1 This is web2c.info, produced by makeinfo version 5.2 from web2c.texi.
3 This file documents the installation and use of the programs in Web2c,
4 an implementation of Donald Knuth's TeX system.
6 Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
7 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009 Karl Berry & Olaf Weber.
9 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
10 manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
11 preserved on all copies.
13 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
14 this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
15 entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
16 permission notice identical to this one.
18 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
19 manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
20 versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a
24 * Web2c: (web2c). TeX, Metafont, and companion programs.
27 INFO-DIR-SECTION Individual utilities
29 * bibtex: (web2c)bibtex invocation. Maintaining bibliographies.
30 * dvicopy: (web2c)dvicopy invocation. Virtual font expansion
31 * dvitomp: (web2c)dvitomp invocation. DVI to MPX (MetaPost pictures).
32 * dvitype: (web2c)dvitype invocation. DVI to human-readable text.
33 * gftodvi: (web2c)gftodvi invocation. Generic font proofsheets.
34 * gftopk: (web2c)gftopk invocation. Generic to packed fonts.
35 * gftype: (web2c)gftype invocation. GF to human-readable text.
36 * mf: (web2c)mf invocation. Creating typeface families.
37 * mft: (web2c)mft invocation. Prettyprinting Metafont source.
38 * mltex: (web2c)MLTeX. Multi-lingual TeX.
39 * mpost: (web2c)mpost invocation. Creating technical diagrams.
40 * patgen: (web2c)patgen invocation. Creating hyphenation patterns.
41 * pktogf: (web2c)pktogf invocation. Packed to generic fonts.
42 * pktype: (web2c)pktype invocation. PK to human-readable text.
43 * pltotf: (web2c)pltotf invocation. Property list to TFM.
44 * pooltype: (web2c)pooltype invocation. Display WEB pool files.
45 * tangle: (web2c)tangle invocation. WEB to Pascal.
46 * tex: (web2c)tex invocation. Typesetting.
47 * tftopl: (web2c)tftopl invocation. TFM -> property list.
48 * vftovp: (web2c)vftovp invocation. Virtual font -> virtual pl.
49 * vptovf: (web2c)vptovf invocation. Virtual pl -> virtual font.
50 * weave: (web2c)weave invocation. WEB to TeX.
54 File: web2c.info, Node: Top, Next: Introduction, Up: (dir)
59 This document describes how to install and use the programs in the Web2c
60 implementation of the TeX system, especially for Unix systems. It
61 corresponds to Web2c version 2015, released in May 2015.
65 * Introduction:: A brief introduction.
66 * Installation:: How to compile and install Web2c.
67 * Commonalities:: Option syntax, standard options, memory dumps.
69 * Metafont:: Typeface design.
70 * MetaPost:: Technical illustrations.
71 * BibTeX:: Reusable bibliographies.
72 * WEB:: Literate programming.
73 * DVI utilities:: DVI expansion.
74 * Font utilities:: Font format conversion.
75 * Legalisms:: Blah blah blah.
76 * References:: Books and such.
77 * Index:: General index.
80 File: web2c.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Installation, Prev: Top, Up: Top
85 This manual corresponds to version 2015 of Web2c, released in May 2015.
87 "Web2c" is the name of a TeX implementation, originally for Unix, but
88 now also running under DOS, Amiga, and other operating systems. By "TeX
89 implementation", we mean all of the standard programs developed by the
90 Stanford TeX project directed by Donald E. Knuth: Metafont, DVItype,
91 GFtoDVI, BibTeX, Tangle, etc., as well as TeX itself. Other programs
92 are also included: DVIcopy, written by Peter Breitenlohner, MetaPost and
93 its utilities (derived from Metafont), by John Hobby, etc.
95 General strategy: Web2c works, as its name implies, by translating
96 the WEB source in which TeX is written into C source code. Its output
97 is not self-contained, however; it makes extensive use of many macros
98 and functions in a library (the 'web2c/lib' directory in the sources).
99 Therefore, it will not work without change on an arbitrary WEB program.
101 Availability: All of Web2c is freely available--"free" both in the
102 sense of no cost (free ice cream) and of having the source code to
103 modify and/or redistribute (free speech). *Note
104 (kpathsea)unixtex.ftp::, for the practical details of how to obtain
107 Different parts of the Web2c distribution have different licensing
108 terms, however, reflecting the different circumstances of their
109 creation; consult each source file for exact details. The main
110 practical implication for redistributors of Web2c is that the
111 executables are covered by the GNU General Public License, and therefore
112 anyone who gets a binary distribution must also get the sources, as
113 explained by the terms of the GPL (*note (kpathsea)Copying::). The GPL
114 covers the Web2c executables, including 'tex', because the Free Software
115 Foundation sponsored the initial development of the Kpathsea library
116 that Web2c uses. The basic source files from Stanford, however, have
117 their own copyright terms or are in the public domain, and are not
120 History: Tomas Rokicki originated the TeX-to-C system in 1987,
121 working from the first change files for TeX under Unix, which were done
122 primarily by Howard Trickey and Pavel Curtis. Tim Morgan then took over
123 development and maintenance for a number of years; the name changed to
124 Web-to-C somewhere in there. In 1990, Karl Berry became the maintainer.
125 He made many changes to the original sources, and started using the
126 shorter name Web2c. In 1997, Olaf Weber took over. Dozens of other
127 people have contributed; their names are listed in the 'ChangeLog'
130 Other acknowledgements: The University of Massachusetts at Boston
131 (particularly Rick Martin and Bob Morris) provided computers and ftp
132 access to me for many years. Richard Stallman at the Free Software
133 Foundation employed me while I wrote the original path searching library
134 (for the GNU font utilities). (rms also gave us Emacs, GDB, and GCC,
135 without which I cannot imagine developing Web2c.) And, of course, TeX
136 would not exist in the first place without Donald E. Knuth.
138 Further reading: *Note References::.
141 File: web2c.info, Node: Installation, Next: Commonalities, Prev: Introduction, Up: Top
146 (A copy of this chapter is in the distribution file 'web2c/INSTALL'.)
148 Installing Web2c is mostly the same as installing any other
149 Kpathsea-using program. Therefore, for the basic steps involved, see
150 *note (kpathsea)Installation::. (A copy is in the file
153 One peculiarity to Web2c is that the source distribution comes in two
154 files: 'web.tar.gz' and 'web2c.tar.gz'. You must retrieve and unpack
155 them both. (We have two because the former archive contains the very
156 large and seldom-changing original WEB source files.) *Note
157 (kpathsea)unixtex.ftp::.
159 Another peculiarity is the MetaPost program. Although it has been
160 installed previously as 'mp', as of Web2c 7.0 the installed name is now
161 'mpost', to avoid conflict with the 'mp' program that does
162 prettyprinting. This approach was recommended by the MetaPost author,
163 John Hobby. If you as the TeX administrator wish to make it available
164 under its shorter name as well, you will have to set up a link or some
165 such yourself. And of course individual users can do the same.
167 For solutions to common installation problems and information on how
168 to report a bug, see the file 'kpathsea/BUGS' (*note (kpathsea)Bugs::).
169 See also the Web2c home page, <http://www.tug.org/web2c>.
171 Points worth repeating:
173 * Before starting the standard compilation and installation you must
174 install the basic fonts, macros, and other library files. *Note
175 (kpathsea)Installation::.
177 * If you do not wish to use the standard file locations, see *note
178 (kpathsea)Changing search paths::.
180 * Some Web2c features are enabled or disabled at 'configure' time, as
181 described in the first section below.
185 * configure options:: Especially -with and -enable.
186 * Compile-time options:: Unusual -D's.
187 * Additional targets:: Breaking down the task.
188 * Triptrap:: Running the torture tests.
189 * Runtime options:: Array sizes and the like.
192 File: web2c.info, Node: configure options, Next: Compile-time options, Up: Installation
194 2.1 'configure' options
195 =======================
197 This section gives pointers to descriptions of the '--with' and
198 '--enable' 'configure' arguments that Web2c accepts. Some are specific
199 to Web2c, others are generic to all Kpathsea-using programs.
201 For a list of all the options 'configure' accepts, run 'configure
202 --help'. The generic options are listed first, and the package-specific
205 For a description of the generic options (which mainly allow you to
206 specify installation directories) and basic 'configure' usage, see *note
207 Running 'configure' scripts: (autoconf)Invoking configure, a copy is in
208 the file 'kpathsea/CONFIGURE'.
210 '--disable-dump-share'
211 Do not make fmt/base/mem files sharable across different endian
212 architectures. *Note Hardware and memory dumps::.
214 '--without-maketexmf-default'
215 '--without-maketexpk-default'
216 '--without-maketextfm-default'
217 '--with-maketextex-default'
218 Enable or disable the dynamic generation programs. *Note
219 (kpathsea)mktex configuration::. The defaults are the inverse of
220 the options, i.e., everything is enabled except 'mktextex'.
223 Build Kpathsea as a shared library. *Note (kpathsea)Shared
227 Change the default editor invoked by the 'e' interactive command.
228 *Note Editor invocation::.
236 '--with-tektronixwin'
239 '--with-x-toolkit=KIT'
242 Define Metafont graphics support; by default, no graphics support
243 is enabled. *Note Online Metafont graphics::.
247 Define the locations of the X11 include files and libraries; by
248 default, 'configure' does its best to guess). *Note
249 (autoconf)Optional Features::. A copy is in 'kpathsea/CONFIGURE'.
252 File: web2c.info, Node: Compile-time options, Next: Additional targets, Prev: configure options, Up: Installation
254 2.2 Compile-time options
255 ========================
257 In addition to the 'configure' options listed in the previous section,
258 there are a few things that can be affected at compile-time with C
259 definitions, rather than with 'configure'. Using any of these is
262 To specify extra compiler flags ('-DNAME' in this case), the simplest
264 make XCFLAGS="CCOPTIONS"
265 You can also set the 'CFLAGS' environment variable before running
266 'configure'. *Note (kpathsea)configure environment::.
268 Anyway, here are the possibilities:
272 Use the original WEB fixed-point routines for Metafont and MetaPost
273 arithmetic calculations regarding fractions. By default,
274 assembly-language routines are used on x86 hardware with GNU C
275 (unless 'NO_MF_ASM' is defined), and floating-point routines are
279 Report on various interprocess communication activities. *Note IPC
280 and TeX: IPC and TeX.
283 File: web2c.info, Node: Additional targets, Next: Triptrap, Prev: Compile-time options, Up: Installation
285 2.3 Additional targets
286 ======================
288 Web2c has several Make targets besides the standard ones. You can
289 invoke these either in the top level directory of the source
290 distribution (the one containing 'kpathsea/' and 'web2c/'), or in the
294 Make only the C files, translated from the Web sources, presumably
295 because you want to take them to a non-Unix machine.
299 Make or install all the memory dumps (*note Memory dumps::). By
300 default, the standard plain formats plus 'latex.fmt' are made. You
301 can add other formats by redefining the 'fmts', 'bases', and 'mems'
302 variables. See the top of 'web2c/Makefile' for the possibilities.
306 Make or install the TeX '.fmt' files. *Note Initial TeX::.
311 Make or install the Metafont '.base' files. *Note Initial
316 Make or install the MetaPost '.mem' files. *Note Initial
323 To run the torture tests for TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost
324 (respectively). See the next section.
327 File: web2c.info, Node: Triptrap, Next: Runtime options, Prev: Additional targets, Up: Installation
329 2.4 Trip, trap, and mptrap: Torture tests
330 =========================================
332 To validate your TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost executables, run 'make
333 triptrap'. This runs the trip, trap, and mptrap "torture tests". See
334 the files 'triptrap/tripman.tex', 'triptrap/trapman.tex', and
335 'triptrap/mptrap.readme' for detailed information and background on the
338 The differences between your executables' behavior and the standard
339 values will show up on your terminal. The usual differences (these are
342 * string usage and table sizes;
344 * 'down4', 'right4', and 'y4' commands in DVItype output;
347 Any other differences are trouble. The most common culprit in the past
348 has been compiler bugs, especially when optimizing. *Note TeX or
349 Metafont failing: (kpathsea)TeX or Metafont failing.
351 The files 'trip.diffs', 'mftrap.diffs', and 'mptrap.diffs' in the
352 'triptrap' directory show the standard diffs against the original
353 output. If you diff your diffs against these files, you should come up
355 make trip >&mytrip.diffs
356 diff triptrap/trip.diffs mytrip.diffs
358 To run the tests separately, use the targets 'trip', 'trap', and
361 To run simple tests for all the programs as well as the torture
362 tests, run 'make check'. You can compare the output to the distributed
363 file 'tests/check.log' if you like.
366 File: web2c.info, Node: Runtime options, Prev: Triptrap, Up: Installation
371 Besides the configure- and compile-time options described in the
372 previous sections, you can control a number of parameters (in
373 particular, array sizes) in the 'texmf.cnf' runtime file read by
374 Kpathsea (*note (kpathsea)Config files::).
376 Rather than exhaustively listing them here, please see the last
377 section of the distributed 'kpathsea/texmf.cnf'. Some of the more
381 Total words of memory available, for TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost.
382 Must remake the format file after changing.
385 Extra space for "large" TeX data structures: boxes, glue,
386 breakpoints, et al. If you use PiCTeX, you may well want to set
390 Words of font info available for TeX; this is approximately the
391 total size of all TFM files read.
394 Additional space for the hash table of control sequence names.
395 Approximately 10,000 control sequences can be stored in the main
396 hash table; if you have a large book with numerous
397 cross-references, this might not be enough, and thus you will want
400 Of course, ideally all arrays would be dynamically expanded as
401 necessary, so the only limiting factor would be the amount of swap space
402 available. Unfortunately, implementing this is extremely difficult, as
403 the fixed size of arrays is assumed in many places throughout the source
404 code. These runtime limits are a practical compromise between the
405 compile-time limits in previous versions, and truly dynamic arrays. (On
406 the other hand, the Web2c BibTeX implementation does do dynamic
407 reallocation of some arrays.)
410 File: web2c.info, Node: Commonalities, Next: TeX, Prev: Installation, Up: Top
415 Many aspects of the TeX system are the same among more than one program,
416 so we describe all those pieces together, here.
420 * Option conventions:: - or -, = or ' ' for values.
421 * Common options:: -help -version -verbose, and TeX/MF/MP options.
422 * Path searching:: Features of the common path searching library.
423 * Output file location:: TEXMFOUTPUT allows output in places other than '.'.
424 * Three programs:: TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost have a lot in common.
427 File: web2c.info, Node: Option conventions, Next: Common options, Up: Commonalities
429 3.1 Option conventions
430 ======================
432 To provide a clean and consistent behavior, we chose to have all these
433 programs use the GNU function 'getopt_long_only' to parse command lines.
434 However, we do use in a restricted mode, where all the options have to
435 come before the rest of the arguments.
437 As a result, you can:
438 * use '-' or '--' to start an option name;
440 * use any unambiguous abbreviation for an option name;
442 * separate option names and values with either '=' or one or more
445 * use filenames that would otherwise look like options by putting
446 them after an option '--'.
448 By convention, non-option arguments, if specified, generally define
449 the name of an input file, as documented for each program.
451 If a particular option with a value is given more than once, it is
452 the last value that counts.
454 For example, the following command line specifies the options 'foo',
455 'bar', and 'verbose'; gives the value 'baz' to the 'abc' option, and the
456 value 'xyz' to the 'quux' option; and specifies the filename '-myfile-'.
458 -foo --bar -verb -abc=baz -quux karl --quux xyz -- -myfile-
461 File: web2c.info, Node: Common options, Next: Path searching, Prev: Option conventions, Up: Commonalities
466 All of these programs accept the standard GNU '--help' and '--version'
467 options, and several programs accept '--verbose'. Rather than writing
468 identical descriptions for every program, they are described here.
471 Print a usage message listing basic usage and all available options
472 to standard output, then exit successfully.
475 Print progress reports to standard output.
478 Print the version number to standard output, then exit
481 TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost have a number of additional options in
485 '-no-file-line-error'
486 Change (or do not change) the way error messages are printed. The
487 alternate style looks like error messages from many compilers and
488 is easier to parse for some editors that invoke TeX. This option
489 used to be called '-file-line-error-style'.
494 Use DUMPNAME instead of the program name or a '%&' line to
495 determine the name of the memory dump file read ('fmt' for TeX,
496 'base' for Metafont, 'mem' for MetaPost). *Note Memory dumps::.
497 Also sets the program name to DUMPNAME if no '-progname' option was
501 Stop processing and exit when an error occurs, as opposed to the
502 normal process of trying to recover and continue.
505 Enable the "initial" form of the program (*note Initial and
506 virgin::). This is implicitly set if the program name is 'initex'
509 '-interaction=STRING'
510 Set the interaction mode from the command line. The STRING must be
511 one of 'batchmode', 'nonstopmode', 'scrollmode', or
515 Set the job name to STRING, instead of deriving it from the name of
518 '-kpathsea-debug=NUMBER'
519 Set path searching debugging flags according to the bits of NUMBER
520 (*note (kpathsea)Debugging::). You can also specify this in
521 'KPATHSEA_DEBUG' environment variable (for all Web2c programs).
522 (The command line value overrides.) The most useful value is '-1',
523 to get all available output.
525 '-output-directory=DIRNAME'
526 Specify the directory DIRNAME to which output files are written.
527 Also look for input files in DIRNAME first, before looking along
528 the normal search path. *Note Output file location::.
531 '-no-parse-first-line'
532 Check or disable checking whether the first line of the main input
533 file starts with '%&', and parse it if it does. This line can be
534 used specify the format and/or a TCX file.
537 Set program (and memory dump) name to STRING. This may affect the
538 search paths and other values used (*note (kpathsea)Config
539 files::). Using this option is equivalent to making a link named
540 STRING to the binary and then invoking the binary under that name.
541 *Note Memory dumps::.
544 Enable the filename recorder. This makes the program save a list
545 of the opened files into a file with (by default) extension '.fls'.
546 For Aleph, this option is always on, and the file has extension
549 Ordinarily, the '.fls' file is written to the same location as the
550 '.log' file, for example, respecting '-output-directory' if it is
551 given (*note Output file location::). However, if TeX processing
552 is done on the command line (or in response to the '**' prompt),
553 the '.fls' might be written to the current directory, or include an
554 integer (the current pid), as in 'texput1234.fls'. You can use
555 '-jobname' to explicitly set the basename.
557 '-translate-file=TCXFILE'
558 Use TCXFILE to define which characters are printable and
559 translations between the internal and external character sets.
560 Moreover, TCXFILE can be explicitly declared in the first line of
561 the main input file '%& -translate-file=TCXFILE'. This is the
562 recommended method for portability reasons. *Note TCX files::.
565 This option specifies that by default all characters should be
566 considered printable. If '-translate-file' was given as well, then
567 the TCX file may mark characters as non-printable.
570 File: web2c.info, Node: Path searching, Next: Output file location, Prev: Common options, Up: Commonalities
575 All of the Web2c programs, including TeX, which do path searching use
576 the Kpathsea routines to do so. The precise names of the environment
577 and configuration file variables which get searched for particular file
578 formatted are therefore documented in the Kpathsea manual (*note
579 (kpathsea)Supported file formats::). Reading 'texmf.cnf' (*note
580 (kpathsea)Config files::), invoking 'mktex...' scripts (*note
581 (kpathsea)mktex scripts::), and so on are all handled by Kpathsea.
583 The programs which read fonts make use of another Kpathsea feature:
584 'texfonts.map', which allows arbitrary aliases for the actual names of
585 font files; for example, 'Times-Roman' for 'ptmr8r.tfm'. The
586 distributed (and installed by default) 'texfonts.map' includes aliases
587 for many widely available PostScript fonts by their PostScript names.
590 File: web2c.info, Node: Output file location, Next: Three programs, Prev: Path searching, Up: Commonalities
592 3.4 Output file location
593 ========================
595 All the programs generally follow the usual convention for output files.
596 Namely, they are placed in the directory current when the program is
597 run, regardless of any input file location; or, in a few cases, output
598 is to standard output.
600 For example, if you run 'tex /tmp/foo', for example, the output will
601 be in './foo.dvi' and './foo.log', not '/tmp/foo.dvi' and
604 You can use the '-output-directory' option to cause all output files
605 that would normally be written in the current directory to be written in
606 the specified directory instead. *Note Common options::.
608 If the current directory is not writable, and '-output-directory' is
609 not specified, the main programs (TeX, Metafont, MetaPost, and BibTeX)
610 make an exception: if the config file or environment variable value
611 'TEXMFOUTPUT' is set (it is not by default), output files are written to
612 the directory specified.
