1 .\" Copyright (c) 1997 John S. Kallal (kallal@voicenet.com)
3 .\" %%%LICENSE_START(GPLv2+_DOC_ONEPARA)
4 .\" This is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or
5 .\" modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
6 .\" published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
7 .\" the License, or (at your option) any later version.
10 .\" Some changes by tytso and aeb.
12 .\" 2004-12-16, John V. Belmonte/mtk, Updated init and quit scripts
13 .\" 2004-04-08, AEB, Improved description of read from /dev/urandom
14 .\" 2008-06-20, George Spelvin <linux@horizon.com>,
15 .\" Matt Mackall <mpm@selenic.com>
17 .TH RANDOM 4 2017-09-15 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
19 random, urandom \- kernel random number source devices
21 #include <linux/random.h>
23 .BI "int ioctl(" fd ", RND" request ", " param ");"
25 The character special files \fI/dev/random\fP and
26 \fI/dev/urandom\fP (present since Linux 1.3.30)
27 provide an interface to the kernel's random number generator.
30 has major device number 1 and minor device number 8.
33 has major device number 1 and minor device number 9.
35 The random number generator gathers environmental noise
36 from device drivers and other sources into an entropy pool.
37 The generator also keeps an estimate of the
38 number of bits of noise in the entropy pool.
39 From this entropy pool, random numbers are created.
41 Linux 3.17 and later provides the simpler and safer
43 interface which requires no special files;
46 manual page for details.
50 device returns random bytes using a pseudorandom
51 number generator seeded from the entropy pool.
52 Reads from this device do not block (i.e., the CPU is not yielded),
53 but can incur an appreciable delay when requesting large amounts of data.
55 When read during early boot time,
57 may return data prior to the entropy pool being initialized.
58 .\" This is a real problem; see
59 .\" commit 9b4d008787f864f17d008c9c15bbe8a0f7e2fc24
60 If this is of concern in your application, use
62 or \fI/dev/random\fP instead.
64 The \fI/dev/random\fP device is a legacy interface which dates back to
65 a time where the cryptographic primitives used in the implementation
66 of \fI/dev/urandom\fP were not widely trusted.
67 It will return random bytes only within the estimated number of
68 bits of fresh noise in the entropy pool, blocking if necessary.
69 \fI/dev/random\fP is suitable for applications that need
70 high quality randomness, and can afford indeterminate delays.
72 When the entropy pool is empty, reads from \fI/dev/random\fP will block
73 until additional environmental noise is gathered.
82 will not block if the requested number of bytes is not available.
83 Instead, the available bytes are returned.
84 If no byte is available,
93 flag has no effect when opening
99 reads of up to 256 bytes will return as many bytes as are requested
100 and will not be interrupted by a signal handler.
101 Reads with a buffer over this limit may return less than the
102 requested number of bytes or fail with the error
104 if interrupted by a signal handler.
107 .\" commit 79a8468747c5f95ed3d5ce8376a3e82e0c5857fc
112 will return at most 32\ MB.
117 will return at most 512 bytes
118 .\" SEC_XFER_SIZE in drivers/char/random.c
119 (340 bytes on Linux kernels before version 2.6.12).
121 Writing to \fI/dev/random\fP or \fI/dev/urandom\fP will update the
122 entropy pool with the data written, but this will not result in a
123 higher entropy count.
124 This means that it will impact the contents
125 read from both files, but it will not make reads from
126 \fI/dev/random\fP faster.
130 interface is considered a legacy interface, and
132 is preferred and sufficient in all use cases, with the exception of
133 applications which require randomness during early boot time; for
136 must be used instead,
137 because it will block until the entropy pool is initialized.
139 If a seed file is saved across reboots as recommended below (all major
140 Linux distributions have done this since 2000 at least), the output is
141 cryptographically secure against attackers without local root access as
142 soon as it is reloaded in the boot sequence, and perfectly adequate for
143 network encryption session keys.
146 may block, users will usually want to open it in nonblocking mode
147 (or perform a read with timeout),
148 and provide some sort of user notification if the desired
149 entropy is not immediately available.
