83 Ti tebi 2^40 = 1099511627776
84 Pi pebi 2^50 = 1125899906842624
85 Ei exbi 2^60 = 1152921504606846976
91 .UR http://physics.nist.gov\:/cuu\:/Units\:/binary.html
94 Before these binary prefixes were introduced, it was fairly
95 common to use k=1000 and K=1024, just like b=bit, B=byte.
96 Unfortunately, the M is capital already, and cannot be
97 capitalized to indicate binary-ness.
99 At first that didn't matter too much, since memory modules
100 and disks came in sizes that were powers of two, so everyone
101 knew that in such contexts "kilobyte" and "megabyte" meant
102 1024 and 1048576 bytes, respectively.
103 What originally was a
104 sloppy use of the prefixes "kilo" and "mega" started to become
105 regarded as the "real true meaning" when computers were involved.
106 But then disk technology changed, and disk sizes became arbitrary numbers.
107 After a period of uncertainty all disk manufacturers settled on the
108 standard, namely k=1000, M=1000k, G=1000M.
110 The situation was messy: in the 14k4 modems, k=1000; in the 1.44MB
111 .\" also common: 14.4k modem
112 diskettes, M=1024000; and so on.
113 In 1998 the IEC approved the standard
114 that defines the binary prefixes given above, enabling people
115 to be precise and unambiguous.
117 Thus, today, MB = 1000000B and MiB = 1048576B.
119 In the free software world programs are slowly
120 being changed to conform.
121 When the Linux kernel boots and says
125 hda: 120064896 sectors (61473 MB) w/2048KiB Cache
129 the MB are megabytes and the KiB are kibibytes.