614 'TEXMFOUTPUT' is also checked for input files, as TeX often generates
615 files that need to be subsequently read; for input, no suffixes (such as
616 '.tex') are added by default and no exhaustive path searching is done,
617 the input name is simply checked as given.
620 File: web2c.info, Node: Three programs, Prev: Output file location, Up: Commonalities
622 3.5 Three programs: Metafont, MetaPost, and TeX
623 ===============================================
625 TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost have a number of features in common.
626 Besides the ones here, the common command-line options are described in
627 the previous section. The configuration file options that let you
628 control some array sizes and other features are described in *note
633 * Initial and virgin:: Making memory dumps vs. production runs.
634 * Memory dumps:: .fmt/.base files for fast startup.
635 * Editor invocation:: The 'e' response at errors.
636 * \input filenames:: ~ and $ expansion in TeX/MF/MP.
639 File: web2c.info, Node: Initial and virgin, Next: Memory dumps, Up: Three programs
641 3.5.1 Initial and virgin
642 ------------------------
644 The TeX and Metafont programs each have two main variants, called
645 "initial" and "virgin". MetaPost no longer makes this distinction.
647 The initial form is enabled if:
648 1. the '-ini' option was specified; or
649 2. the program name is 'initex' resp. 'inimf'; or
650 3. the first line of the main input file is '%&ini';
651 otherwise, the virgin form is used.
653 The "virgin" form is the one generally invoked for production use.
654 The first thing it does is read a memory dump (*note Determining the
655 memory dump to use::), and then proceeds on with the main job.
657 The "initial" form is generally used only to create memory dumps (see
658 the next section). It starts up more slowly than the virgin form,
659 because it must do lengthy initializations that are encapsulated in the
663 File: web2c.info, Node: Memory dumps, Next: Editor invocation, Prev: Initial and virgin, Up: Three programs
668 In typical use, TeX and Metafont require a large number of macros to be
669 predefined; therefore, they support "memory dump" files, which can be
670 read much more efficiently than ordinary source code.
674 * Creating memory dumps::
675 * Determining the memory dump to use::
676 * Hardware and memory dumps::
679 File: web2c.info, Node: Creating memory dumps, Next: Determining the memory dump to use, Up: Memory dumps
681 3.5.2.1 Creating memory dumps
682 .............................
684 The programs all create memory dumps in slightly idiosyncratic (thought
685 substantially similar) way, so we describe the details in separate
686 sections (references below). The basic idea is to run the initial
687 version of the program (*note Initial and virgin::), read the source
688 file to define the macros, and then execute the '\dump' primitive.
690 Also, each program uses a different filename extension for its memory
691 dumps, since although they are completely analogous they are not
692 interchangeable (TeX cannot read a Metafont memory dump, for example).
694 Here is a list of filename extensions with references to examples of
695 creating memory dumps:
698 ('.fmt') *Note Initial TeX: Initial TeX.
701 ('.base') *Note Initial Metafont::.
703 When making memory dumps, the programs read environment variables and
704 configuration files for path searching and other values as usual. If
705 you are making a new installation and have environment variables
706 pointing to an old one, for example, you will probably run into
710 File: web2c.info, Node: Determining the memory dump to use, Next: Hardware and memory dumps, Prev: Creating memory dumps, Up: Memory dumps
712 3.5.2.2 Determining the memory dump to use
713 ..........................................
715 The virgin form (*note Initial and virgin::) of each program always
716 reads a memory dump before processing normal source input. All three
717 programs determine the memory dump to use in the same way:
719 1. If the first non-option command-line argument begins with '&', the
720 program uses the remainder of that argument as the memory dump
721 name. For example, running 'tex \&super' reads 'super.fmt'. (The
722 backslash protects the '&' against interpretation by the shell.)
724 2. If the '-fmt' resp. '-base' option is specified, its value is used.
726 3. If the '-progname' option is specified, its value is used.
728 4. If the first line of the main input file (which must be specified
729 on the command line, not in response to '**') is '%&DUMP', and DUMP
730 is an existing memory dump of the appropriate type, DUMP is used.
732 The first line of the main input file can also specify which
733 character translation file is to be used:
734 '%&-translate-file=TCXFILE' (*note TCX files::).
736 These two roles can be combined: '%&DUMP -translate-file=TCXFILE'.
737 If this is done, the name of the dump must be given first.
739 5. Otherwise, the program uses the program invocation name, most
740 commonly 'tex' resp. 'mf'. For example, if 'latex' is a link to
741 'tex', and the user runs 'latex foo', 'latex.fmt' will be used.
744 File: web2c.info, Node: Hardware and memory dumps, Prev: Determining the memory dump to use, Up: Memory dumps
746 3.5.2.3 Hardware and memory dumps
747 .................................
749 By default, memory dump files are generally sharable between
750 architectures of different types; specifically, on machines of different
751 endianness (*note (libc)Byte order::). (This is a feature of the Web2c
752 implementation, and is not true of all TeX implementations.) If you
753 specify '--disable-dump-share' to 'configure', however, memory dumps
754 will be endian-dependent.
756 The reason to do this is speed. To achieve endian-independence, the
757 reading of memory dumps on LittleEndian architectures, such as PC's and
758 DEC architectures, is somewhat slowed (all the multibyte values have to
759 be swapped). Usually, this is not noticeable, and the advantage of
760 being able to share memory dumps across all platforms at a site far
761 outweighs the speed loss. But if you're installing Web2c for use on
762 LittleEndian machines only, perhaps on a PC being used only by you, you
763 may wish to get maximum speed.
765 TeXnically, even without '--disable-dump-share', sharing of '.fmt'
766 files cannot be guaranteed to work. Floating-point values are always
767 written in native format, and hence will generally not be readable
768 across platforms. Fortunately, TeX uses floating point only to
769 represent glue ratios, and all common formats (plain, LaTeX, AMSTeX,
770 ...) do not do any glue setting at '.fmt'-creation time. Metafont does
771 not use floating point in any dumped value at all.
773 Incidentally, different memory dump files will never compare equal
774 byte-for-byte, because the program always dumps the current date and
775 time. So don't be alarmed by just a few bytes difference.
777 If you don't know what endianness your machine is, and you're
778 curious, here is a little C program to tell you. (The 'configure'
779 script contains a similar program.) This is from the book 'C: A
780 Reference Manual', by Samuel P. Harbison and Guy L. Steele Jr. (*note
785 /* Are we little or big endian? From Harbison&Steele. */
789 char c[sizeof (long)];
793 printf ("LittleEndian\n");
794 else if (u.c[sizeof (long) - 1] == 1)
795 printf ("BigEndian\n");
797 printf ("unknownEndian");
799 exit (u.c[sizeof (long) - 1] == 1);
803 File: web2c.info, Node: Editor invocation, Next: \input filenames, Prev: Memory dumps, Up: Three programs
805 3.5.3 Editor invocation
806 -----------------------
808 TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost all (by default) stop and ask for user
809 intervention at an error. If the input came from a file, and the user
810 responds with 'e' or 'E', the program invokes an editor.
812 Specifying '--with-editor=CMD' to 'configure' sets the default editor
813 command string to CMD. The environment variables/configuration values
814 'TEXEDIT', 'MFEDIT', and 'MPEDIT' (respectively) override this. If
815 '--with-editor' is not specified, the default is 'vi +%d %s' on Unix,
816 and an invocation of the TeXworks editor on Windows. (See 'texmf.cnf'
817 for the precise values.)
819 In this string, '%d' is replaced by the line number of the error, and
820 '%s' is replaced by the name of the current input file.
823 File: web2c.info, Node: \input filenames, Prev: Editor invocation, Up: Three programs
825 3.5.4 '\input' filenames
826 ------------------------
828 TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost source programs can all read other source
829 files with the '\input' (TeX) and 'input' (MF and MP) primitives:
832 The file NAME can always be terminated with whitespace; for Metafont
833 and MetaPost, the statement terminator ';' also works. (LaTeX and other
834 macro packages provide other interfaces to '\input' that allow different
835 notation; here we are concerned only with the primitive operation.)
837 As of Web2c version 7.5.3, double-quote characters can be used to
838 include spaces or other special cases. In typical use, the '"'
839 characters surround the entire filename:
840 \input "filename with spaces"
842 Technically, the quote characters can be used inside the name, and
843 can enclose any characters, as in:
844 \input filename" "with" "spaces
846 One more point. In LaTeX, the quotes are needed inside the braces,
851 This quoting mechanism comes into play _after_ TeX has tokenized and
852 expanded the input. So, multiple spaces and tabs may be seen as a
853 single space, active characters such as '~' are expanded first, and so
856 On the other hand, various C library routines and Unix itself use the
857 null byte (character code zero, ASCII NUL) to terminate strings. So
858 filenames in Web2c cannot contain nulls, even though TeX itself does not
859 treat NUL specially. In addition, some older Unix variants do not allow
860 eight-bit characters (codes 128-255) in filenames.
862 For maximal portability of your document across systems, use only the
863 characters 'a'-'z', '0'-'9', and '.', and restrict your filenames to at
864 most eight characters (not including the extension), and at most a
865 three-character extension. Do not use anything but simple filenames,
866 since directory separators vary among systems; instead, add the
867 necessary directories to the appropriate search path.
869 Finally, the present Web2c implementation does '~' and '$' expansion
870 on NAME, unlike Knuth's original implementation and older versions of
872 \input ~jsmith/$foo.bar
873 will dereference the environment variable or Kpathsea config file
874 value 'foo' and read that file extended with '.bar' in user 'jsmith''s
875 home directory. You can also use braces, as in '${foo}bar', if you want
876 to follow the variable name with a letter, numeral, or '_'.
878 (So another way to get a program to read a filename containing
879 whitespace is to define an environment variable and dereference it.)
881 In all the common TeX formats (plain TeX, LaTeX, AMSTeX), the
882 characters '~' and '$' have special category codes, so to actually use
883 these in a document you have to change their catcodes or use '\string'.
884 (The result is unportable anyway, see the suggestions above.) The place
885 where they are most likely to be useful is when typing interactively.
888 File: web2c.info, Node: TeX, Next: Metafont, Prev: Commonalities, Up: Top
893 TeX is a typesetting system: it was especially designed to handle
894 complex mathematics, as well as most ordinary text typesetting.
896 TeX is a batch language, like C or Pascal, and not an interactive
897 "word processor": you compile a TeX input file into a corresponding
898 device-independent (DVI) file (and then translate the DVI file to the
899 commands for a particular output device). This approach has both
900 considerable disadvantages and considerable advantages. For a complete
901 description of the TeX language, see 'The TeXbook' (*note References::).
902 Many other books on TeX, introductory and otherwise, are available.
906 * tex invocation:: Invoking TeX.
907 * Initial TeX:: Making format files.
908 * Formats:: Major TeX macro packages.
909 * Languages and hyphenation:: TeX supports many human languages.
910 * Shell escapes:: Running subprograms from TeX.
911 * IPC and TeX:: DVI output to a socket.
912 * TeX extensions:: Changes to the TeX language.
915 File: web2c.info, Node: tex invocation, Next: Initial TeX, Up: TeX
920 TeX (usually invoked as 'tex') formats the given text and commands, and
921 outputs a corresponding device-independent representation of the typeset
922 document. This section merely describes the options available in the
923 Web2c implementation. For a complete description of the TeX typesetting
924 language, see 'The TeXbook' (*note References::).
926 TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost process the command line (described here)
927 and determine their memory dump (fmt) file in the same way (*note Memory
930 tex [OPTION]... [TEXNAME[.tex]] [TEX-COMMANDS]
931 tex [OPTION]... \FIRST-LINE
932 tex [OPTION]... &FMT ARGS
934 TeX searches the usual places for the main input file TEXNAME (*note
935 (kpathsea)Supported file formats::), extending TEXNAME with '.tex' if
936 necessary. To see all the relevant paths, set the environment variable
937 'KPATHSEA_DEBUG' to '-1' before running the program.
939 After TEXNAME is read, TeX processes any remaining TEX-COMMANDS on
940 the command line as regular TeX input. Also, if the first non-option
941 argument begins with a TeX escape character (usually '\'), TeX processes
942 all non-option command-line arguments as a line of regular TeX input.
944 If no arguments or options are specified, TeX prompts for an input
947 TeX writes the main DVI output to the file 'BASETEXNAME.dvi', where
948 BASETEXNAME is the basename of TEXNAME, or 'texput' if no input file was
949 specified. A DVI file is a device-independent binary representation of
950 your TeX document. The idea is that after running TeX, you translate
951 the DVI file using a separate program to the commands for a particular
952 output device, such as a PostScript printer (*note Introduction:
953 (dvips)Top.) or an X Window System display (see xdvi(1)).
955 TeX also reads TFM files for any fonts you load in your document with
956 the '\font' primitive. By default, it runs an external program named
957 'mktextfm' to create any nonexistent TFM files. You can disable this at
958 configure-time or runtime (*note (kpathsea)mktex configuration::). This
959 is enabled mostly for the sake of the EC fonts, which can be generated
962 TeX can write output files, via the '\openout' primitive; this opens
963 a security hole vulnerable to Trojan horse attack: an unwitting user
964 could run a TeX program that overwrites, say, '~/.rhosts'. (MetaPost
965 has a 'write' primitive with similar implications). To alleviate this
966 and similar problems the functions 'kpathsea_out_name_ok' and
967 'kpathsea_in_name_ok' from the Kpathse library (*note (kpathsea)Calling
968 sequence::) are used to determine if a given filename is acceptable to
969 be opened for output or input, depending on the setting of the
970 configuration variables 'openout_any' and 'openin_any': 'a' (for "any",
971 the default for 'openin_any'), 'r' (for "restricted"), or 'p' (for
972 "paranoid", the default for 'openout_any').
974 In any case, all '\openout' filenames are recorded in the log file,
975 except those opened on the first line of input, which is processed when
976 the log file has not yet been opened.
978 The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
979 '-help' and '-version' (*note Common options::):
981 '-[no]-file-line-error'
985 '-interaction=STRING'
989 '-kpathsea-debug=NUMBER'
990 '-[no]parse-first-line'
994 '-translate-file=TCXFILE'
996 These options are common to TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost. *Note
1000 Enable encTeX extensions, such as '\mubyte'. This can be used to
1001 support Unicode UTF-8 input encoding. See
1002 <http://www.olsak.net/enctex.html>.
1006 With either option, TeX writes its DVI output to a socket as well
1007 as to the usual '.dvi' file. With '-ipc-start', TeX also opens a
1008 server program at the other end to read the output. *Note IPC and
1011 These options are available only if the '--enable-ipc' option was
1012 specified to 'configure' during installation of Web2c.
1015 '-no-mktex=FILETYPE'
1016 Turn on or off the 'mktex' script associated with FILETYPE. For
1017 TeX proper, FILETYPE can only be 'tex' and 'tfm', but for pdfTeX
1018 and luaTeX, it can also be 'pk'.
1021 If we are 'INITEX' (*note Initial and virgin::), enable MLTeX
1022 extensions such as '\charsubdef'. Implicitly set if the program
1023 name is 'mltex'. *Note MLTeX: MLTeX.
1025 '-output-comment=STRING'
1026 Use STRING as the DVI file comment. Ordinarily, this comment
1027 records the date and time of the TeX run, but if you are doing
1028 regression testing, you may not want the DVI file to have this
1029 spurious difference. This is also taken from the environment
1030 variable and config file value 'output_comment'.
1035 Enable, or disable, or enable with restrictions the
1036 '\write18{SHELL-COMMAND}' feature for external executing shell
1037 commands. *Note Shell escapes::.
1041 Synonyms for '-shell-escape' and '-no-shell-escape', for
1042 compatibility with MiKTeX. (MiKTeX also accepts both pairs of
1043 options.) *Note Shell escapes::.
1046 '-src-specials=STRING'
1047 This option makes TeX output specific source information using
1048 '\special' commands in the DVI file. These '\special' track the
1049 current file name and line number.
1051 Using the first form of this option, the '\special' commands are
1052 inserted automatically.
1054 In the second form of the option, STRING is a comma separated list
1055 of the following values: 'cr', 'display', 'hbox', 'math', 'par',
1056 'parend', 'vbox'. You can use this list to specify where you want
1057 TeX to output such commands. For example, '-src-specials=cr,math'
1058 will output source information every line and every math formula.
1060 These commands can be used with the appropriate DVI viewer and text
1061 editor to switch from the current position in the editor to the
1062 same position in the viewer and back from the viewer to the editor.
1064 This option works by inserting '\special' commands into the token
1065 stream, and thus in principle these additional tokens can be
1066 recovered or seen by the tricky-enough macros. If you run across a
1067 case, let us know, because this counts as a bug. However, such
1068 bugs are very hard to fix, requiring significant changes to TeX, so
1069 please don't count on it.
1071 Redefining '\special' will not affect the functioning of this
1072 option. The commands inserted into the token stream are hard-coded
1073 to always use the '\special' primitive.
1075 TeX does not pass the trip test when this option is enabled.
1078 File: web2c.info, Node: Initial TeX, Next: Formats, Prev: tex invocation, Up: TeX
1083 The "initial" form of TeX is invoked by 'tex -ini'. It does lengthy
1084 initializations avoided by the "virgin" ('vir') form, so as to be
1085 capable of dumping '.fmt' files (*note Memory dumps::). For a detailed
1086 comparison of virgin and initial forms, *note Initial and virgin::.
1088 For a list of options and other information, *note tex invocation::.
1090 Unlike Metafont and MetaPost, many format files are commonly used
1091 with TeX. The standard one implementing the features described in the
1092 'TeXbook' is 'plain.fmt', also known as 'tex.fmt' (again, *note Memory
1093 dumps::). It is created by default during installation, but you can
1094 also do so by hand if necessary (e.g., if an update to 'plain.tex' is
1096 tex -ini '\input plain \dump'
1097 (The quotes prevent interpretation of the backslashes from the shell.)
1098 Then install the resulting 'plain.fmt' in '$(fmtdir)'
1099 ('/usr/local/share/texmf/web2c' by default), and link 'tex.fmt' to it.
1101 The necessary invocation for generating a format file differs for
1102 each format, so instructions that come with the format should explain.
1103 The top-level 'web2c' Makefile has targets for making most common
1104 formats: plain latex amstex texinfo eplain. *Note Formats::, for more
1105 details on TeX formats.
1108 File: web2c.info, Node: Formats, Next: Languages and hyphenation, Prev: Initial TeX, Up: TeX
1113 TeX "formats" are large collections of macros, often dumped into a
1114 '.fmt' file (*note Memory dumps::) by 'tex -ini' (*note Initial TeX::).
1115 A number of formats are in reasonably widespread use, and the Web2c
1116 Makefile has targets to make the versions current at the time of
1117 release. You can change which formats are automatically built by
1118 setting the 'fmts' Make variable; by default, only the 'plain' and
1119 'latex' formats are made.
1121 You can get the latest versions of most of these formats from the
1122 CTAN archives in subdirectories of 'CTAN:/macros' (for CTAN info, *note
1123 (kpathsea)unixtex.ftp::). The archive
1124 <ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/lib.tar.gz> (also available from CTAN) contains
1125 most of these formats (although perhaps not the absolute latest
1126 version), among other things.
1129 The most widely used format. The current release is named 'LaTeX
1130 2e'; new versions are released approximately every six months, with
1131 patches issued as needed. The old release was called 'LaTeX 2.09',
1132 and is no longer maintained or supported. LaTeX attempts to
1133 provide generic markup instructions, such as "emphasize", instead
1134 of specific typesetting instructions, such as "use the 10pt
1135 Computer Modern italic font". The LaTeX home page:
1136 <http://www.latex-project.org>.
1139 ConTeXt is an independent macro package which has a basic document
1140 structuring approach similar to LaTeX. It also supports creating
1141 interactive PDF files and has integrated MetaPost support, among
1142 many other interesting features. The ConTeXt home page:
1143 <http://www.pragma-ade.com>.
1146 The official typesetting system of the American Mathematical
1147 Society. Like LaTeX, it encourages generic markup commands. The
1148 AMS also provides many LaTeX package for authors who prefer LaTeX.
1149 Taken together, they are used to produce nearly all AMS
1150 publications, e.g., 'Mathematical Reviews'. The AMSTeX home page:
1151 <http://www.ams.org/tex>.
1154 The documentation system developed and maintained by the Free
1155 Software Foundation for their software manuals. It can be
1156 automatically converted into plain text, a machine-readable on-line
1157 format called 'info', HTML, etc. The Texinfo home page:
1158 <http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo>.
