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38 .\" @(#)stdarg.3 6.8 (Berkeley) 6/29/91
40 .\" Converted for Linux, Mon Nov 29 15:11:11 1993, faith@cs.unc.edu
41 .\" Additions, 2001-10-14, aeb
43 .TH STDARG 3 2013-12-10 "" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
45 stdarg, va_start, va_arg, va_end, va_copy \- variable argument lists
47 .B #include <stdarg.h>
49 .BI "void va_start(va_list " ap ", " last );
51 .IB type " va_arg(va_list " ap ", " type );
53 .BI "void va_end(va_list " ap );
55 .BI "void va_copy(va_list " dest ", va_list " src );
57 A function may be called with a varying number of arguments of varying
63 and defines three macros for stepping through a list of arguments whose
64 number and types are not known to the called function.
66 The called function must declare an object of type
68 which is used by the macros
82 and must be called first.
86 is the name of the last argument before the variable argument list, that is,
87 the last argument of which the calling function knows the type.
89 Because the address of this argument may be used in the
91 macro, it should not be declared as a register variable,
92 or as a function or an array type.
96 macro expands to an expression that has the type and value of the next
109 so that the next call returns the next argument.
112 is a type name specified so that the type of a pointer to an object that
113 has the specified type can be obtained simply by adding a * to
118 macro after that of the
120 macro returns the argument after
122 Successive invocations return the values of the remaining arguments.
124 If there is no next argument, or if
126 is not compatible with the type of the actual next argument (as promoted
127 according to the default argument promotions), random errors will occur.
131 is passed to a function that uses
132 .BI va_arg( ap , type ),
135 is undefined after the return of that function.
139 must be matched by a corresponding invocation of
141 in the same function.
147 Multiple traversals of the list, each
154 may be a macro or a function.
158 macro copies the (previously initialized) variable argument list
162 The behavior is as if
168 argument, followed by the same number of
170 invocations that was used to reach the current state of
173 .\" Proposal from clive@demon.net, 1997-02-28
174 An obvious implementation would have a
176 be a pointer to the stack frame of the variadic function.
177 In such a setup (by far the most common) there seems
178 nothing against an assignment
186 Unfortunately, there are also systems that make it an
187 array of pointers (of length 1), and there one needs
196 Finally, on systems where arguments are passed in registers,
197 it may be necessary for
199 to allocate memory, store the arguments there, and also
200 an indication of which argument is next, so that
202 can step through the list.
205 can free the allocated memory again.
206 To accommodate this situation, C99 adds a macro
208 so that the above assignment can be replaced by
221 must be matched by a corresponding invocation of
223 in the same function.
224 Some systems that do not supply
228 instead, since that was the name used in the draft proposal.
230 .SS Multithreading (see pthreads(7))
237 macros are thread-safe.
244 macros conform to C89.
251 compatible with the historic macros they replace.
252 A backward-compatible version can be found in the include file
255 The historic setup is:
270 x = va_arg(ap, type);
280 contains a closing \(aq}\(aq matching a \(aq{\(aq in
282 so that both macros must occur in the same function, and in a way
289 macros do not permit programmers to code a function with no fixed
291 This problem generates work mainly when converting
295 code, but it also creates difficulties for variadic functions that wish to
296 pass all of their arguments on to a function that takes a
303 takes a string of format characters and prints out the argument associated
304 with each format character based on the type.
320 case \(aqs\(aq: /* string */
321 s = va_arg(ap, char *);
322 printf("string %s\en", s);
324 case \(aqd\(aq: /* int */
326 printf("int %d\en", d);
328 case \(aqc\(aq: /* char */
329 /* need a cast here since va_arg only
330 takes fully promoted types */
331 c = (char) va_arg(ap, int);
332 printf("char %c\en", c);