152 If your system does not have
153 \fI/dev/random\fP and \fI/dev/urandom\fP created already, they
154 can be created with the following commands:
158 mknod \-m 666 /dev/random c 1 8
159 mknod \-m 666 /dev/urandom c 1 9
160 chown root:root /dev/random /dev/urandom
164 When a Linux system starts up without much operator interaction,
165 the entropy pool may be in a fairly predictable state.
166 This reduces the actual amount of noise in the entropy pool
168 In order to counteract this effect, it helps to carry
169 entropy pool information across shut-downs and start-ups.
170 To do this, add the lines to an appropriate script
171 which is run during the Linux system start-up sequence:
175 echo "Initializing random number generator..."
176 random_seed=/var/run/random-seed
177 # Carry a random seed from start-up to start-up
178 # Load and then save the whole entropy pool
179 if [ \-f $random_seed ]; then
180 cat $random_seed >/dev/urandom
184 chmod 600 $random_seed
185 poolfile=/proc/sys/kernel/random/poolsize
186 [ \-r $poolfile ] && bits=$(cat $poolfile) || bits=4096
187 bytes=$(expr $bits / 8)
188 dd if=/dev/urandom of=$random_seed count=1 bs=$bytes
192 Also, add the following lines in an appropriate script which is
193 run during the Linux system shutdown:
197 # Carry a random seed from shut-down to start-up
198 # Save the whole entropy pool
199 echo "Saving random seed..."
200 random_seed=/var/run/random-seed
202 chmod 600 $random_seed
203 poolfile=/proc/sys/kernel/random/poolsize
204 [ \-r $poolfile ] && bits=$(cat $poolfile) || bits=4096
205 bytes=$(expr $bits / 8)
206 dd if=/dev/urandom of=$random_seed count=1 bs=$bytes
210 In the above examples, we assume Linux 2.6.0 or later, where
211 .IR /proc/sys/kernel/random/poolsize
212 returns the size of the entropy pool in bits (see below).
215 The files in the directory
216 .I /proc/sys/kernel/random
217 (present since 2.3.16) provide additional information about the
222 This read-only file gives the available entropy, in bits.
223 This will be a number in the range 0 to 4096.
227 gives the size of the entropy pool.
228 The semantics of this file vary across kernel versions:
232 This file gives the size of the entropy pool in
234 Normally, this file will have the value 512, but it is writable,
235 and can be changed to any value for which an algorithm is available.
236 The choices are 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, or 2048.
239 This file is read-only, and gives the size of the entropy pool in
241 It contains the value 4096.
244 .I read_wakeup_threshold
246 contains the number of bits of entropy required for waking up processes
247 that sleep waiting for entropy from
251 .I write_wakeup_threshold
253 contains the number of bits of entropy below which we wake up
260 These values can be changed by writing to the files.
262 .IR uuid " and " boot_id
263 These read-only files
264 contain random strings like 6fd5a44b-35f4-4ad4-a9b9-6b9be13e1fe9.
265 The former is generated afresh for each read, the latter was
268 .SS ioctl(2) interface
271 requests are defined on file descriptors connected to either \fI/dev/random\fP
272 or \fI/dev/urandom\fP.
273 All requests performed will interact with the input
274 entropy pool impacting both \fI/dev/random\fP and \fI/dev/urandom\fP.
277 capability is required for all requests except
281 Retrieve the entropy count of the input pool, the contents will be the same
285 The result will be stored in the int pointed to by the argument.
288 Increment or decrement the entropy count of the input pool
289 by the value pointed to by the argument.
292 Removed in Linux 2.6.9.
295 Add some additional entropy to the input pool,
296 incrementing the entropy count.
297 This differs from writing to \fI/dev/random\fP or \fI/dev/urandom\fP,
299 data but does not increment the entropy count.
300 The following structure is used:
304 struct rand_pool_info {
314 is the value added to (or subtracted from) the entropy count, and
316 is the buffer of size
318 which gets added to the entropy pool.
320 .BR RNDZAPENTCNT ", " RNDCLEARPOOL
321 Zero the entropy count of all pools and add some system data (such as
322 wall clock) to the pools.
328 For an overview and comparison of the various interfaces that
329 can be used to obtain randomness, see
332 During early boot time, reads from
334 may return data prior to the entropy pool being initialized.
336 .\" The kernel's random number generator was written by
337 .\" Theodore Ts'o (tytso@athena.mit.edu).
343 RFC\ 1750, "Randomness Recommendations for Security"