1161 The "expanded plain" format provides various common features (e.g.,
1162 symbolic cross-referencing, tables of contents, indexing, citations
1163 using BibTeX), for those authors who prefer to handle their own
1164 high-level formatting. The Eplain home page:
1165 <http://www.tug.org/eplain>.
1168 An obsolete LaTeX 2.09 format for making slides. It is replaced by
1169 the 'slides' document class, along with the 'beamer', 'texpower',
1173 File: web2c.info, Node: Languages and hyphenation, Next: Shell escapes, Prev: Formats, Up: TeX
1175 4.4 Languages and hyphenation
1176 =============================
1178 TeX supports most natural languages. See also *note TeX extensions: TeX
1183 * MLTeX:: Multi-lingual TeX.
1184 * TCX files:: Support for different character sets & fonts.
1185 * patgen invocation:: Creating hyphenation patterns.
1188 File: web2c.info, Node: MLTeX, Next: TCX files, Up: Languages and hyphenation
1190 4.4.1 MLTeX: Multi-lingual TeX
1191 ------------------------------
1193 Multi-lingual TeX ('mltex') is an extension of TeX originally written by
1194 Michael Ferguson and now updated and maintained by Bernd Raichle. It
1195 allows the use of non-existing glyphs in a font by declaring glyph
1196 substitutions. These are restricted to substitutions of an accented
1197 character glyph, which need not be defined in the current font, by its
1198 appropriate '\accent' construction using a base and accent character
1199 glyph, which do have to exist in the current font. This substitution is
1200 automatically done behind the scenes, if necessary, and thus MLTeX
1201 additionally supports hyphenation of words containing an accented
1202 character glyph for fonts missing this glyph (e.g., Computer Modern).
1203 Standard TeX suppresses hyphenation in this case.
1205 MLTeX works at '.fmt'-creation time: the basic idea is to specify the
1206 '-mltex' option to TeX when you '\dump' a format. Then, when you
1207 subsequently invoke TeX and read that '.fmt' file, the MLTeX features
1208 described below will be enabled.
1210 Generally, you use special macro files to create an MLTeX '.fmt'
1213 The sections below describe the two new primitives that MLTeX
1214 defines. Aside from these, MLTeX is completely compatible with standard
1219 * \charsubdef:: Character substitution definitions.
1220 * \tracingcharsubdef:: Tracing substitutions.
1223 File: web2c.info, Node: \charsubdef, Next: \tracingcharsubdef, Up: MLTeX
1225 4.4.1.1 '\charsubdef': Character substitutions
1226 ..............................................
1228 The most important primitive MLTeX adds is '\charsubdef', used in a way
1229 reminiscent of '\chardef':
1230 \charsubdef COMPOSITE [=] ACCENT BASE
1232 Each of COMPOSITE, ACCENT, and BASE are font glyph numbers, expressed
1233 in the usual TeX syntax: `\e symbolically, '145 for octal, "65 for hex,
1236 MLTeX's '\charsubdef' declares how to construct an accented character
1237 glyph (not necessarily existing in the current font) using two character
1238 glyphs (that do exist). Thus it defines whether a character glyph code,
1239 either typed as a single character or using the '\char' primitive, will
1240 be mapped to a font glyph or to an '\accent' glyph construction.
1242 For example, if you assume glyph code 138 (decimal) for an
1243 e-circumflex and you are using the Computer Modern fonts, which have the
1244 circumflex accent in position 18 and lowercase 'e' in the usual ASCII
1245 position 101 decimal, you would use '\charsubdef' as follows:
1247 \charsubdef 138 = 18 101
1249 For the plain TeX format to make use of this substitution, you have
1250 to redefine the circumflex accent macro '\^' in such a way that if its
1251 argument is character 'e' the expansion '\char138 ' is used instead of
1252 '\accent18 e'. Similar '\charsubdef' declaration and macro
1253 redefinitions have to be done for all other accented characters.
1255 To disable a previous '\charsubdef C', redefine C as a pair of zeros.
1257 \charsubdef '321 = 0 0 % disable N tilde
1258 (Octal '321 is the ISO Latin-1 value for the Spanish N tilde.)
1260 '\charsubdef' commands should only be given once. Although in
1261 principle you can use '\charsubdef' at any time, the result is
1262 unspecified. If '\charsubdef' declarations are changed, usually either
1263 incorrect character dimensions will be used or MLTeX will output missing
1264 character warnings. (The substitution of a '\charsubdef' is used by TeX
1265 when appending the character node to the current horizontal list, to
1266 compute the width of a horizontal box when the box gets packed, and when
1267 building the '\accent' construction at '\shipout'-time. In summary, the
1268 substitution is accessed often, so changing it is not desirable, nor
1272 File: web2c.info, Node: \tracingcharsubdef, Prev: \charsubdef, Up: MLTeX
1274 4.4.1.2 '\tracingcharsubdef': Substitution diagnostics
1275 ......................................................
1277 To help diagnose problems with '\charsubdef', MLTeX provides a new
1278 primitive parameter, '\tracingcharsubdef'. If positive, every use of
1279 '\charsubdef' will be reported. This can help track down when a
1280 character is redefined.
1282 In addition, if the TeX parameter '\tracinglostchars' is 100 or more,
1283 the character substitutions actually performed at '\shipout'-time will
1287 File: web2c.info, Node: TCX files, Next: patgen invocation, Prev: MLTeX, Up: Languages and hyphenation
1289 4.4.2 TCX files: Character translations
1290 ---------------------------------------
1292 TCX (TeX character translation) files help TeX support direct input of
1293 8-bit international characters if fonts containing those characters are
1294 being used. Specifically, they map an input (keyboard) character code
1295 to the internal TeX character code (a superset of ASCII).
1297 Of the various proposals for handling more than one input encoding,
1298 TCX files were chosen because they follow Knuth's original ideas for the
1299 use of the 'xchr' and 'xord' tables. He ventured that these would be
1300 changed in the WEB source in order to adjust the actual version to a
1301 given environment. It turns out, however, that recompiling the WEB
1302 sources is not as simple a task as Knuth may have imagined; therefore,
1303 TCX files, providing the possibility of changing of the conversion
1304 tables on on-the-fly, have been implemented instead.
1306 This approach limits the portability of TeX documents, as some
1307 implementations do not support it (or use a different method for
1308 input-internal reencoding). It may also be problematic to determine the
1309 encoding to use for a TeX document of unknown provenance; in the worst
1310 case, failure to do so correctly may result in subtle errors in the
1311 typeset output. But we feel the benefits outweigh these disadvantages.
1313 This is entirely independent of the MLTeX extension (*note MLTeX::):
1314 whereas a TCX file defines how an input keyboard character is mapped to
1315 TeX's internal code, MLTeX defines substitutions for a non-existing
1316 character glyph in a font with a '\accent' construction made out of two
1317 separate character glyphs. TCX files involve no new primitives; it is
1318 not possible to specify that an input (keyboard) character maps to more
1321 Information on specifying TCX files:
1323 * The best way to specify a TCX file is to list it explicitly in the
1324 first line of the main document:
1325 %& -translate-file=TCXFILE
1327 * You can also specify a TCX file to be used on a particular TeX run
1328 with the command-line option '-translate-file=TCXFILE'.
1330 * TCX files are searched for along the 'WEB2C' path.
1332 * Initial TeX (*note Initial TeX: Initial TeX.) ignores TCX files.
1334 The Web2c distribution comes with a number of TCX files. Two
1335 important ones are 'il1-t1.tcx' and 'il2-t1.tcx', which support ISO
1336 Latin 1 and ISO Latin 2, respectively, with Cork-encoded fonts
1337 (a.k.a. the LaTeX T1 encoding). TCX files for Czech, Polish, and Slovak
1340 One other notable TCX file is 'empty.tcx', which is, well, empty.
1341 Its purpose is to reset Web2C's behavior to the default (only visible
1342 ASCII being printable, as described below) when a format was dumped with
1343 another TCX being active--which is in fact the case for everything but
1344 plain TeX in the TeX Live and other distributions. Thus:
1347 => terminal etc. output with 8-bit chars
1348 latex --translate-file=empty.tcx somefile8.tex
1349 => terminal etc. output with ^^ notation
1351 Syntax of TCX files:
1352 1. Line-oriented. Blank lines are ignored.
1354 2. Whitespace is ignored except as a separator.
1356 3. Comments start with '%' and continue to the end of the line.
1358 4. Otherwise, a line consists of one or two character codes,
1359 optionally followed by 0 or 1. The last number indicates whether
1360 DEST is considered printable.
1363 5. Each character code may be specified in octal with a leading '0',
1364 hexadecimal with a leading '0x', or decimal otherwise. Values must
1365 be between 0 and 255, inclusive (decimal).
1367 6. If the DEST code is not specified, it is taken to be the same as
1370 7. If the same SRC code is specified more than once, it is the last
1371 definition that counts.
1373 Finally, here's what happens: when TeX sees an input character with
1374 code SRC, it 1) changes SRC to DEST; and 2) makes the DEST code
1375 "printable", i.e., printed as-is in diagnostics and the log file rather
1376 than in '^^' notation.
1378 By default, no characters are translated, and character codes between
1379 32 and 126 inclusive (decimal) are printable.
1381 Specifying translations for the printable ASCII characters (codes
1382 32-127) will yield unpredictable results. Additionally you shouldn't
1383 make the following characters printable: '^^I' (TAB), '^^J' (line feed),
1384 '^^M' (carriage return), and '^^?' (delete), since TeX uses them in
1387 Thus, the idea is to specify the input (keyboard) character code for
1388 SRC, and the output (font) character code for DEST.
1390 By default, only the printable ASCII characters are considered
1391 printable by TeX. If you specify the '-8bit' option, all characters are
1392 considered printable by default. If you specify both the '-8bit' option
1393 and a TCX file, then the TCX can set specific characters to be
1396 Both the specified TCX encoding and whether characters are printable
1397 are saved in the dump files (like 'tex.fmt'). So by giving these
1398 options in combination with '-ini', you control the defaults seen by
1399 anyone who uses the resulting dump file.
1401 When loading a dump, if the '-8bit' option was given, then all
1402 characters become printable by default.
1404 When loading a dump, if a TCX file was specified, then the TCX data
1405 from the dump is ignored and the data from the file used instead.
1408 File: web2c.info, Node: patgen invocation, Prev: TCX files, Up: Languages and hyphenation
1410 4.4.3 Patgen: Creating hyphenation patterns
1411 -------------------------------------------
1413 Patgen creates hyphenation patterns from dictionary files for use with
1416 patgen DICTIONARY PATTERNS OUTPUT TRANSLATE
1418 Each argument is a filename. No path searching is done. The output
1419 is written to the file OUTPUT.
1421 In addition, Patgen prompts interactively for other values.
1423 For more information, see 'Word hy-phen-a-tion by com-puter' by Frank
1424 Liang (*note References::), and also the 'patgen.web' source file.
1426 The only options are '-help' and '-version' (*note Common options::).
1429 File: web2c.info, Node: Shell escapes, Next: IPC and TeX, Prev: Languages and hyphenation, Up: TeX
1434 TeX can execute "shell escapes", that is, arbitrary shell commands.
1435 Although tremendously useful, this also has obvious security
1436 implications. Therefore, as of TeX Live 2009, a "restricted" mode for
1437 shell escapes is the default mode of operation, which allows executing
1438 only certain commands, as specified in the 'texmf.cnf' configuration
1441 * Unrestricted shell escapes are allowed if the option
1442 '--shell-escape' is specified, or if the environment variable or
1443 config file value 'shell_escape' is set to 't' or 'y' and '1'.
1445 * Restricted shell escapes are allowed if 'shell_escape' is set to
1446 'p'. This is the default.
1448 * Shell escapes are completely disabled if '--no-shell-escape' is
1449 specified, or if 'shell_escape' is set to anything else.
1451 When enabled, the TeX construct to execute a system command is
1452 '\write18{SHELL-COMMAND}'; for example:
1454 \write18{echo "hello, world"}
1456 From TeX's point of view, this is a normal '\write' command, and is
1457 therefore subject to the usual TeX expansions. Also, the system call
1458 either happens during the '\output' routine or right away, according to
1459 the absence or presence of the '\immediate' prefix, as usual for
1462 The SHELL-COMMAND string is passed to the command shell (via the C
1463 library function 'system'). The output of SHELL-COMMAND is not diverted
1464 anywhere, so it will not appear in the log file, or anywhere but the
1465 terminal output. The exit status of the system call is also not
1468 In unrestricted mode, the argument is simply passed straight to
1471 In restricted mode, ASCII double quote characters (") should always
1472 be used in the argument to '\write18' where quoting of arguments is
1473 needed, as in the example above. This is to achieve some measure of
1474 system independence. On Unix systems, these are replaced with single
1475 quote (') characters to avoid insecure further expansion. Care is also
1476 taken on Windows to avoid additional expansions (from, e.g., `...`).
1477 Mismatched quotation marks in the command string result in a diagnostic
1478 message in the log file; no execution is performed.
1480 After quotation processing, if the first word (delimited by a space
1481 or tab) of the command is in the list specified by the
1482 'shell_escape_commands' configuration value, the command is executed.
1483 Otherwise it is not. In any case, a message is written to the log file.
1485 The 'shell_escape_commands' value is a comma-separated list of words.
1486 Whitespace is significant, and typically should not be present. The
1487 default definition looks like this, but with more commands included:
1489 shell_escape_commands = bibtex,dvips,epstopdf,...,tex
1491 pdfTeX and luaTeX support reading (via '\input' and '\openin') and
1492 writing (via '\openout') from pipes if the first character is '|'. The
1493 following command is then treated exactly the same as the argument to
1494 '\write18'. In these engines, the primitive variable '\pdfshellescape'
1495 is set to 0 if shell escapes are disabled, 1 if they are enabled, and 2
1496 if they are enabled with restrictions.
1498 The purpose of this feature is to make it possible for TeX documents
1499 to perform useful external actions in the common case of an individual
1500 user running a known document on his or her own machine. In such
1501 environments as CGI scripts or wikis where the input has to be
1502 considered untrustworthy, shell escapes should be completely disabled.
1505 File: web2c.info, Node: IPC and TeX, Next: TeX extensions, Prev: Shell escapes, Up: TeX
1510 (If anyone uses this feature and needs documentation, write
1513 This functionality is available only if the '--enable-ipc' option was
1514 specified to 'configure' during installation of Web2c (*note
1517 If you define 'IPC_DEBUG' before compilation (e.g., with 'make
1518 XCFLAGS=-DIPC_DEBUG'), TeX will print messages to standard error about
1519 its socket operations. This may be helpful if you are, well, debugging.
1522 File: web2c.info, Node: TeX extensions, Prev: IPC and TeX, Up: TeX
1527 The base TeX program has been extended in many ways. Here's a partial
1531 Adds many new primitives, including right-to-left typesetting and
1532 more registers. Now frozen.
1535 This adds Unicode support, right-to-left typesetting, and more.
1536 Omega was the original program. Aleph is an updated version with a
1537 variety of bug fixes, and includes e-TeX. Aleph is not actively
1541 Can produce PDF as well as DVI files. It also incorporates the
1542 e-TeX extensions, new primitives for hypertext and
1543 micro-typography, reading/writing from pipes, and much more. Home
1544 page: <http://pdftex.org>.
1547 Based on pdfTeX, this also embeds the Lua programming language
1548 (<http://lua.org>) and opens up the TeX typesetting engine to
1549 control from Lua. Home page: <http://luatex.org>.
1552 Combines support for Unicode input and OpenType- and system fonts
1553 with the capabilities of pdfTeX. Home page:
1554 <http://tug.org/xetex>.
1557 File: web2c.info, Node: Metafont, Next: MetaPost, Prev: TeX, Up: Top
1559 5 Metafont: Creating typeface families
1560 **************************************
1562 Metafont is a system for producing shapes; it was designed for producing
1563 complete typeface families, but it can also produce geometric designs,
1564 dingbats, etc. And it has considerable mathematical and
1565 equation-solving capabilities which can be useful entirely on their own.
1567 Metafont is a batch language, like C or Pascal: you compile a
1568 Metafont program into a corresponding font, rather than interactively
1569 drawing lines or curves. This approach has both considerable
1570 disadvantages (people unfamiliar with conventional programming languages
1571 will be unlikely to find it usable) and considerable advantages (you can
1572 make your design intentions specific and parameterizable). For a
1573 complete description of the Metafont language, see 'The METAFONTbook'
1574 (*note References::).
1578 * mf invocation:: Invoking Metafont.
1579 * Initial Metafont:: Making bases.
1580 * Modes:: Device definitions for Metafont.
1581 * Online Metafont graphics:: Seeing MF output online.
1582 * gftodvi invocation:: Making proofsheets for fonts.
1583 * mft invocation:: Prettyprinting Metafont sources.
1586 File: web2c.info, Node: mf invocation, Next: Initial Metafont, Up: Metafont
1591 Metafont (usually invoked as 'mf') reads character definitions specified
1592 in the Metafont programming language, and outputs the corresponding
1593 font. This section merely describes the options available in the Web2c
1594 implementation. For a complete description of the Metafont language,
1595 see 'The Metafontbook' (*note References::).
1597 Metafont processes its command line and determines its memory dump
1598 (base) file in a way exactly analogous to MetaPost and TeX (*note tex
1599 invocation::, and *note Memory dumps::). Synopses:
1601 mf [OPTION]... [MFNAME[.mf]] [MF-COMMANDS]
1602 mf [OPTION]... \FIRST-LINE
1603 mf [OPTION]... &BASE ARGS
1605 Most commonly, a Metafont invocation looks like this:
1606 mf '\mode:=MODE; mag:=MAGNIFICATION; input MFNAME'
1607 (The single quotes avoid unwanted interpretation by the shell.)
1609 Metafont searches the usual places for the main input file MFNAME
1610 (*note (kpathsea)Supported file formats::), extending MFNAME with '.mf'
1611 if necessary. To see all the relevant paths, set the environment
1612 variable 'KPATHSEA_DEBUG' to '-1' before running the program. By
1613 default, Metafont runs an external program named 'mktexmf' to create any
1614 nonexistent Metafont source files you input. You can disable this at
1615 configure-time or runtime (*note (kpathsea)mktex configuration::). This
1616 is mostly for the sake of the EC fonts, which can be generated at any
1619 Metafont writes the main GF output to the file 'BASEMFNAME.NNNgf',
1620 where NNN is the font resolution in pixels per inch, and BASEMFNAME is
1621 the basename of MFNAME, or 'mfput' if no input file was specified. A GF
1622 file contains bitmaps of the actual character shapes. Usually GF files
1623 are converted immediately to PK files with GFtoPK (*note gftopk
1624 invocation::), since PK files contain equivalent information, but are
1625 more compact. (Metafont output in GF format rather than PK for only
1626 historical reasons.)
1628 Metafont also usually writes a metric file in TFM format to
1629 'BASEMFNAME.tfm'. A TFM file contains character dimensions, kerns, and
1630 ligatures, and spacing parameters. TeX reads only this .tfm file, not
1633 The MODE in the example command above is a name referring to a device
1634 definition (*note Modes::); for example, 'localfont' or 'ljfour'. These
1635 device definitions must generally be precompiled into the base file. If
1636 you leave this out, the default is 'proof' mode, as stated in 'The
1637 Metafontbook', in which Metafont outputs at a resolution of 2602dpi;
1638 this is usually not what you want. The remedy is simply to assign a
1639 different mode--'localfont', for example.
1641 The MAGNIFICATION assignment in the example command above is a
1642 magnification factor; for example, if the device is 600dpi and you
1643 specify 'mag:=2', Metafont will produce output at 1200dpi. Very often,
1644 the MAGNIFICATION is an expression such as 'magstep(.5)', corresponding
1645 to a TeX "magstep", which are factors of 1.2 * sqrt(2).
1647 After running Metafont, you can use the font in a TeX document as
1649 \font\myfont = newfont
1650 \myfont Now I am typesetting in my new font (minimum hamburgers).
1652 The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
1653 '-help' and '-version' (*note Common options::):
1654 '-[no]-file-line-error'
1658 '-interaction=STRING'
1660 '-kpathsea-debug=NUMBER'
1661 '-[no]parse-first-line'
1665 '-translate-file=TCXFILE'
1667 These options are common to TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost. *Note
1671 '-no-mktex=FILETYPE'
1672 Turn on or off the 'mktex' script associated with FILETYPE. The
1673 only value that makes sense for FILETYPE is 'mf'.
1676 File: web2c.info, Node: Initial Metafont, Next: Modes, Prev: mf invocation, Up: Metafont
1678 5.2 Initial Metafont
1679 ====================
1681 'inimf' is the "initial" form of Metafont, which does lengthy
1682 initializations avoided by the "virgin" ('vir') form, so as to be
1683 capable of dumping '.base' files (*note Memory dumps::). For a detailed
1684 comparison of virgin and initial forms, see *note Initial and virgin::.
1686 For a list of options and other information, see *note mf
1689 The only memory dump file commonly used with Metafont is the default
1690 'plain.base', also known as 'mf.base' (again, *note Memory dumps::). It
1691 is created by default during installation, but you can also do so by
1692 hand if necessary (e.g., if a Metafont update is issued):
1693 mf -ini '\input plain; input modes; dump'
1694 (The quotes prevent interpretation of the backslashes from the shell.)
1695 Then install the resulting 'plain.base' in '$(basedir)'
1696 ('/usr/local/share/texmf/web2c' by default), and link 'mf.base' to it.
1698 For an explanation of the additional 'modes.mf' file, see *note
1699 Modes::. This file has no counterpart in TeX or MetaPost.
1701 In the past, it was sometimes useful to create a base file
1702 'cmmf.base' (a.k.a. 'cm.base'), with the Computer Modern macros also
1703 included in the base file. Nowadays, however, the additional time
1704 required to read 'cmbase.mf' is exceedingly small, usually not enough to
1705 be worth the administrative hassle of updating the 'cmmf.base' file when
1706 you install a new version of 'modes.mf'. People actually working on a
1707 typeface may still find it worthwhile to create their own base file, of
1711 File: web2c.info, Node: Modes, Next: Online Metafont graphics, Prev: Initial Metafont, Up: Metafont
1713 5.3 Modes: Device definitions for Metafont
1714 ==========================================
1716 Running Metafont and creating Metafont base files requires information
1717 that TeX and MetaPost do not: "mode" definitions which specify device
1718 characteristics, so Metafont can properly rasterize the shapes.
1720 When making a base file, a file containing modes for
1721 locally-available devices should be input after 'plain.mf'. One
1722 commonly used file is <ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/modes.mf>; it includes all
1725 If, however, for some reason you have decreased the memory available
1726 in your Metafont, you may need to copy 'modes.mf' and remove the
1727 definitions irrelevant to you (probably most of them) instead of using
1728 it directly. (Or, if you're a Metafont hacker, maybe you can suggest a
1729 way to redefine 'mode_def' and/or 'mode_setup'; right now, the amount of
1730 memory used is approximately four times the total length of the
1731 'mode_def' names, and that's a lot.)
1733 If you have a device not included in 'modes.mf', please see comments
1734 in that file for how to create the new definition, and please send the
1735 definition to <tex-fonts@math.utah.edu> to get it included in the next
1736 release of 'modes.mf'.
1738 Usually, when you run Metafont you must supply the name of a mode
1739 that was dumped in the base file. But you can also define the mode
1740 characteristics dynamically, by invoking Metafont with an assignment to
1741 'smode' instead of 'mode', like this:
1742 mf '\smode:="newmode.mf"; mag:=MAGNIFICATION; input MFNAME'
1743 This is most useful when you are working on the definition of a new
1746 The MAGNIFICATION and MFNAME arguments are explained in *note mf
1747 invocation::. In the file 'newmode.mf', you should have the following
1748 (with no 'mode_def' or 'enddef'), if you are using 'modes.mf'
1750 mode_param (pixels_per_inch, DPI);
1751 mode_param (blacker, B);
1752 mode_param (fillin, F);
1753 mode_param (o_correction, O);
1755 (Of course, you should use real numbers for DPI, B, F, and O.)
1757 For more information on the use of 'smode', or if you are not using
1758 'modes.mf', see page 269 of 'The Metafontbook'.
1761 File: web2c.info, Node: Online Metafont graphics, Next: gftodvi invocation, Prev: Modes, Up: Metafont
1763 5.4 Online Metafont graphics
1764 ============================
1766 The Web2c implementation of Metafont can do online graphics with a
1767 number of devices. (See the Metafont manual for more information about
1768 how to draw on your screen.) By default, no graphics support is
1771 Metafont examines the 'MFTERM' environment variable or config file
1772 value at runtime, or the 'TERM' environment variable if 'MFTERM' is not
1773 set, to determine the device support to use. Naturally, only the
1774 devices for which support has been compiled in can be selected.
1776 Here is a table of the possibilities, showing the 'MFTERM' value and
1777 the corresponding 'configure' option(s) in parentheses.
1780 ('--enable-epsfwin') Pseudo-window server for Encapsulated
1781 PostScript (see 'web2c/window/epsf.c'). This device produces an
1782 EPS file containing the graphics which would be displayed online on
1783 other devices. The name of the EPS file defaults to metafont.eps
1784 but can be changed by setting the MFEPSF environment variable to
1785 the new filename. Contributed by Mathias Herberts.
1788 ('--enable-hp2627win') HP2627a color graphics terminals.
1791 ('--enable-mftalkwin') Generic window server (see
1792 'web2c/window/mftalk.c').
1795 ('--enable-next') NeXT window system. This requires a separate
1796 program, called 'DrawingServant', available separately. See the
1797 'web2c/window/next.c'.
1800 ('--enable-regiswin') Regis terminals.
1803 ('--enable-suntoolswin') The old Suntools (not any flavor of X)
1804 window system. (You can get the even older SunWindows 'gfx' system
1805 by using 'sun-gfx.c'.)
1808 ('--enable-tektronixwin') Tektronix terminals.
1811 ('--enable-unitermwin') Uniterm, Simon Poole's emulator of a smart
1812 Tektronix 4014 terminal. This may work with regular Tektronix
1813 terminals as well; it's faster than the driver
1814 '--enable-tektronixwin' selects.
1817 '--with-x' The X window system (version 11).
1819 There are two variants of the X11 support, one that works with the
1820 Xt toolkit, and another that works directly with Xlib. The Xt
1821 support is more efficient and has more functionality, so it is the
1822 default. If you must use the Xlib support, use 'configure --with-x
1823 --with-kf-x-toolkit=no'.
1825 Specify '--disable-mf-nowin' in order not to build a separate
1826 non-windows-capable Metafont executable 'mf-nowin' (or
1829 You cannot specify any of the usual X options (e.g., '-geometry')
1830 on the Metafont command line, but you can specify X resources in
1831 your '~/.Xdefaults' or '~/.Xresources' file. The class name is
1832 'Metafont'. If you're using the Xt support, all the usual X
1833 toolkit resources are supported. If you're using the Xlib support,
1834 only the 'geometry' resource is supported.
1836 You specify the X display to which Metafont connects in the
1837 'DISPLAY' environment variable, as usual.
1839 Writing support for a new device is straightforward. Aside from
1840 defining the basic drawing routines that Metafont uses (see 'mf.web'),
1841 you only have to add another entry to the tables on the last page of
1842 'web2c/lib/texmfmp.c'. Or you can write an independent program and use
1843 MFtalk (see 'web2c/window/mftalk.c').
1846 File: web2c.info, Node: gftodvi invocation, Next: mft invocation, Prev: Online Metafont graphics, Up: Metafont
1848 5.5 GFtoDVI: Character proofs of fonts
1849 ======================================
1851 GFtoDVI makes "proof sheets" from a GF bitmap file as output by, for
1852 example, Metafont (*note Metafont::). This is an indispensable aid for
1853 font designers or Metafont hackers. Synopsis:
1855 gftodvi [OPTION]... GFNAME[gf]
1857 The font GFNAME is searched for in the usual places (*note
1858 (kpathsea)Glyph lookup::). To see all the relevant paths, set the
1859 environment variable 'KPATHSEA_DEBUG' to '-1' before running the
1862 The suffix 'gf' is supplied if not already present. This suffix is
1863 not an extension, no '.' precedes it; for instance, 'cmr10.600gf'.
1865 The output filename is the basename of GFNAME extended with '.dvi',
1866 e.g., 'gftodvi /wherever/foo.600gf' creates './foo.dvi'.
1868 The characters from GFNAME appear one per page in the DVI output,
1869 with labels, titles, and annotations, as specified in Appendix H
1870 (Hardcopy Proofs) of 'The Metafontbook'.
1872 GFtoDVI uses several fonts besides GFNAME itself:
1874 * "gray font" (default 'gray'): for the pixels that actually make up
1875 the character. Simply using black is not right, since then labels,
1876 key points, and other information could not be shown.
1878 * "title font" (default 'cmr8'): for the header information at the
1879 top of each output page.
1881 * "label font" (default 'cmtt10'): for the labels on key points of
1884 * "slant font" (no default): for diagonal lines, which are otherwise
1885 simulated using horizontal and vertical rules.
1887 To change the default fonts, you must use 'special' commands in your
1888 Metafont source file, typically via commands like 'slantfont slantlj4'.
1889 There is no default slant font since no one printer is suitable as a
1890 default. You can make your own by copying one of the existing files,
1891 such as '.../fonts/source/public/misc/slantlj4.mf' and then running 'mf'
1894 For testing purposes, you may it useful to run 'mf-nowin rtest' (hit
1895 RETURN when it stops) to get a 'gf' file of a thorn glyph. Or use 'mf'
1896 instead of 'mf-nowin' to have the glyph(s) displayed on the screen.
1897 After that, 'gftodvi rtest.2602gf' should produce 'rtest.dvi', which you
1900 The program accepts the following option, as well as the standard
1901 '-verbose', '-help', and '-version' (*note Common options::):
1903 '-overflow-label-offset=POINTS'
1904 Typeset the so-called overflow labels, if any, POINTS TeX points
1905 from the right edge of the character bounding box. The default is
1906 a little over two inches (ten million scaled points, to be
1907 precise). Overflow equations are used to locate coordinates when
1908 their actual position is too crowded with other information.
1911 File: web2c.info, Node: mft invocation, Prev: gftodvi invocation, Up: Metafont
1913 5.6 MFT: Prettyprinting Metafont source
1914 =======================================
1916 MFT translates a Metafont program into a TeX document suitable for
1917 typesetting, with the aid of TeX macros defined in the file
1918 'mftmac.tex'. Synopsis:
1920 mft [OPTION]... MFNAME[.mf]
1922 MFT searches the usual places for MFNAME (*note (kpathsea)Supported
1923 file formats::). To see all the relevant paths, set the environment
1924 variable 'KPATHSEA_DEBUG' to '-1' before running the program. The
1925 output goes to the basename of MFNAME extended with '.tex', e.g., 'mft
1926 /wherever/foo.mf' creates './foo.tex'.
1928 Line breaks in the input are carried over into the output; moreover,
1929 blank spaces at the beginning of a line are converted to quads of
1930 indentation in the output. Thus, you have full control over the
1931 indentation and line breaks. Each line of input is translated
1932 independently of the others.
1934 Further control is allowed via Metafont comments:
1935 * Metafont comments following a single '%' should be valid TeX input.
1936 But Metafont material can be included within vertical bars in a
1937 comment; this will be translated by MFT as if it were regular
1938 Metafont code. For example, a comment like '% |x2r| is the tip of
1939 the bowl' will be translated into the TeX '% $x_{2r}$ is the ...',
1940 i.e., the 'x2r' is treated as an identifier.
1942 * '%%' indicates that the remainder of an input line should be copied
1943 verbatim to the output. This is typically used to introduce
1944 additional TeX material at the beginning or an MFT job, e.g. code
1945 to modify the standard layout or the formatting macros defined in
1946 'mftmac.tex', or to add a line saying '%%\bye' at the end of the
1947 job. (MFT doesn't add this automatically in order to allow
1948 processing several files produces by MFT in the same TeX job.)
1950 * '%%% TOKEN1 OTHER-TOKENS' introduces a change in MFT's formatting
1951 rules; all the OTHER-TOKENS will henceforth be translated according
1952 to the current conventions for TOKEN1. The tokens must be symbolic
1953 (i.e., not numeric or string tokens). For example, the input line
1954 %%% addto fill draw filldraw
1955 says to format the 'fill', 'draw', and 'filldraw' operations of
1956 plain Metafont just like the primitive token 'addto', i.e., in
1957 boldface type. Without such reformatting commands, MFT would treat
1958 'fill' like an ordinary tag or variable name. In fact, you need a
1959 '%%%' command even to get parentheses to act like delimiters.
1961 * '%%%%' introduces an MFT comment, i.e., MFT ignores the remainder
1964 * Five or more '%' signs should not be used.
1966 (The above description was edited from 'mft.web', written by
1969 The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
1970 '-help' and '-version' (*note Common options::):
1971 '-change=CHFILE[.ch]'
1972 Apply the change file CHFILE as with Tangle and Weave (*note
1975 '-style=MFTFILE[.mft]'
1976 Read MFTFILE before anything else; a MFT style file typically
1977 contains only MFT directives as described above. The default style
1978 file is named 'plain.mft', which defines this properly for programs
1979 using plain Metafont. The MFT files is searched along the
1980 'MFTINPUTS' path; see *note (kpathsea)Supported file formats::.
1982 Other examples of MFT style files are 'cmbase.mft', which defines
1983 formatting rules for the macros defined in 'cm.base', and 'e.mft',
1984 which was used in the production of Knuth's Volume E, 'Computer
1987 Using an appropriate MFT style file, it is also possible to
1988 configure MFT for typesetting MetaPost sources. However, MFT does
1989 not search the usual places for MetaPost input files.
1991 If you use eight-bit characters in the input file, they are passed on
1992 verbatim to the TeX output file; it is up to you to configure TeX to
1993 print these properly.
1996 File: web2c.info, Node: MetaPost, Next: BibTeX, Prev: Metafont, Up: Top
1998 6 MetaPost: Creating technical illustrations
1999 ********************************************
2001 MetaPost is a picture-drawing language similar to Metafont (*note
2002 Metafont::), but instead of outputting bitmaps in a "font", it outputs
2003 PostScript commands. It's primarily intended for creating technical
2006 MetaPost also provides for arbitrary integration of text and graphics
2007 in a natural way, using any typesetter (TeX and Troff are both
2008 supported) and a number of other subsidiary programs, described below.
2012 * mpost invocation:: Invoking MetaPost.
2013 * Initial MetaPost:: Making mems.
2014 * dvitomp invocation:: DVI-to-MPX translation.
2017 File: web2c.info, Node: mpost invocation, Next: Initial MetaPost, Up: MetaPost
2019 6.1 'mpost' invocation
2020 ======================
2022 MetaPost (installed as 'mpost') reads a series of pictures specified in
2023 the MetaPost programming language, and outputs corresponding PostScript
2024 code. This section merely describes the options available in the Web2c
2025 implementation. For a complete description of the MetaPost language,
2026 see AT&T technical report CSTR-162, generally available in
2027 'TEXMF/doc/metapost/', where TEXMF is the root of TeX directory
2028 structure. See also:
2029 * <http://cm.bell-labs.com/who/hobby/MetaPost.html> (the MetaPost
2030 author's home page);
2031 * <http://tug.org/metapost> (papers, packages, and related
2034 Also, a standard MetaPost package for drawing graphs is documented in
2035 AT&T technical report CSTR-164, available as the file 'mpgraph.ps',
2036 generally stored alongside 'mpman.ps'.
2038 MetaPost processes its command line and determines its memory dump
2039 (mem) file in a way exactly analogous to Metafont and TeX (*note 'tex'
2040 invocation: tex invocation, and *note Memory dumps::). Synopses:
2042 mpost [OPTION]... [MPNAME[.mp]] [MP-COMMANDS]
2043 mpost [OPTION]... \FIRST-LINE
2044 mpost [OPTION]... &MEM ARGS
2046 MetaPost searches the usual places for the main input file MPNAME
2047 (*note (kpathsea)Supported file formats::), extending MPNAME with '.mp'
2048 if necessary. To see all the relevant paths, set the environment
2049 variable 'KPATHSEA_DEBUG' to '-1' before running the program.
2051 MetaPost writes its PostScript output to a series of files
2052 'BASEMPNAME.NNN' (or perhaps 'BASEMPNAME.ps', very occasionally
2053 'BASEMPNAME.tfm'), where NNN are the figure numbers specified in the
2054 input, typically to the 'beginfig' macro, and BASEMPNAME is the basename
2055 of MPNAME, or 'mpout' if no input file was specified. MetaPost uses the
2056 '.ps' extension when the figure number is out of range, e.g., if you say
2059 You can use the output files as figures in a TeX document just as
2060 with any other PostScript figures. For example, with this TeX command:
2061 \special{psfile="FILENAME"}
2062 or by using 'epsf.tex' (*note (dvips)EPSF macros::).
2064 The MetaPost construct
2065 btex ... TEX-INPUT ... etex
2066 generates a MetaPost picture expression corresponding to TEX-INPUT.
2069 verbatimtex ... TEX-INPUT ... etex
2070 simply passes the TEX-INPUT through to TeX. For example, if you are
2071 using LaTeX, your MetaPost input file must start with a 'verbatimtex'
2072 block that gives the necessary '\documentclass' (or '\documentstyle')
2073 '\begin{document}' command. You will also need to set the enviroment
2074 variable 'TEX' to 'latex'.
2076 TEX-INPUT need not be specifically TeX input; it could also be Troff.
2077 In that case, you will need the '-m pictures' Troff macro package
2078 (unfortunately absent from many Troff implementations), or an equivalent
2079 such as the '-m pspic' macros from GNU groff described in grops(1).
2081 Naturally, you must use fonts that are supported by the typesetter;
2082 specifically, you'll probably want to use standard PostScript fonts with
2083 Troff. And only the TeX system understands Computer Modern or other
2084 Metafont fonts; you can also use PostScript fonts with TeX, of course.
2086 MetaPost-generated PostScript figures which do use Computer Modern
2087 fonts for labels cannot be directly previewed or printed. Instead, you
2088 must include them in a TeX document and run the resulting DVI file
2089 through Dvips to arrange for the downloading of the required fonts
2090 (*note (dvips)Fonts in figures::). To help with this, the MetaPost
2091 distribution provides a small TeX file 'mproof.tex' which is typically
2093 tex mproof MP-OUTPUT-FILES... ; dvips mproof -o
2094 The resulting file 'mproof.ps' can then be printed or previewed.
2096 To generate EPSF files, set the internal MetaPost variable
2097 'prologues' positive. To make the output files self-contained, use only
2098 standard PostScript fonts. MetaPost reads the same 'psfonts.map' file
2099 as Dvips, to determine PostScript fonts that need to be downloaded
2100 (*note (dvips)psfonts.map::).
2102 It is posible for pdfTeX to read MetaPost output directly; this is in
2103 contrast to general EPSF files, which have to be converted for use with
2104 PDF output. The easiest way is to name the MetaPost output files with
2105 the '.mps' extension. Then the LaTeX '\includegraphics' command, for
2106 example, will be able to read them, even when outputting PDF.
2108 MetaPost can write output files, via the 'write' primitive; this
2109 opens a security hole. *Note tex invocation::.
2111 The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
2112 '-help' and '-version' (*note Common options::):
2113 '-[no]-file-line-error'
2117 '-interaction=STRING'
2119 '-kpathsea-debug=NUMBER'
2120 '-[no]parse-first-line'
2124 '-translate-file=TCXFILE'
2126 These options are common to TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost. *Note
2131 Set the 'prologues' internal variable to '1'.
2134 When this option is given, the program TEXPROGRAM is used to
2138 File: web2c.info, Node: Initial MetaPost, Next: dvitomp invocation, Prev: mpost invocation, Up: MetaPost
2140 6.2 Initial MetaPost
2141 ====================
2143 As of MetaPost 1.504 (TeX Live 2011), MetaPost no longer dumps '.mem'
2144 files (*note Memory dumps::) and does not distinguish virgin and initial
2145 forms (*note Initial and virgin::). Instead, the "initial" file name is
2146 read in its source form--that is, 'mpost.mp' when the program is invoked
2149 For a list of options and other information, see *note mpost
2152 MetaPost provides a format with all the features of plain Metafont,
2153 called 'mfplain'. You can use that in the same way; just run 'mfplain'
2154 instead of 'mpost'. This lets you directly process Metafont source
2155 files with MetaPost, producing character proofs (one file for each
2156 character) similar to those produced with Metafont in proof mode and
2157 GFtoDVI (*note gftodvi invocation::).
2160 File: web2c.info, Node: dvitomp invocation, Prev: Initial MetaPost, Up: MetaPost
2162 6.3 DVItoMP: DVI to MPX conversion
2163 ==================================
2165 DVItoMP converts DVI files into low-level MetaPost commands in a
2166 so-called MPX file. Synopsis:
2168 dvitomp DVIFILE[.dvi] [MPXFILE[.mpx]]
2170 If MPXFILE is not specified, the output goes to the basename of DVIFILE
2171 extended with '.mpx', e.g., 'dvitomp /wherever/foo.dvi' creates
2174 DVItoMP supports Dvips-style color specials, such as 'color push
2175 NAME' and 'color pop', outputting them as 'withcolor' MetaPost commands.
2177 The only options are '-help' and '-version' (*note Common options::).
2180 File: web2c.info, Node: BibTeX, Next: WEB, Prev: MetaPost, Up: Top
2182 7 BibTeX: Bibliographies
2183 ************************
2185 BibTeX automates much of the job of typesetting bibliographies, and
2186 makes bibliography entries reusable in many different contexts.
2190 * bibtex invocation::
2191 * Basic BibTeX style files:: The standard and semi-standard styles.
2194 File: web2c.info, Node: bibtex invocation, Next: Basic BibTeX style files, Up: BibTeX
2196 7.1 BibTeX invocation
2197 =====================
2199 BibTeX creates a printable bibliography ('.bbl') file from references in
2200 a '.aux' file, generally written by TeX or LaTeX. The '.bbl' file is
2201 then incorporated on a subsequent run. The basic bibliographic
2202 information comes from '.bib' files, and a BibTeX style ('.bst') file
2203 controls the precise contents of the '.bbl' file. Synopsis:
2205 bibtex [OPTION]... AUXFILE[.aux]
2207 The output goes to the basename of AUXFILE extended with '.bbl'; for
2208 example, 'bibtex /wherever/foo.aux' creates './foo.bbl'. BibTeX also
2209 writes a log file to the basename of AUXFILE extended with '.blg'.
2211 The names of the '.bib' and '.bst' files are specified in the '.aux'
2212 file as well, via the '\bibliography' and '\bibliographystyle' (La)TeX
2213 macros. BibTeX searches for '.bib' files using the 'BIBINPUTS' and
2214 'TEXBIB' paths, and for '.bst' files using 'BSTINPUTS' (*note
2215 (kpathsea)Supported file formats::). It does no path searching for
2218 The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
2219 '-help' and '-version' (*note Common options::):
2221 Suppress the program banner and progress reports normally output.
2224 If at least N (2 by default) bibliography entries refer to another
2225 entry E via their 'crossref' field, include E in the .bbl file,
2226 even if it was not explicitly referenced in the .aux file. For
2227 example, E might be a conference proceedings as a whole, with the
2228 cross-referencing entries being individual articles published in
2229 the proceedings. In some circumstances, you may want to avoid
2230 these automatic inclusions altogether; to do this, make N a
2231 sufficiently large number.
2235 Basic LaTeXable documentation for general BibTeX users.
2238 LaTeXable documentation for style designers.
2241 BibTeX database file for the two above documents.
2244 Example database file with all the standard entry types.
2246 '<ftp://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/>'
2247 A very large '.bib' and '.bst' collection, including references for
2248 all the standard TeX books and a complete bibliography for TUGboat.
2251 File: web2c.info, Node: Basic BibTeX style files, Prev: bibtex invocation, Up: BibTeX
2253 7.2 Basic BibTeX style files
2254 ============================
2256 Here are descriptions of the four standard and four semi-standard basic
2257 BibTeX styles. 'CTAN:/biblio/bibtex' contains these and many more (for
2258 CTAN info, *note (kpathsea)unixtex.ftp::).
2261 Sorts entries alphabetically, with numeric labels. Generally
2262 formatted according to van Leunen's 'A Handbook for Scholars'. The
2263 other style files listed here are based on 'plain'.
2266 First names, month names, and journal names are abbreviated.
2269 Names are printed in small caps.
2272 Alphanumeric labels, e.g., 'Knu66'.
2275 No labels at all; instead, the year appears in parentheses after
2276 the author. Use this in conjunction with 'apalike.tex' (plain TeX)
2277 or 'apalike.sty' (LaTeX), which also changes the citations in the
2278 text to be '(AUTHOR, YEAR)'.
2281 Numeric labels, entries in citation order, IEEE abbreviations,
2282 article titles in quotes.
2285 Numeric labels, alphabetic order, 'Math. Reviews' abbreviations,
2286 names in small caps.
2289 Lists entries in citation order, i.e., unsorted.
2292 The template file and documentation for the standard styles.
2295 File: web2c.info, Node: WEB, Next: DVI utilities, Prev: BibTeX, Up: Top
2297 8 WEB: Literate programming
2298 ***************************
2300 "WEB" languages allow you to write a single source file that can produce
2301 both a compilable program and a well-formatted document describing the
2302 program in as much detail as you wish to prepare. Writing in this kind
2303 of dual-purpose language is called "literate programming". (The Usenet
2304 newsgroup 'comp.programming.literate' is devoted to this subject.)
2306 WEB-like languages have been implemented with many pairs of base
2307 languages: Cweb provides C and Troff (*note References::); CWEB provides
2308 C and TeX ('CTAN:/web/c_cpp/cweb'); Spiderweb provides C, C++, Awk, Ada,
2309 many others, and TeX ('CTAN:/web/spiderweb'); and, of course, the
2310 original WEB provides Pascal and TeX, the implementation languages for
2311 the original TeX, Metafont, MetaPost, and related programs to come from
2312 the TeX project at Stanford.
2314 The original WEB language is documented in the file 'webman.tex',
2315 which is included in the <ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/lib.tar.gz> archive (and
2316 available in many other places, of course).
2320 * tangle invocation::
2321 * weave invocation::
2322 * pooltype invocation::
2325 File: web2c.info, Node: tangle invocation, Next: weave invocation, Up: WEB
2327 8.1 Tangle: Translate WEB to Pascal
2328 ===================================
2330 Tangle creates a compilable Pascal program from a WEB source file (*note
2333 tangle [OPTION]... WEBFILE[.web] [CHANGEFILE[.ch]]
2335 The Pascal output is written to the basename of WEBFILE extended with
2336 '.p'; for example, 'tangle /wherever/foo.web' creates './foo.p'. Tangle
2337 applies CHANGEFILE to WEBFILE before writing the output; by default,
2338 there is no change file.
2340 If the program makes use of the WEB string facility, Tangle writes
2341 the string pool to the basename of WEBFILE extended with '.pool'.
2343 The Pascal output is packed into lines of 72 characters or less, with
2344 the only concession to readability being the termination of lines at
2345 semicolons when this can be done conveniently.
2347 The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
2348 '--help' and '--version' (*note Common options::):
2351 The number of characters that are considered significant in an
2352 identifier. Whether underline characters are counted depends on
2353 the '-underline' option. The default value is 32, the original
2354 tangle used 7, but this proved too restrictive for use by Web2c.
2359 These options specify the case of identifiers in the output of
2360 tangle. If '-uppercase' ('-lowercase') is specified, tangle will
2361 convert all identfiers to uppercase (lowercase). The default is
2362 '-mixedcase', which specifies that the case will not be changed.
2365 When this option is given, tangle does not strip underline
2366 characters from identifiers.
2370 These options specify how strict tangle must be when checking
2371 identifiers for equality. The default is '-loose', which means
2372 that tangle will follow the rules set by the case-smashing and
2373 underline options above. If '-strict' is set, then identifiers
2374 will always be stripped of underlines and converted to uppercase
2375 before checking whether they collide.
2378 File: web2c.info, Node: weave invocation, Next: pooltype invocation, Prev: tangle invocation, Up: WEB
2380 8.2 Weave: Translate WEB to TeX
2381 ===============================
2383 Weave creates a TeX document from a WEB source file (*note WEB::),
2384 assuming various macros defined in 'webmac.tex'. It takes care of
2385 typographic details such as page layout, indentation, and italicizing
2386 identifiers. It also automatically gathers and outputs extensive
2387 cross-reference information. Synopsis:
2389 weave [OPTION]... WEBFILE[.web] [CHANGEFILE[.ch]]
2391 The output is to the basename of WEBFILE extended with '.tex'; for
2392 example, 'weave /wherever/foo.web' creates './foo.tex'. Weave applies
2393 CHANGEFILE to WEBFILE before writing the output; by default, there is no
2396 The program accepts the following option, as well as the standard
2397 '-verbose', '-help' and '-version' (*note Common options::):
2399 Omit the cross-reference information: the index, the list of WEB
2400 module names, and the table of contents (an empty 'CONTENTS.tex'
2401 file will still be written when the Weave output file is processed
2402 by TeX using the default 'webmac.tex', though).
2404 Conventionally, WEB programmers should define the TeX '\title' macro
2405 at the beginning of the source file. Also, to get output of only
2406 changed modules, one can say '\let\maybe=\iffalse' (usually as the first
2407 change in the change file).
2410 File: web2c.info, Node: pooltype invocation, Prev: weave invocation, Up: WEB
2412 8.3 Pooltype: Display WEB pool files
2413 ====================================
2415 Pooltype shows the so-called "string number" of each string in a WEB
2416 pool file (*note WEB::), as output by Tangle (*note tangle
2417 invocation::), including the first 256 strings corresponding to the
2418 possible input characters. Pooltype primarily serves as an example of
2419 WEB conventions to implementors of the TeX system. Synopsis:
2421 pooltype [OPTION]... POOLFILE[.pool]
2423 No path searching is done for POOLFILE. Output is to standard output.
2425 The only options are '--help' and '--version' (*note Common
2428 As an example of the output, here is the (edited) output for
2436 1314: "Using character substitution: "
2437 (23617 characters in all.)
2439 In Metafont and MetaPost, the first 256 characters are actually
2440 represented as single bytes (i.e., themselves), not in the '^^'
2441 notation. Consider Pooltype as showing the results after conversion for
2445 File: web2c.info, Node: DVI utilities, Next: Font utilities, Prev: WEB, Up: Top
2450 TeX outputs a file in "DVI" (DeVice Independent) format as a compact
2451 representation of the original document. DVI files can be translated to
2452 meet the requirements of a real physical device, such as PostScript
2453 printers (*note Introduction: (dvips)Top.), PCL printers (see dvilj(1)),
2454 and X displays (see xdvi(1)). In fact, DVI translators are available
2455 for virtually all common devices: see 'CTAN:/dviware' (for CTAN info,
2456 *note (kpathsea)unixtex.ftp::).
2458 For the precise definition of the DVI file format, see (for example)
2459 the source file 'web2c/dvitype.web'.
2461 The DVI-processing programs in the Web2c distribution are not device
2462 drivers; they perform generic utility functions.
2466 * dvicopy invocation:: Expand virtual fonts.
2467 * dvitype invocation:: DVI to human-readable text.
2470 File: web2c.info, Node: dvicopy invocation, Next: dvitype invocation, Up: DVI utilities
2472 9.1 DVIcopy: Canonicalize virtual font references
2473 =================================================
2475 DVIcopy reads a DVI file, expands any references to virtual fonts (*note
2476 (dvips)Virtual fonts::) to base fonts, and writes the resulting DVI
2477 file. Thus you can use virtual fonts even if your DVI processor does
2478 not support them, by passing the documents through DVIcopy first.
2481 dvicopy [OPTION]... [INDVI[.dvi] [OUTDVI[.dvi]]]
2483 DVIcopy reads standard input if INDVI is not specified, and writes
2484 standard output if OUTDVI is not specified.
2486 The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
2487 '-help' and '-version' (*note Common options::):
2488 '-magnification=INTEGER'
2489 Override existing magnification in INDVI with INTEGER; 1000
2490 specifies no magnification. This is equivalent to setting TeX's
2494 Process N pages; default is one million.
2496 '-page-start=PAGE-SPEC'
2497 Start at the first page matching PAGE-SPEC, which is one or more
2498 (signed) integers separated by periods, corresponding to TeX's
2499 '\count0...9' parameters at '\shipout' time; '*' matches anything.
2500 Examples: '3', '1.*.-4'.
2503 File: web2c.info, Node: dvitype invocation, Prev: dvicopy invocation, Up: DVI utilities
2505 9.2 DVItype: Plain text transliteration of DVI files
2506 ====================================================
2508 DVItype translates a DeVice Independent (DVI) file (as output by TeX,
2509 for example) to a plain text file that humans can read. It also serves
2510 as a DVI-validating program, i.e., if DVItype can read a file, it's
2513 dvitype [OPTION]... DVIFILE[.dvi]
2515 DVItype does not read any bitmap files, but it does read TFM files for
2516 fonts referenced in DVIFILE. The usual places are searched (*note
2517 (kpathsea)Supported file formats::). To see all the relevant paths, set
2518 the environment variable 'KPATHSEA_DEBUG' to '-1' before running the
2521 Output goes to standard output.
2523 The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
2524 '-help' and '-version' (*note Common options::):
2526 Do pixel movement calculations at REAL pixels per inch; default
2529 '-magnification=INTEGER'
2530 Override existing magnification in INDVI with INTEGER; 1000
2531 specifies no magnification. This is equivalent to setting TeX's
2535 Process N pages; default is one million.
2538 Verbosity level of output, from 0 to 4 (default 4):
2539 * 0: Global document information only.
2540 * 1: Most DVI commands included, and typeset characters
2542 * 2: Character and movement commands explicitly included.
2543 * 3: DVI stack and current position calculations included.
2544 * 4: Same information as level 3, but DVItype does random
2545 positioning in the file, reading the DVI postamble first.
2547 '-page-start=PAGE-SPEC'
2548 Start at the first page matching PAGE-SPEC, which is one or more
2549 (signed) integers separated by periods, corresponding to TeX's
2550 '\count0...9' parameters at '\shipout' time; '*' matches anything.
2551 Examples: '1', '5.*.-9'.
2554 Show numeric opcode values (in decimal) for DVI commands, in braces
2555 after the command name. This can help in debugging DVI utilities.
2556 We use decimal because in the DVI format documentation (in
2557 'dvitype.web', among others) the opcodes are shown in decimal.
2561 * dvitype output example::
2564 File: web2c.info, Node: dvitype output example, Up: dvitype invocation
2566 9.2.1 DVItype output example
2567 ----------------------------
2569 As an example of the output from DVItype (see section above), here is
2570 its (abridged) translation of the 'story.dvi' resulting from running the
2571 example in 'The TeXbook', with '-output-level=4' and '-show-opcodes' on.
2576 Maximum number of pages = 1000000
2577 Output level = 4 (the works)
2578 Resolution = 300.00000000 pixels per inch
2579 numerator/denominator=25400000/473628672
2580 magnification=1000; 0.00006334 pixels per DVI unit
2581 ' TeX output 1992.05.17:0844'
2582 Postamble starts at byte 564.
2583 maxv=43725786, maxh=30785863, maxstackdepth=3, totalpages=1
2584 Font 33: cmsl10---loaded at size 655360 DVI units
2585 Font 23: cmbx10---loaded at size 655360 DVI units
2586 Font 0: cmr10---loaded at size 655360 DVI units
2588 42: beginning of page 1
2590 level 0:(h=0,v=0,w=0,x=0,y=0,z=0,hh=0,vv=0)
2591 88: down3 -917504 {159} v:=0-917504=-917504, vv:=-58
2594 104: putrule {137} height 26214, width 30785863 (2x1950 pixels)
2595 113: down3 5185936 {159} v:=655360+5185936=5841296, vv:=370
2597 level 1:(h=0,v=5841296,w=0,x=0,y=0,z=0,hh=0,vv=370)
2598 118: right4 12265425 {146} h:=0+12265425=12265425, hh:=777
2600 123: fntdef1 23 {243}: cmbx10
2601 145: fntnum23 {194} current font is cmbx10
2602 146: setchar65 h:=12265425+569796=12835221, hh:=813
2603 147: w3 251220 {150} h:=12835221+251220=13086441, hh:=829
2604 151: setchar83 h:=13086441+418700=13505141, hh:=856
2606 164: setchar82 h:=17448202+565245=18013447, hh:=1142
2607 165: x0 -62805 {152} h:=18013447-62805=17950642, hh:=1138
2608 166: setchar89 h:=17950642+569796=18520438, hh:=1174
2611 level 1:(h=0,v=5841296,w=0,x=0,y=0,z=0,hh=0,vv=370)
2614 level 0:(h=0,v=42152922,w=0,x=0,y=0,z=0,hh=0,vv=2670)
2615 551: down3 1572864 {159} v:=42152922+1572864=43725786, vv:=2770
2617 level 0:(h=0,v=43725786,w=0,x=0,y=0,z=0,hh=0,vv=2770)
2618 556: right4 15229091 {146} h:=0+15229091=15229091, hh:=965
2619 561: setchar49 h:=15229091+327681=15556772, hh:=986
2622 level 0:(h=0,v=43725786,w=0,x=0,y=0,z=0,hh=0,vv=2770)
2627 * The DVItype options are recorded at the beginning, followed by
2628 global information about the document, including fonts used.
2630 * Each DVI command is preceded by its byte position in the file
2631 ('42:', '87:', ...), and (because of the '-show-opcodes') followed
2632 by its decimal opcode value in braces ('{141}', '{142}', ...).
2634 * The 'level' lines record information about the DVI stack; 'h' and
2635 'v' define the current position in DVI units, while 'hh' and 'vv'
2636 are the same in pixels.
2638 * Text sequences are summarized in brackets, as in '[A SHORT STORY]'
2642 File: web2c.info, Node: Font utilities, Next: Legalisms, Prev: DVI utilities, Up: Top
2647 The Web2c programs described here convert between various TeX-related
2648 font formats; the first section below briefly describes the formats.
2649 GFtoPK is the only one that is routinely used, as Metafont outputs GF
2650 format, but it's most efficient for device drivers to use PK.
2652 The precise definitions of the PK, GF, TFM, PL, VF, and VPL formats
2653 mentioned below are in the source files that read them; 'pktype.web',
2654 'gftype.web', 'tftopl.web', etc.
2658 * Font file formats:: Explanations of GF, PK, TFM, VF, ...
2659 * gftopk invocation:: GF -> PK (compact)
2660 * pktogf invocation:: PK -> GF (expand).
2661 * pktype invocation:: PK -> human-readable text.
2662 * gftype invocation:: GF -> human-readable text.
2663 * tftopl invocation:: TFM -> PL (for editing TFM).
2664 * pltotf invocation:: PL -> TFM (make editing results usable).
2665 * vftovp invocation:: VF -> VPL (tftopl for virtual fonts).
2666 * vptovf invocation:: VPL -> VF (pltotf for virtual fonts).
2667 * Font utilities available elsewhere:: Type 1, BDF, editors, etc.
2670 File: web2c.info, Node: Font file formats, Next: gftopk invocation, Up: Font utilities
2672 10.1 Font file formats
2673 ======================
2675 (For another perspective on this, *note (dvips)Font concepts::).
2677 Font files come in several varieties, with suffixes like:
2678 .tfm .*pk .*gf .*pxl (obsolete) .pl .mf .vf .vpl
2679 Each represents a file format.
2681 A TFM (TeX font metric) file is a compact binary file that contains
2682 information about each character in a font, about combinations of
2683 characters within that font, and about the font as a whole. The font
2684 metric information contained in TFM files is device-independent units is
2685 used by TeX to do typesetting. Unlike the bitmap (raster) fonts
2686 described below, TFM font files contain no information about the shapes
2687 of characters. They describe rectangular areas and combinations
2688 thereof, but not what will eventually be printed in those areas.
2690 Since TeX does scaling calculations, one TFM file serves for all
2691 magnifications of a given typeface. On the other hand, the best printed
2692 results are obtained when magnified (or reduced fonts) are not produced
2693 geometrically (as done by PostScript, for example) but rather optically,
2694 with each size a separate design (as done with Computer Modern and the
2695 EC fonts, for example); then a separate TFM file is needed for each
2698 At any rate, TeX produces a DVI (DeVice Independent) file from your
2699 source document. In order to print DVI files on real devices, you need
2700 font files defining digitized character shapes and other data. Then
2701 previewers and printer-driver programs can translate your DVI files into
2702 something usable by your monitor or printer. Bitmap fonts come with
2703 suffixes such as '.600pk' or '.600gf' or '.3000pxl', where the '600' is
2704 the horizontal dots-per-inch resolution at which the font was produced,
2705 and the 'pk' or 'gf' or 'pxl' indicates the font format. Outline fonts
2706 in PostScript Type 1 format have suffixes such as '.pfa' or '.pfb'.
2708 Fonts in pk (packed) format are in the tightly packed raster format
2709 that is pretty much the standard today. They take up less space than
2710 fonts in the gf (generic font) format that Metafont generates, and far
2711 less space than fonts in pxl format. Fonts in pxl format take up gross
2712 amounts of disk space and permit only 128 characters. They are
2715 Font files with the '.pl' (property list) suffix are the plain text
2716 (human-readable) analog of the binary '.tfm' files. The TFtoPL and
2717 PLtoTF programs convert between the two formats (*note tftopl
2718 invocation:: and *note pltotf invocation::).
2720 Font files with the '.mf' suffix are in Metafont source format.
2721 These are the files used by Metafont to generate rastered fonts for
2722 specific typefaces at specific magnifications for the specific
2723 resolution and type of mapping used by your device.
2725 The suffix '.vf' identifies "virtual font" files, for which '.vpl' is
2726 the human-readable analog. See *Note vftovp invocation::, and *note
2727 vptovf invocation::. For further discussion of virtual fonts, see
2728 'CTAN:/doc/virtual-fonts.knuth', 'CTAN:/help/virtualfonts.txt', and
2729 *note (dvips)Virtual fonts::.
2731 (This section is based on documentation in the original Unix TeX
2732 distribution by Pierre MacKay and Elizabeth Tachikawa.)
2735 File: web2c.info, Node: gftopk invocation, Next: pktogf invocation, Prev: Font file formats, Up: Font utilities
2737 10.2 GFtoPK: Generic to packed font conversion
2738 ==============================================
2740 GFtoPK converts a generic font (GF) file output by, for example,
2741 Metafont (*note mf invocation::) to a packed font (PK) file. PK files
2742 are considerably smaller than the corresponding gf files, so they are
2743 generally the bitmap font format of choice. Some DVI-processing
2744 programs, notably Dvips, only support PK files and not GF files.
2747 gftopk [OPTION]... GFNAME.DPI[gf] [PKFILE]
2749 The font GFNAME is searched for in the usual places (*note
2750 (kpathsea)Glyph lookup::). To see all the relevant paths, set the
2751 environment variable 'KPATHSEA_DEBUG' to '-1' before running the
2754 The suffix 'gf' is supplied if not already present. This suffix is
2755 not an extension; no '.' precedes it: for instance, 'cmr10.600gf'.
2757 If PKFILE is not specified, the output is written to the basename of
2758 'GFNAME.DPIpk', e.g., 'gftopk /wherever/cmr10.600gf' creates
2761 The only options are '--verbose', '--help', and '--version' (*note
2765 File: web2c.info, Node: pktogf invocation, Next: pktype invocation, Prev: gftopk invocation, Up: Font utilities
2767 10.3 PKtoGF: Packed to generic font conversion
2768 ==============================================
2770 PKtoGF converts a packed font (PK) file to a generic font (GF) file.
2771 Since PK format is much more compact than GF format, the most likely
2772 reason to do this is to run GFtype (*note gftype invocation::) on the
2773 result, so you can see the bitmap images. Also, a few old utility
2774 programs do not support PK format. Synopsis:
2776 pktogf [OPTION]... PKNAME.DPI[pk] [GFFILE]
2778 The font PKNAME is searched for in the usual places (*note
2779 (kpathsea)Glyph lookup::). To see all the relevant paths, set the
2780 environment variable 'KPATHSEA_DEBUG' to '-1' before running the
2783 The suffix 'pk' is supplied if not already present. This suffix is
2784 not an extension; no '.' precedes it: for instance, 'cmr10.600pk'.
2786 If GFFILE is not specified, the output is written to the basename of
2787 'PKNAME.DPIgf', e.g., 'pktogf /wherever/cmr10.600pk' creates
2790 The only options are '--verbose', '--help', and '--version' (*note
2794 File: web2c.info, Node: pktype invocation, Next: gftype invocation, Prev: pktogf invocation, Up: Font utilities
2796 10.4 PKtype: Plain text transliteration of packed fonts
2797 =======================================================
2799 PKtype translates a packed font (PK) bitmap file (as output by GFtoPK,
2800 for example) to a plain text file that humans can read. It also serves
2801 as a PK-validating program, i.e., if PKtype can read a file, it's
2804 pktype PKNAME.DPI[pk]
2806 The font PKNAME is searched for in the usual places (*note
2807 (kpathsea)Glyph lookup::). To see all the relevant paths, set the
2808 environment variable 'KPATHSEA_DEBUG' to '-1' before running the
2811 The suffix 'pk' is supplied if not already present. This suffix is
2812 not an extension; no '.' precedes it: for instance, 'cmr10.600pk'.
2814 The translation is written to standard output.
2816 The only options are '-help' and '-version' (*note Common options::).
2818 As an example of the output, here is the (abridged) translation of
2819 the letter 'K' in 'cmr10', as rendered at 600dpi with the mode 'ljfour'
2820 from <modes.mf> (available from 'ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/modes.mf').
2822 955: Flag byte = 184 Character = 75 Packet length = 174
2823 Dynamic packing variable = 11
2824 TFM width = 815562 dx = 4259840
2825 Height = 57 Width = 57 X-offset = -3 Y-offset = 56
2826 [2]23(16)17(8)9(25)11(13)7(27)7(16)7(28)4(18)7(28)2(20)7(27)...
2828 (14)9(24)12(5)[2]23(13)21
2833 The byte position in the file where this character starts.
2836 'Dynamic packing variable'
2837 Related to the packing for this character; see the source code.
2840 The character code, in decimal.
2843 The total length of this character definition, in bytes.
2846 The device-independent (TFM) width of this character. It is 2^24
2847 times the ratio of the true width to the font's design size.
2850 The device-dependent width, in "scaled pixels", i.e., units of
2851 horizontal pixels times 2^16.
2855 The bitmap height and width, in pixels.
2859 Horizontal and vertical offset from the upper left pixel to the
2860 reference (origin) pixel for this character, in pixels (right and
2861 down are positive). The "reference pixel" is the pixel that
2862 occupies the unit square in Metafont; the Metafont reference point
2863 is the lower left hand corner of this pixel. Put another way, the
2864 x-offset is the negative of the left side bearing; the right side
2865 bearing is the horizontal escapement minus the bitmap width plus
2869 Finally, run lengths of black pixels alternate with parenthesized
2870 run lengths of white pixels, and brackets indicate a repeated row.
2873 File: web2c.info, Node: gftype invocation, Next: tftopl invocation, Prev: pktype invocation, Up: Font utilities
2875 10.5 GFtype: Plain text transliteration of generic fonts
2876 ========================================================
2878 GFtype translates a generic font (GF) bitmap file (as output by
2879 Metafont, for example) to a plain text file that humans can read. It
2880 also serves as a GF-validating program, i.e., if GFtype can read a file,
2881 it's correct. Synopsis:
2883 gftype [OPTION]... GFNAME.DPI[gf]
2885 The font GFNAME is searched for in the usual places (*note
2886 (kpathsea)Glyph lookup::). To see all the relevant paths, set the
2887 environment variable 'KPATHSEA_DEBUG' to '-1' before running the
2890 The suffix 'gf' is supplied if not already present. This suffix is
2891 not an extension; no '.' precedes it: for instance, 'cmr10.600gf'.
2893 The translation is written to standard output.
2895 The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
2896 '-help' and '-version' (*note Common options::):
2898 Show the characters' bitmaps using asterisks and spaces.
2901 Translate all commands in the GF file.
2903 As an example of the output, here is the (abrdiged) translation of
2904 the letter 'K' in 'cmr10', as rendered at 600dpi with the mode 'ljfour'
2905 from 'modes.mf' (available from <ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/modes.mf>), with
2906 both '-mnemonics' and '-images' enabled.
2908 GFtype outputs the information about a character in two places: a
2909 main definition and a one-line summary at the end. We show both. Here
2910 is the main definition:
2912 2033: beginning of char 75: 3<=m<=60 0<=n<=56
2913 (initially n=56) paint (0)24(12)20
2914 2043: newrow 0 (n=55) paint 24(12)20
2915 2047: newrow 0 (n=54) paint 24(12)20
2916 2051: newrow 0 (n=53) paint 24(12)20
2917 2055: newrow 7 (n=52) paint 10(21)13
2918 2059: newrow 8 (n=51) paint 8(23)9
2920 2249: newrow 8 (n=5) paint 8(23)11
2921 2253: newrow 7 (n=4) paint 10(22)12
2922 2257: newrow 0 (n=3) paint 24(11)22
2923 2261: newrow 0 (n=2) paint 24(11)22
2924 2265: newrow 0 (n=1) paint 24(11)22
2925 2269: newrow 0 (n=0) paint 24(11)22
2927 .<--This pixel's lower left corner is at (3,57) in METAFONT coordinates
2928 ************************ ********************
2929 ************************ ********************
2930 ************************ ********************
2931 ************************ ********************
2932 ********** *************
2935 ******** ***********
2936 ********** ************
2937 ************************ **********************
2938 ************************ **********************
2939 ************************ **********************
2940 ************************ **********************
2941 .<--This pixel's upper left corner is at (3,0) in METAFONT coordinates
2948 The byte position in the file where each GF command starts.
2950 'beginning of char 75'
2951 The character code, in decimal.
2954 The character's bitmap lies between 3 and 60 (inclusive)
2955 horizontally, and between 0 and 56 (inclusive) vertically. (m is a
2956 column position and n is a row position.) Thus, 3 is the left side
2957 bearing. The right side bearing is the horizontal escapement
2958 (given below) minus the maximum m.
2960 '(initially n=56) paint (0)24(12)20'
2961 The first row of pixels: 0 white pixels, 24 black pixels, 12 white
2964 'newrow 0 (n=55) paint 24(12)20'
2965 The second row of pixels, with zero leading white pixels on the
2969 The end of the main character definition.
2971 Here is the GF postamble information that GFtype outputs at the end:
2973 Character 75: dx 4259840 (65), width 815562 (64.57289), loc 2033
2978 The device-dependent width, in "scaled pixels", i.e., units of
2979 horizontal pixels times 2^16. The '(65)' is simply the same number
2980 rounded. If the vertical escapement is nonzero, it would appear
2981 here as a 'dy' value.
2984 The device-independent (TFM) width of this character. It is 2^24
2985 times the ratio of the true width to the font's design size. The
2986 '64.57289' is the same number converted to pixels.
2989 The byte position in the file where this character starts.
2992 File: web2c.info, Node: tftopl invocation, Next: pltotf invocation, Prev: gftype invocation, Up: Font utilities
2994 10.6 TFtoPL: TeX font metric to property list conversion
2995 ========================================================
2997 TFtoPL translates a TeX font metric (TFM, *note (dvips)Metric files::)
2998 file (as output by Metafont, for example) to "property list format" (a
2999 list of parenthesized items describing the font) that humans can edit or
3000 read. This program is mostly used by people debugging TeX
3001 implementations, writing font utilities, etc. Synopsis:
3003 tftopl [OPTION]... TFMNAME[.tfm] [PLFILE[.pl]]
3005 The font TFMNAME (extended with '.tfm' if necessary) is searched for
3006 in the usual places (*note (kpathsea)Supported file formats::). To see
3007 all the relevant paths, set the environment variable 'KPATHSEA_DEBUG' to
3008 '-1' before running the program.
3010 If PLFILE (which is extended with '.pl' if necessary) is not
3011 specified, the property list file is written to standard output. The
3012 property list file can be converted back to TFM format by the companion
3013 program TFtoPL (see the next section).
3015 The program accepts the following option, as well as the standard
3016 '-verbose', '-help' and '-version' (*note Common options::):
3017 '-charcode-format=TYPE'
3018 Output character codes in the PL file according to TYPE: either
3019 'octal' or 'ascii'. Default is 'ascii' for letters and digits,
3020 octal for all other characters. Exception: if the font's coding
3021 scheme starts with 'TeX math sy' or 'TeX math ex', all character
3022 codes are output in octal.
3024 In 'ascii' format, character codes that correspond to graphic
3025 characters, except for left and right parentheses, are output as a
3026 'C' followed by the single character: 'C K', for example. In octal
3027 format, character codes are output as the letter 'O' followed by
3028 octal digits, as in 'O 113' for 'K'.
3030 'octal' format is useful for symbol and other non-alphabetic fonts,
3031 where using ASCII characters for the character codes is merely
3034 As an example of the output, here is the (abridged) property list
3035 translation of 'cmr10.tfm':
3039 (CODINGSCHEME TEX TEXT)
3041 (COMMENT DESIGNSIZE IS IN POINTS)
3042 (COMMENT OTHER SIZES ARE MULTIPLES OF DESIGNSIZE)
3043 (CHECKSUM O 11374260171)
3047 (STRETCH R 0.166667)
3049 (XHEIGHT R 0.430555)
3051 (EXTRASPACE R 0.111112)
3059 (KRN O 47 R 0.077779)
3060 (KRN O 77 R 0.077779)
3061 (KRN O 41 R 0.077779)
3062 (KRN O 51 R 0.077779)
3063 (KRN O 135 R 0.077779)
3076 (KRN O 47 R 0.077779)
3077 (KRN O 77 R 0.077779)
3083 As you can see, the general format is a list of parenthesized
3084 "properties", nested where necessary.
3086 * The first few items ('FAMILY', 'FACE', and so on) are the so-called
3087 "headerbyte" information from Metafont, giving general information
3090 * The 'FONTDIMEN' property defines the TeX '\fontdimen' values.
3092 * The 'LIGTABLE' property defines the ligature and kerning table.
3093 'LIG' properties define ligatures: in the example above, an 'f' (in
3094 the 'LABEL') followed by an 'i' is a ligature, i.e., a typesetting
3095 program like TeX replaces those two consecutive characters by the
3096 character at position octal '014 in the current font--presumably
3097 the 'fi' ligature. 'KRN' properties define kerns: if an 'f' is
3098 followed by character octal '047 (an apostrophe), TeX inserts a
3099 small amount of space between them: 0.077779 times the design size
3100 the font was loaded at (about three-quarters of a printer's point
3101 by default in this case, or .001 inches).
3103 * The 'CHARACTER' property defines the dimensions of a character: its
3104 width, height, depth, and italic correction, also in design-size
3105 units, as explained in the previous item. For our example 'f', the
3106 depth is zero, so that property is omitted. TFtoPL also inserts
3107 any kerns and ligatures for this character as a comment.
3110 File: web2c.info, Node: pltotf invocation, Next: vftovp invocation, Prev: tftopl invocation, Up: Font utilities
3112 10.7 PLtoTF: Property list to TeX font metric conversion
3113 ========================================================
3115 PLtoTF translates a property list file (as output by TFtoPL, for
3116 example) to TeX font metric (TFM, *note (dvips)Metric files::) format.
3117 It's much easier for both programs and humans to create the (plain text)
3118 property list files and let PLtoTF take care of creating the binary TFM
3119 equivalent than to output TFM files directly. Synopsis:
3121 pltotf [OPTION]... PLFILE[.pl] [TFMFILE[.tfm]]
3123 If TFMFILE (extended with '.tfm' if necessary) is not specified, the
3124 TFM file is written to the basename of 'PLFILE.tfm', e.g., 'pltotf
3125 /wherever/cmr10.pl' creates './cmr10.tfm'. (Since TFM files are binary,
3126 writing to standard output by default is undesirable.)
3128 The only options are '-verbose', '-help', and '-version' (*note
3131 For an example of property list format, see the previous section.
3134 File: web2c.info, Node: vftovp invocation, Next: vptovf invocation, Prev: pltotf invocation, Up: Font utilities
3136 10.8 VFtoVP: Virtual font to virtual property lists
3137 ===================================================
3139 VFtoVP translates a virtual font metric (VF, *note (dvips)Virtual
3140 fonts::) file and its accompanying TeX font metric (TFM, *note
3141 (dvips)Metric files::) file (as output by VPtoVF, for example) to
3142 "virtual property list format" (a list of parenthesized items describing
3143 the virtual font) that humans can edit or read. This program is mostly
3144 used by people debugging virtual font utilities. Synopsis:
3146 vftovp [OPTION]... VFNAME[.vf] [TFMNAME[.tfm] [VPLFILE[.vpl]]]
3148 The fonts VFNAME and TFMNAME (extended with '.vf' and '.tfm' if
3149 necessary) are searched for in the usual places (*note
3150 (kpathsea)Supported file formats::). To see all the relevant paths, set
3151 the environment variable 'KPATHSEA_DEBUG' to '-1' before running the
3152 program. If TFMNAME is not specified, VFNAME (without a trailing '.vf')
3155 If VPLFILE (extended with '.vpl' if necessary) is not specified, the
3156 property list file is written to standard output. The property list
3157 file can be converted back to VF and TFM format by the companion program
3158 VFtoVP (see the next section).
3160 The program accepts the following option, as well as the standard
3161 '-verbose', '-help' and '-version' (*note Common options::):
3162 '-charcode-format=TYPE'
3163 Output character codes in the PL file according to TYPE: either
3164 'octal' or 'ascii'. Default is 'ascii' for letters and digits,
3165 octal for all other characters. Exception: if the font's coding
3166 scheme starts with 'TeX math sy' or 'TeX math ex', all character
3167 codes are output in octal.
3169 In 'ascii' format, character codes that correspond to graphic
3170 characters, except for left and right parentheses, are output as a
3171 'C' followed by the single character: 'C K', for example. In octal
3172 format, character codes are output as the letter 'O' followed by
3173 octal digits, as in 'O 113' for 'K'.
3175 'octal' format is useful for symbol and other non-alphabetic fonts,
3176 where using ASCII characters for the character codes is merely
3180 File: web2c.info, Node: vptovf invocation, Next: Font utilities available elsewhere, Prev: vftovp invocation, Up: Font utilities
3182 10.9 VPtoVF: Virtual property lists to virtual font
3183 ===================================================
3185 VPtoVF translates a virtual property list file (as output by VFtoVP, for
3186 example) to virtual font (VF, *note (dvips)Virtual fonts::) and TeX font
3187 metric (TFM, *note (dvips)Metric files::) files. It's much easier for
3188 both programs and humans to create the (plain text) property list files
3189 and let VPtoVF take care of creating the binary VF and TFM equivalents
3190 than to output them directly. Synopsis:
3192 vptovf [OPTION]... VPLFILE[.vpl] [VFFILE[.vf] [TFMFILE[.tfm]]]
3194 If VFFILE (extended with '.vf' if necessary) is not specified, the VF
3195 output is written to the basename of 'VPLFILE.vf'; similarly for
3196 TFMFILE. For example, 'vptovf /wherever/ptmr.vpl' creates './ptmr.vf'
3199 The only options are '-verbose', '-help', and '-version' (*note
3203 File: web2c.info, Node: Font utilities available elsewhere, Prev: vptovf invocation, Up: Font utilities
3205 10.10 Font utilities available elsewhere
3206 ========================================
3208 The Web2c complement of font utilities merely implements a few basic
3209 conversions. Many other more sophisticated font utilities exist; most
3210 are in 'CTAN:/fonts/utilities' (for CTAN info, *note
3211 (kpathsea)unixtex.ftp::). Here are some of the most commonly-requested
3214 * AFM (Adobe font metric) to TFM conversion: *note (dvips)Invoking
3215 afm2tfm::, and 'CTAN:/fonts/utilities/afmtopl'.
3217 * BDF (the X bitmap format) conversion:
3218 <ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/bdf.tar.gz>.
3220 * Creating fonts using MetaPost: MetaType1.
3221 <ftp://bop.eps.gda.pl/pub/metatype1>. This is used to create the
3222 excellent Latin Modern font family ('CTAN:/fonts/lm'), which
3223 extends Computer Modern to a vast repertoire of scripts.
3225 * Editing of bitmap fonts: Xbfe from the GNU font utilities mentioned
3226 below; the X BDF-editing programs available from
3227 <ftp://ftp.x.org/R5contrib/xfed.tar.Z> and
3228 <ftp://ftp.x.org/R5contrib/xfedor.tar.Z>; and finally, if your
3229 fonts have only 128 characters, you can use the old 'gftopxl',
3230 'pxtoch', and 'chtopx' programs from <ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/web>.
3232 * Editing of outline fonts: FontForge, <fontforge.sourceforge.net>.
3233 This is a very elaborate program with support for many outline
3234 formats (Type 1, OpenType, TrueType, ...), and many advanced font
3237 * PK bitmaps from PostScript outline fonts: gsftopk from the 'xdvi'
3238 distribution. Alternatively, 'ps2pk', from
3239 'CTAN:/fonts/utilities/ps2pk'.
3241 * PostScript Type 1 font format conversion (i.e., between PFA and PFB
3242 formats): <http://www.lcdf.org/type>.
3244 * Scanned image conversion: the (aging) GNU font utilities convert
3245 type specimen images to Metafont, PostScript, etc.:
3246 <http://www.gnu.org/software/fontutils/>.
3248 * Tracing bitmaps to fitted outlines: Autotrace
3249 (<http://autotrace.sourceforge.net>), Potrace
3250 (<http://potrace.sourceforge.net>). For Metafont fonts, either of
3251 the two programs 'mftrace' (<http://www.xs4all.nl/~hanwen/mftrace>)
3252 or 'textrace' (<http://textrace.sourceforge.net>) make the job
3255 * Virtual font creation: 'CTAN:/fonts/utilities/fontinst'.
3258 File: web2c.info, Node: Legalisms, Next: References, Prev: Font utilities, Up: Top
3260 Appendix A Legalisms
3261 ********************
3263 In general, each file has its own copyright notice stating the copying
3264 permissions for that file. Following is a summary.
3266 The Web2c system itself and most of the original WEB source files are
3269 'tex.web', the MLTeX code, 'mf.web', and 'bibtex.web', are
3270 copyrighted by their authors. They may be copied verbatim, but may be
3271 modified only through a '.ch' file.
3273 MetaPost-related files, including 'mp.web' itself, are copyrighted
3274 under X-like terms; the precise notice is included below.
3276 Finally, the Kpathsea library is covered by the GNU Lesser General
3277 Public License (*note (kpathsea)Introduction::). Therefore, the
3278 _binaries_ resulting from a standard Web2c compilation are also covered
3279 by the LGPL; so if you (re)distribute the binaries, you must also (offer
3280 to) distribute the complete source that went into those binaries. See
3281 the file 'LGPL' for complete details on the LGPL.
3283 The following notice must be included by the terms of the MetaPost
3286 Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and
3287 its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby
3288 granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all
3289 copies and that both that the copyright notice and this permission
3290 notice and warranty disclaimer appear in supporting documentation,
3291 and that the names of AT&T Bell Laboratories or any of its entities
3292 not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution
3293 of the software without specific, written prior permission.
3295 AT&T disclaims all warranties with regard to this software,
3296 including all implied warranties of merchantability and fitness.
3297 In no event shall AT&T be liable for any special, indirect or
3298 consequential damages or any damages whatsoever resulting from loss
3299 of use, data or profits, whether in an action of contract,
3300 negligence or other tortious action, arising out of or in
3301 connection with the use or performance of this software.
3304 File: web2c.info, Node: References, Next: Index, Prev: Legalisms, Up: Top
3306 Appendix B References
3307 *********************
3309 1. Kpathsea: *Note Introduction: (kpathsea)Top.
3311 2. Dvips and Afm2tfm: *Note Introduction: (dvips)Top.
3313 3. The TeX Users Group: <http://www.tug.org>. For an introduction to
3314 the TeX system, see <http://tug.org/begin.html>.
3316 4. TUGboat: <http://tug.org/TUGboat>.
3318 5. TeX and computer typesetting in general:
3319 <ftp://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/texbook1.bib>.
3321 6. For a bibliography of formal articles and technical reports on the
3322 TeX project, see the books 'TeX: The Program' or 'Metafont: The
3323 Program' cited below.
3325 7. [Bil87] Neenie Billawala. Write-white printing engines and tuning
3326 fonts with Metafont. 'TUGboat', 8(1):29-32, April 1987.
3327 <http://tug.org/TUGboat/tb08-1/tb17billawala.pdf>.
3329 8. [GMS94] Michel Goossens, Frank Mittelbach, and Alexander Samarin.
3330 'The LaTeX Companion'. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1994.
3332 9. [Hob89] John D. Hobby. A Metafont-like system with PS output.
3333 'TUGboat', 10(4):505-512, December 1989.
3334 <http://tug.org/metapost>.
3336 10. [Hob92] John D. Hobby. A User's Manual for MetaPost. Technical
3337 Report CSTR-162, AT&T Bell Laboratories, 1992.
3339 11. [Hob93] John D. Hobby. Drawing Graphs with MetaPost. Technical
3340 Report CSTR-164, AT&T Bell Laboratories, 1993.
3342 12. [HS91] Samuel P. Harbison and Guy L. Steele Jr. 'C--A Reference
3343 Manual'. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458, USA, third
3344 edition, 1991. An authoritative reference to the C programming
3345 language, and a good companion to Kernighan and Ritchie.
3347 13. [KL93] Donald E. Knuth and Silvio Levy. 'The CWEB System of
3348 Structured Documentation, Version 3.0'. Addison-Wesley, Reading,
3351 14. [Knu84] Donald E. Knuth. A torture test for TeX. Report No.
3352 STAN-CS-84-1027, Stanford University, Department of Computer
3355 15. [Knu86a] Donald E. Knuth. A Torture Test for METAFONT. Report No.
3356 STAN-CS-86-1095, Stanford University, Department of Computer
3359 16. [Knu86b] Donald E. Knuth. 'The TeXbook', volume A of 'Computers
3360 and Typesetting'. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1986.
3362 17. [Knu86c] Donald E. Knuth. 'TeX: The Program', volume B of
3363 'Computers and Typesetting'. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA,
3366 18. [Knu86d] Donald E. Knuth. 'The METAFONTbook', volume C of
3367 'Computers and Typesetting'. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA,
3370 19. [Knu86e] Donald E. Knuth. 'METAFONT: The Program', volume D of
3371 'Computers and Typesetting'. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA,
3374 20. [Knu86f] Donald E. Knuth. 'Computer Modern Typefaces', volume E
3375 of 'Computers and Typesetting'. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA,
3378 21. [Knu89] Donald E. Knuth. The errors of TeX. 'Software--Practice
3379 and Experience', 19(7):607-681, July 1989. This is an updated
3380 version of Knuth:1988:ET.
3382 22. [Knu90] Donald Knuth. Virtual Fonts: More Fun for Grand Wizards.
3383 'TUGboat', 11(1):13-23, April 1990.
3384 <http://tug.org/TUGboat/tb11-1/tb27knut.pdf>.
3386 23. [Knu92] Donald E. Knuth. 'Literate Programming'. CSLI Lecture
3387 Notes Number 27. Stanford University Center for the Study of
3388 Language and Information, Stanford, CA, USA, 1992.
3390 24. [Lam94] Leslie Lamport. 'LaTeX: A Document Preparation System:
3391 User's Guide and Reference Manual'. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA,
3392 USA, second edition, 1994. Reprinted with corrections in 1996.
3394 25. [Lia83] Franklin Mark Liang. Word hy-phen-a-tion by com-pu-ter.
3395 Technical Report STAN-CS-83-977, Stanford University, August 1983.
3396 <http://tug.org/docs/liang/liang-thesis.pdf>.
3398 26. [Mac91] Pierre A. MacKay. Looking at the pixels: Quality control
3399 for 300 dpi laser printer fonts, especially Metafonts. In Robert
3400 A. Morris and Jacques Andre, editors, 'Raster Imaging and Digital
3401 Typography II--Papers from the second RIDT meeting, held in Boston,
3402 Oct. 14-16, 1991', pages 205-215, New York, 1991. Cambridge
3405 27. [Spi89] Michael D. Spivak. 'LAMSTeX, The Synthesis'. The
3406 TeXplorators Corporation, 3701 W. Alabama, Suite 450-273, Houston,
3407 TX 77027, USA, 1989.
3409 28. [Spi90] Michael D. Spivak. 'The Joy of TeX--A Gourmet Guide to
3410 Typesetting with the AMSTeX macro package'. American Mathematical
3411 Society, Providence, RI, USA, 2nd revised edition, 1990.
3414 File: web2c.info, Node: Index, Prev: References, Up: Top
3422 * '#define' options: Compile-time options.
3424 * $ expansion in filenames: \input filenames. (line 47)
3425 * %& magic number: Determining the memory dump to use.
3427 * - starting a filename: Option conventions. (line 19)
3428 * - starts option names: Option conventions. (line 11)
3429 * -- starts option names: Option conventions. (line 11)
3430 * --disable-dump-share configure option: Hardware and memory dumps.
3432 * --disable-mf-nowin: Online Metafont graphics.
3434 * --enable-epsfwin: Online Metafont graphics.
3436 * --enable-hp2627win: Online Metafont graphics.
3438 * --enable-ipc configure option: tex invocation. (line 92)
3439 * --enable-mftalkwin: Online Metafont graphics.
3441 * --enable-next: Online Metafont graphics.
3443 * --enable-regiswin: Online Metafont graphics.
3445 * --enable-suntoolswin: Online Metafont graphics.
3447 * --enable-tektronixwin: Online Metafont graphics.
3449 * --enable-unitermwin: Online Metafont graphics.
3451 * --help common option: Common options. (line 11)
3452 * --verbose common option: Common options. (line 15)
3453 * --version common option: Common options. (line 18)
3454 * --with-editor=CMD: Editor invocation. (line 10)
3455 * --with-mf-x-toolkit=KIT: Online Metafont graphics.
3457 * --with-x: Online Metafont graphics.
3459 * -8bit: Common options. (line 105)
3460 * -base=BASE: Determining the memory dump to use.
3462 * -base=DUMPNAME: Common options. (line 34)
3463 * -change=CHFILE: mft invocation. (line 62)
3464 * -charcode-format=TYPE: tftopl invocation. (line 27)
3465 * -charcode-format=TYPE <1>: vftovp invocation. (line 30)
3466 * -D compiler options: Compile-time options.
3468 * -disable-write18: tex invocation. (line 127)
3469 * -dpi=REAL: dvitype invocation. (line 24)
3470 * -enable-write18: tex invocation. (line 126)
3471 * -enc: tex invocation. (line 86)
3472 * -file-line-error: Common options. (line 25)
3473 * -file-line-error-style: Common options. (line 26)
3474 * -fmt=DUMPNAME: Common options. (line 34)
3475 * -fmt=FMT: Determining the memory dump to use.
3477 * -geometry, supported with Xt: Online Metafont graphics.
3479 * -halt-on-error: Common options. (line 41)
3480 * -images: gftype invocation. (line 26)
3481 * -ini: Common options. (line 45)
3482 * -ini <1>: Initial and virgin. (line 10)
3483 * -interaction=STRING: Common options. (line 50)
3484 * -ipc: tex invocation. (line 92)
3485 * -ipc-start: tex invocation. (line 92)
3486 * -jobname=STRING: Common options. (line 55)
3487 * -kpathsea-debug=NUMBER: Common options. (line 59)
3488 * -length=NUMBER: tangle invocation. (line 27)
3489 * -loose: tangle invocation. (line 46)
3490 * -lowercase: tangle invocation. (line 35)
3491 * -magnification=INTEGER: dvicopy invocation. (line 20)
3492 * -magnification=INTEGER <1>: dvitype invocation. (line 28)
3493 * -max-pages=N: dvicopy invocation. (line 25)
3494 * -max-pages=N <1>: dvitype invocation. (line 33)
3495 * -mem=DUMPNAME: Common options. (line 34)
3496 * -min-crossrefs=N: bibtex invocation. (line 31)
3497 * -mixedcase: tangle invocation. (line 35)
3498 * -mktex=FILETYPE: tex invocation. (line 102)
3499 * -mktex=FILETYPE <1>: mf invocation. (line 87)
3500 * -mltex: tex invocation. (line 107)
3501 * -mnemonics: gftype invocation. (line 29)
3502 * -no-file-line-error: Common options. (line 26)
3503 * -no-mktex=FILETYPE: tex invocation. (line 102)
3504 * -no-mktex=FILETYPE <1>: mf invocation. (line 87)
3505 * -no-parse-first-line: Common options. (line 72)
3506 * -no-shell-escape: tex invocation. (line 120)
3507 * -output-comment=STRING: tex invocation. (line 112)
3508 * -output-directory: Common options. (line 66)
3509 * -output-directory <1>: Output file location.
3511 * -output-level=N: dvitype invocation. (line 36)
3512 * -overflow-label-offset=POINTS: gftodvi invocation. (line 59)
3513 * -page-start=PAGE-SPEC: dvicopy invocation. (line 28)
3514 * -page-start=PAGE-SPEC <1>: dvitype invocation. (line 46)
3515 * -parse-first-line: Common options. (line 71)
3516 * -progname=STRING: Common options. (line 77)
3517 * -progname=STRING <1>: Determining the memory dump to use.
3519 * -recorder: Common options. (line 84)
3520 * -shell-escape: tex invocation. (line 119)
3521 * -shell-restricted: tex invocation. (line 121)
3522 * -show-opcodes: dvitype invocation. (line 52)
3523 * -strict: tangle invocation. (line 46)
3524 * -style=MFTFILE: mft invocation. (line 66)
3525 * -T: mpost invocation. (line 115)
3526 * -terse: bibtex invocation. (line 28)
3527 * -tex=TEXPROGRAM: mpost invocation. (line 118)
3528 * -translate-file=TCXFILE: Common options. (line 98)
3529 * -troff: mpost invocation. (line 115)
3530 * -underline: tangle invocation. (line 41)
3531 * -uppercase: tangle invocation. (line 35)
3532 * -x: weave invocation. (line 22)
3533 * ., used for output: Output file location.
3535 * .2602gf: mf invocation. (line 48)
3536 * .aux cross-reference files: bibtex invocation. (line 6)
3537 * .base: Initial Metafont. (line 6)
3538 * .bbl bibliography files: bibtex invocation. (line 6)
3539 * .bib bibliography databases: bibtex invocation. (line 6)
3540 * .blg BibTeX log file: bibtex invocation. (line 14)
3541 * .fmt: Initial TeX. (line 6)
3542 * .mf: mf invocation. (line 24)
3543 * .mp: mpost invocation. (line 30)
3544 * '.mps' files and PDF: mpost invocation. (line 86)
3545 * .NNN PostScript figures: mpost invocation. (line 35)
3546 * .NNNgf generic fonts: mf invocation. (line 34)
3547 * .tcx character translation files: Common options. (line 98)
3548 * .tcx character translation files <1>: TCX files. (line 6)
3549 * .tex: tex invocation. (line 20)
3550 * .tfm output: mf invocation. (line 43)
3551 * .tfm output <1>: mpost invocation. (line 35)
3552 * .Xdefaults: Online Metafont graphics.
3554 * .Xresources: Online Metafont graphics.
3556 * 2602gf: mf invocation. (line 48)
3557 * 8 bit clean: Common options. (line 105)
3558 * 8 bit clean output, specifying: Common options. (line 105)
3559 * 8-bit characters: TCX files. (line 6)
3560 * \bibliography: bibtex invocation. (line 18)
3561 * \bibliographystyle: bibtex invocation. (line 18)
3562 * \charsubdef and MLTeX: \charsubdef. (line 6)
3563 * \countN: dvicopy invocation. (line 28)
3564 * \countN <1>: dvitype invocation. (line 46)
3565 * \font and dynamic generation: tex invocation. (line 41)
3566 * \fontdimen: tftopl invocation. (line 99)
3567 * \immediate\write18: Shell escapes. (line 6)
3568 * \input filenames: \input filenames. (line 6)
3569 * \input, and pipes: Shell escapes. (line 63)
3570 * \mag: dvicopy invocation. (line 20)
3571 * \mag <1>: dvitype invocation. (line 28)
3572 * \openin, and pipes: Shell escapes. (line 63)
3573 * \openout and security: tex invocation. (line 48)
3574 * \openout, and pipes: Shell escapes. (line 63)
3575 * \output routine, and '\write': Shell escapes. (line 28)
3576 * \pdfshellescape: Shell escapes. (line 63)
3577 * \string: \input filenames. (line 59)
3578 * \tracingcharsubdef and MLTeX: \tracingcharsubdef. (line 6)
3579 * \tracinglostchars and MLTeX: \tracingcharsubdef. (line 11)
3580 * \write18 shell escape extension: Shell escapes. (line 6)
3581 * ^^ notation, avoiding: TCX files. (line 87)
3582 * ~ expansion in filenames: \input filenames. (line 47)
3583 * abbrv.bst: Basic BibTeX style files.
3585 * accented character: TCX files. (line 6)
3586 * accents, hyphenating words with: MLTeX. (line 6)
3587 * acknowledgements: Introduction. (line 51)
3588 * acm.bst: Basic BibTeX style files.
3590 * Ada, WEB for: WEB. (line 12)
3591 * additional Make targets: Additional targets. (line 6)
3592 * AFM to TFM conversion: Font utilities available elsewhere.
3594 * afm2tfm: Font utilities available elsewhere.
3596 * afmtopl: Font utilities available elsewhere.
3598 * Aleph: TeX extensions. (line 14)
3599 * aliases for fonts: Path searching. (line 14)
3600 * alpha.bst: Basic BibTeX style files.
3602 * American Mathematical Society, typesetting system: Formats. (line 39)
3603 * AMSTeX: Formats. (line 39)
3604 * apalike.bst: Basic BibTeX style files.
3606 * architecture dependencies: Hardware and memory dumps.
3608 * array limit, fixed: Runtime options. (line 35)
3609 * array sizes: Runtime options. (line 6)
3610 * assembly language routines: Compile-time options.
3612 * autotrace: Font utilities available elsewhere.
3614 * Awk, WEB for: WEB. (line 12)
3615 * base file, determining: Determining the memory dump to use.
3617 * base files: Initial Metafont. (line 6)
3618 * base files, need mode definitions: Modes. (line 6)
3619 * base files, plain only: Initial Metafont. (line 26)
3620 * base files, sharing: Hardware and memory dumps.
3622 * bases Make target: Additional targets. (line 28)
3623 * basic BibTeX style files: Basic BibTeX style files.
3625 * basic fonts and macros: Installation. (line 33)
3626 * batch languages: TeX. (line 9)
3627 * BDF and GF conversion: Font utilities available elsewhere.
3629 * beginfig: mpost invocation. (line 35)
3630 * Berry, Karl: Introduction. (line 41)
3631 * BIBINPUTS, search path for bib files: bibtex invocation. (line 18)
3632 * bibliographies, creating: BibTeX. (line 6)
3633 * bibliography: References. (line 6)
3634 * bibliography items, cross-referenced: bibtex invocation. (line 31)
3635 * bibtex: bibtex invocation. (line 6)
3636 * BibTeX: BibTeX. (line 6)
3637 * BibTeX collection: bibtex invocation. (line 54)
3638 * BibTeX style files: Basic BibTeX style files.
3640 * BigEndian machines: Hardware and memory dumps.
3642 * binaries, linking: Common options. (line 77)
3643 * blank lines, in TCX files: TCX files. (line 66)
3644 * boxes, memory for: Runtime options. (line 20)
3645 * breakpoints, memory for: Runtime options. (line 20)
3646 * Breitenlohner, Peter: Introduction. (line 8)
3647 * BSTINPUTS, search path for bst files: bibtex invocation. (line 18)
3648 * btex for MetaPost labels: mpost invocation. (line 48)
3649 * btxdoc.bib: bibtex invocation. (line 48)
3650 * btxdoc.tex: bibtex invocation. (line 42)
3651 * btxhak.tex: bibtex invocation. (line 45)
3652 * byte position: pktype invocation. (line 40)
3653 * byte position <1>: gftype invocation. (line 76)
3654 * byte swapping: Hardware and memory dumps.
3656 * c-sources Makefile target: Additional targets. (line 12)
3657 * change files, and MFT: mft invocation. (line 62)
3658 * change files, and Tangle: tangle invocation. (line 11)
3659 * change files, and Weave: weave invocation. (line 14)
3660 * changing error messages style: Common options. (line 26)
3661 * character codes, in GFtype output: gftype invocation. (line 79)
3662 * character codes, in PKtype output: pktype invocation. (line 47)
3663 * character codes, in TCX files: TCX files. (line 77)
3664 * character proofs of fonts: gftodvi invocation. (line 6)
3665 * CHARACTER property: tftopl invocation. (line 112)
3666 * character translation files: TCX files. (line 6)
3667 * CHARDP property: tftopl invocation. (line 112)
3668 * CHARHT property: tftopl invocation. (line 112)
3669 * CHARIC property: tftopl invocation. (line 112)
3670 * CHARWD property: tftopl invocation. (line 112)
3671 * chtopx: Font utilities available elsewhere.
3673 * class name for Metafont: Online Metafont graphics.
3675 * cm.base: Initial Metafont. (line 26)
3676 * cmbase.mf: Initial Metafont. (line 26)
3677 * cmbase.mft: mft invocation. (line 72)
3678 * cmmf.base not recommended: Initial Metafont. (line 26)
3679 * color, in DVItoMP: dvitomp invocation. (line 15)
3680 * comments, in TCX files: TCX files. (line 70)
3681 * comments, MFT control: mft invocation. (line 24)
3682 * common options: Common options. (line 6)
3683 * commonalities: Commonalities. (line 6)
3684 * compilation: Installation. (line 6)
3685 * compile-time options: configure options. (line 6)
3686 * compile-time options <1>: Compile-time options.
3688 * Computer Modern fonts, and Troff: mpost invocation. (line 65)
3689 * Computer Modern macros: Initial Metafont. (line 26)
3690 * 'Computer Modern Typefaces', production of: mft invocation. (line 72)
3691 * configuration: Installation. (line 6)
3692 * configuration file reading: Path searching. (line 6)
3693 * configuration file values: Runtime options. (line 6)
3694 * configuration, compile-time: configure options. (line 6)
3695 * configure --with/--enable options: configure options. (line 6)
3696 * CONTENTS.tex: weave invocation. (line 22)
3697 * control sequence names, space for: Runtime options. (line 29)
3698 * conventions for options,: Option conventions. (line 6)
3699 * conversion, DVI to plain text: dvitype invocation. (line 6)
3700 * conversion, GF to PK: gftopk invocation. (line 6)
3701 * conversion, GF to plain text: gftype invocation. (line 6)
3702 * conversion, PK to GF: pktogf invocation. (line 6)
3703 * conversion, PK to plain text: pktype invocation. (line 6)
3704 * conversion, property list to TFM: pltotf invocation. (line 6)
3705 * conversion, property list to VF: vptovf invocation. (line 6)
3706 * conversion, TFM to property list: tftopl invocation. (line 6)
3707 * conversion, VF to VPL: vftovp invocation. (line 6)
3708 * copyright notices: Legalisms. (line 6)
3709 * Cork encoding and ISO input: TCX files. (line 48)
3710 * creating memory dumps: Creating memory dumps.
3712 * cross-referenced bibliography items: bibtex invocation. (line 31)
3713 * cross-references, omitting: weave invocation. (line 22)
3714 * current directory, used for output: Output file location.
3716 * Curtis, Pavel: Introduction. (line 41)
3717 * Cweb: WEB. (line 12)
3718 * CWEB: WEB. (line 12)
3719 * date and time, in memory dumps: Hardware and memory dumps.
3721 * debugging DVI utilities: dvitype invocation. (line 52)
3722 * debugging flags, specifying: Common options. (line 59)
3723 * decimal character codes, in TCX files: TCX files. (line 77)
3724 * dependencies, hardware: Hardware and memory dumps.
3726 * design-size units: tftopl invocation. (line 101)
3727 * device definitions, for Metafont: Modes. (line 6)
3728 * device-independent width: pktype invocation. (line 53)
3729 * device-independent width <1>: gftype invocation. (line 112)
3730 * directory structure: Installation. (line 33)
3731 * DISPLAY: Online Metafont graphics.
3733 * dot files, written by TeX programs: tex invocation. (line 48)
3734 * downloading of fonts for MetaPost labels: mpost invocation. (line 70)
3735 * DrawingServant: Online Metafont graphics.
3737 * dump file: Common options. (line 34)
3738 * dumping memory: Memory dumps. (line 6)
3739 * DVI comment, specifying: tex invocation. (line 112)
3740 * DVI files, converting to MPX: dvitomp invocation. (line 6)
3741 * DVI files, explained: Font file formats. (line 29)
3742 * DVI format definition: DVI utilities. (line 14)
3743 * DVI opcodes, showing: dvitype invocation. (line 52)
3744 * DVI utilities: DVI utilities. (line 6)
3745 * dvicopy: dvicopy invocation. (line 6)
3746 * dvitomp: dvitomp invocation. (line 6)
3747 * dvitype DVI validation: dvitype invocation. (line 6)
3748 * dvitype output example: dvitype output example.
3750 * dvitype.web: DVI utilities. (line 14)
3751 * dx horizontal escapement: pktype invocation. (line 57)
3752 * dx horizontal escapement <1>: gftype invocation. (line 106)
3753 * dy vertical escapement: gftype invocation. (line 106)
3754 * dynamic array allocation: Runtime options. (line 35)
3755 * dynamic Metafont mode definitions with 'smode': Modes. (line 28)
3756 * dynamic packing variable: pktype invocation. (line 44)
3757 * e response at error prompt: Editor invocation. (line 6)
3758 * e-circumflex: \charsubdef. (line 20)
3759 * e-TeX: TeX extensions. (line 10)
3760 * e.mft: mft invocation. (line 72)
3761 * EC fonts: tex invocation. (line 41)
3762 * EC fonts <1>: mf invocation. (line 24)
3763 * editing of bitmap fonts: Font utilities available elsewhere.
3765 * editor invoked at error: Editor invocation. (line 6)
3766 * eight-bit characters in filenames: \input filenames. (line 34)
3767 * empty.tcx: TCX files. (line 48)
3768 * endian dependencies: Hardware and memory dumps.
3770 * eoc GF command: gftype invocation. (line 97)
3771 * Eplain: Formats. (line 54)
3772 * epsf: Online Metafont graphics.
3774 * errors, editor invoked at: Editor invocation. (line 6)
3775 * escapement, horizontal: pktype invocation. (line 57)
3776 * escapement, horizontal <1>: gftype invocation. (line 106)
3777 * escapement, vertical: gftype invocation. (line 106)
3778 * etex for MetaPost labels: mpost invocation. (line 48)
3779 * executables, shared initial and virgin: Initial and virgin. (line 6)
3780 * exit status, of shell escape: Shell escapes. (line 34)
3781 * expanded plain format: Formats. (line 54)
3782 * extensions to TeX: TeX extensions. (line 6)
3783 * extra_mem_bot: Runtime options. (line 19)
3784 * FACE property: tftopl invocation. (line 95)
3785 * FAMILY property: tftopl invocation. (line 95)
3786 * FAMILY property <1>: tftopl invocation. (line 99)
3787 * Ferguson, Michael: MLTeX. (line 6)
3788 * file formats for fonts: Font file formats. (line 6)
3789 * file recorder: Common options. (line 84)
3790 * filename conventions, in input files: \input filenames. (line 6)
3791 * filenames starting with '-': Option conventions. (line 19)
3792 * first line of the main input file: Common options. (line 98)
3793 * fixed-point arithmetic: Compile-time options.
3795 * FIXPT: Compile-time options.
3797 * flag byte: pktype invocation. (line 44)
3798 * floating-point arithmetic: Compile-time options.
3800 * floating-point values: Hardware and memory dumps.
3802 * fmt file, determining: Determining the memory dump to use.
3804 * fmt files: Initial TeX. (line 6)
3805 * fmt files, sharing: Hardware and memory dumps.
3807 * fmts Make target: Additional targets. (line 24)
3808 * font aliases: Path searching. (line 14)
3809 * font character code, translating: TCX files. (line 101)
3810 * font design: Metafont. (line 6)
3811 * font downloading for MetaPost labels: mpost invocation. (line 70)
3812 * font file formats: Font file formats. (line 6)
3813 * font proofs: gftodvi invocation. (line 6)
3814 * font utilities: Font utilities. (line 6)
3815 * font utilities, non-Web2c: Font utilities available elsewhere.
3817 * fontforge: Font utilities available elsewhere.
3819 * fontinst, for creating virtual fonts: Font utilities available elsewhere.
3821 * fonts, basic: Installation. (line 33)
3822 * fontutils: Font utilities available elsewhere.
3824 * font_mem_size: Runtime options. (line 24)
3825 * format files: Initial TeX. (line 13)
3826 * formats for TeX: Formats. (line 6)
3827 * formats Make target: Additional targets. (line 17)
3828 * fraction routines: Compile-time options.
3830 * Free Software Foundation documentation system: Formats. (line 47)
3831 * freedom of Web2c: Introduction. (line 22)
3832 * ftp.math.utah.edu: bibtex invocation. (line 54)
3833 * generating source specials: tex invocation. (line 133)
3834 * geometric designs: Metafont. (line 6)
3835 * geometric font scaling: Font file formats. (line 21)
3836 * geometry for Metafont: Online Metafont graphics.
3838 * getopt_long_only: Option conventions. (line 6)
3839 * GF files, explained: Font file formats. (line 39)
3840 * GF files, output by Metafont: mf invocation. (line 34)
3841 * GF format definition: Font utilities. (line 11)
3842 * GF output: mf invocation. (line 34)
3843 * GF, converting PK to: pktogf invocation. (line 6)
3844 * GF, converting to PK: gftopk invocation. (line 6)
3845 * gftodvi: gftodvi invocation. (line 6)
3846 * gftopk: gftopk invocation. (line 6)
3847 * gftopxl: Font utilities available elsewhere.
3849 * gftype GF validation: gftype invocation. (line 6)
3850 * gftype.web: Font utilities. (line 11)
3851 * glue ratio representations: Hardware and memory dumps.
3853 * glue, memory for: Runtime options. (line 20)
3854 * glyph substitutions: MLTeX. (line 6)
3855 * gray font: gftodvi invocation. (line 29)
3856 * Gruff, Billy Goat: Triptrap. (line 6)
3857 * gsftopk: Font utilities available elsewhere.
3859 * Harbison, Samuel P.: Hardware and memory dumps.
3861 * hardware and memory dumps: Hardware and memory dumps.
3863 * hash table, increasing size of: Runtime options. (line 29)
3864 * hash_extra: Runtime options. (line 28)
3865 * headerbyte information: tftopl invocation. (line 95)
3866 * height, in pixels: pktype invocation. (line 62)
3867 * help, online: Common options. (line 11)
3868 * Henry, Patrick: Introduction. (line 22)
3869 * Herberts, Mathias: Online Metafont graphics.
3871 * hex character codes, in TCX files: TCX files. (line 77)
3872 * history: Introduction. (line 41)
3873 * Hobby, John: Introduction. (line 8)
3874 * horizontal escapement: pktype invocation. (line 57)
3875 * horizontal escapement <1>: gftype invocation. (line 106)
3876 * hp2627: Online Metafont graphics.
3878 * human languages, supported in TeX: Languages and hyphenation.
3880 * human-readable text, converting DVI to: dvitype invocation. (line 6)
3881 * human-readable text, converting GF to: gftype invocation. (line 6)
3882 * human-readable text, converting PK to: pktype invocation. (line 6)
3883 * human-readable text, converting TFM to: tftopl invocation. (line 6)
3884 * human-readable text, converting VF to: vftovp invocation. (line 6)
3885 * hypertext: TeX extensions. (line 20)
3886 * hyphenation and languages: Languages and hyphenation.
3888 * hyphenation patterns, creating: patgen invocation. (line 6)
3889 * ice cream: Introduction. (line 22)
3890 * identifier case: tangle invocation. (line 35)
3891 * identifier collisions: tangle invocation. (line 46)
3892 * identifier length: tangle invocation. (line 27)
3893 * identifiers with underlines: tangle invocation. (line 41)
3894 * ieeetr.bst: Basic BibTeX style files.
3896 * il1-t1.tcx: TCX files. (line 48)
3897 * il2-t1.tcx: TCX files. (line 48)
3898 * Info format: Formats. (line 47)
3899 * initial form, enabling: Common options. (line 45)
3900 * initial Metafont: Initial Metafont. (line 6)
3901 * initial MetaPost: Initial MetaPost. (line 6)
3902 * initial programs: Initial and virgin. (line 19)
3903 * initial TeX: Initial TeX. (line 6)
3904 * initializations, lengthy: Initial and virgin. (line 19)
3905 * input filenames: \input filenames. (line 6)
3906 * install-bases Make target: Additional targets. (line 28)
3907 * install-fmts Make target: Additional targets. (line 24)
3908 * install-formats Make target: Additional targets. (line 17)
3909 * install-mems Make target: Additional targets. (line 34)
3910 * installation: Installation. (line 6)
3911 * interaction between TCX files and '-8bit'.: TCX files. (line 104)
3912 * interaction mode: Common options. (line 50)
3913 * international characters: TCX files. (line 6)
3914 * introduction: Introduction. (line 6)
3915 * IPC: IPC and TeX. (line 6)
3916 * IPC_DEBUG: Compile-time options.
3918 * IPC_DEBUG <1>: IPC and TeX. (line 13)
3919 * job name: Common options. (line 55)
3920 * kerning table, in TFM files: tftopl invocation. (line 101)
3921 * keyboard character code, translating: TCX files. (line 101)
3922 * Knuth, Donald E.: Introduction. (line 8)
3923 * Knuth, Donald E. <1>: mft invocation. (line 56)
3924 * KPATHSEA_DEBUG: Common options. (line 59)
3925 * KRN property: tftopl invocation. (line 101)
3926 * label font: gftodvi invocation. (line 36)
3927 * LABEL property: tftopl invocation. (line 101)
3928 * language support in TeX: Languages and hyphenation.
3930 * languages, hyphenation rules for: patgen invocation. (line 6)
3931 * LaTeX: Formats. (line 22)
3932 * Latin Modern: Font utilities available elsewhere.
3934 * left side bearing: pktype invocation. (line 66)
3935 * left side bearing <1>: gftype invocation. (line 82)
3936 * legalisms: Legalisms. (line 6)
3937 * licensing terms: Introduction. (line 22)
3938 * LIG property: tftopl invocation. (line 101)
3939 * ligature table, in TFM files: tftopl invocation. (line 101)
3940 * LIGTABLE property: tftopl invocation. (line 101)
3941 * linking binaries: Common options. (line 77)
3942 * links to binaries: Determining the memory dump to use.
3944 * literate programming: WEB. (line 6)
3945 * LittleEndian machines: Hardware and memory dumps.
3947 * log file, BibTeX: bibtex invocation. (line 14)
3948 * Lua: TeX extensions. (line 26)
3949 * luaTeX: TeX extensions. (line 26)
3950 * machine dependencies: Hardware and memory dumps.
3952 * machine-readable, converting property lists to: pltotf invocation.
3954 * machine-readable, converting property lists to <1>: vptovf invocation.
3956 * MacKay, Pierre: Font file formats. (line 62)
3957 * macro packages, major TeX: Formats. (line 6)
3958 * macros, basic: Installation. (line 33)
3959 * macros, predefining in memory dumps: Memory dumps. (line 6)
3960 * magnification: dvicopy invocation. (line 20)
3961 * magnification <1>: dvitype invocation. (line 28)
3962 * main_memory: Runtime options. (line 15)
3963 * Make targets, additional: Additional targets. (line 6)
3964 * Martin, Rick: Introduction. (line 51)
3965 * Mathematical Reviews: Formats. (line 39)
3966 * mathematical typesetting: TeX. (line 6)
3967 * mem file, determining: Determining the memory dump to use.
3969 * mem files, sharing: Hardware and memory dumps.
3971 * memory dump to use, determining: Determining the memory dump to use.
3973 * memory dumps: Memory dumps. (line 6)
3974 * memory dumps and hardware: Hardware and memory dumps.
3976 * memory dumps, contain date and time: Hardware and memory dumps.
3978 * memory dumps, creating: Creating memory dumps.
3980 * mems Make target: Additional targets. (line 34)
3981 * meta characters in filenames: \input filenames. (line 34)
3982 * Metafont: Metafont. (line 6)
3983 * Metafont geometry: Online Metafont graphics.
3985 * Metafont graphics: Online Metafont graphics.
3987 * Metafont input files: mf invocation. (line 24)
3988 * Metafont invocation: mf invocation. (line 6)
3989 * Metafont meets PostScript: MetaPost. (line 6)
3990 * Metafont online support, new devices: Online Metafont graphics.
3992 * Metafont source, prettyprinting: mft invocation. (line 6)
3993 * Metafont, compatibility in MetaPost: Initial MetaPost. (line 15)
3994 * Metafont, initial: Initial Metafont. (line 6)
3995 * Metafont, MetaPost, and TeX: Three programs. (line 6)
3996 * MetaPost: MetaPost. (line 6)
3997 * MetaPost and plain Metafont compatibility: Initial MetaPost.
3999 * MetaPost input files: mpost invocation. (line 30)
4000 * MetaPost invocation: mpost invocation. (line 6)
4001 * MetaPost source, prettyprinting: mft invocation. (line 78)
4002 * MetaPost, initial: Initial MetaPost. (line 6)
4003 * MetaPost, TeX, and Metafont: Three programs. (line 6)
4004 * metatype1: Font utilities available elsewhere.
4006 * mf: mf invocation. (line 6)
4007 * mf.base: Initial Metafont. (line 14)
4008 * MFEDIT: Editor invocation. (line 10)
4009 * mfplain: Initial MetaPost. (line 15)
4010 * mfput: mf invocation. (line 34)
4011 * mft: mft invocation. (line 6)
4012 * mftalk: Online Metafont graphics.
4014 * MFTERM: Online Metafont graphics.
4016 * mftmac.tex: mft invocation. (line 6)
4017 * micro-typography: TeX extensions. (line 20)
4018 * mktexmf, disabling: mf invocation. (line 24)
4019 * mktextfM, disabling: tex invocation. (line 41)
4020 * mltex: MLTeX. (line 6)
4021 * MLTeX, enabling: tex invocation. (line 107)
4022 * mode needed to run Metafont: mf invocation. (line 48)
4023 * modes file needed for Metafont: Modes. (line 6)
4024 * modes.mf recommended modes file: Modes. (line 10)
4025 * mode_def: Modes. (line 15)
4026 * mode_setup: Modes. (line 15)
4027 * Morgan, Tim: Introduction. (line 41)
4028 * Morris, Bob: Introduction. (line 51)
4029 * MPEDIT: Editor invocation. (line 10)
4030 * mpgraph.ps: mpost invocation. (line 18)
4031 * mpman.ps: mpost invocation. (line 6)
4032 * mpost: mpost invocation. (line 6)
4033 * mpost, reason for name change: Installation. (line 19)
4034 * mpout: mpost invocation. (line 35)
4035 * mproof.tex: mpost invocation. (line 70)
4036 * mptrap Make target: Additional targets. (line 41)
4037 * mptrap test: Triptrap. (line 6)
4038 * mptrap.readme: Triptrap. (line 6)
4039 * MPX files, converting from DVI files: dvitomp invocation. (line 6)
4040 * Multi-lingual TeX: MLTeX. (line 6)
4041 * N tilde: \charsubdef. (line 36)
4042 * new graphics support for Metafont: Online Metafont graphics.
4044 * newrow GF command: gftype invocation. (line 93)
4045 * next: Online Metafont graphics.
4047 * non-Unix system, compiling on: Additional targets. (line 12)
4048 * non-windows-capable Metafont: Online Metafont graphics.
4050 * NO_X11WIN: Online Metafont graphics.
4052 * NUL, not allowed in filenames: \input filenames. (line 34)
4053 * octal character codes, in TCX files: TCX files. (line 77)
4054 * offset for overflow labels: gftodvi invocation. (line 59)
4055 * online Metafont graphics: Online Metafont graphics.
4057 * opcodes, showing DVI: dvitype invocation. (line 52)
4058 * optical font scaling: Font file formats. (line 21)
4059 * option conventions: Option conventions. (line 6)
4060 * origin: pktype invocation. (line 66)
4061 * output directory, specifying: Common options. (line 66)
4062 * output directory, specifying <1>: Output file location.
4064 * output file location: Output file location.
4066 * output files, written by TeX programs: tex invocation. (line 48)
4067 * output_comment for DVI files: tex invocation. (line 112)
4068 * overflow label offset: gftodvi invocation. (line 59)
4069 * packet length: pktype invocation. (line 50)
4070 * page, starting: dvicopy invocation. (line 28)
4071 * page, starting <1>: dvitype invocation. (line 46)
4072 * parsing the first line: Common options. (line 72)
4073 * Pascal, creating from WEB: tangle invocation. (line 6)
4074 * patgen: patgen invocation. (line 6)
4075 * path searching: Path searching. (line 6)
4076 * path searching debugging: Common options. (line 59)
4077 * PDF: TeX extensions. (line 20)
4078 * PDF, and '.mps' files: mpost invocation. (line 86)
4079 * pdfTeX: TeX extensions. (line 20)
4080 * permissions, legal: Legalisms. (line 6)
4081 * PFA and PFB conversion: Font utilities available elsewhere.
4083 * pfaedit: Font utilities available elsewhere.
4085 * PiCTeX, increasing memory for: Runtime options. (line 20)
4086 * pipes, reading and writing: Shell escapes. (line 63)
4087 * pixel height: pktype invocation. (line 62)
4088 * pixel width: pktype invocation. (line 62)
4089 * PK bitmaps from PostScript: Font utilities available elsewhere.
4091 * PK files, explained: Font file formats. (line 39)
4092 * PK files, not output by Metafont: mf invocation. (line 34)
4093 * PK format definition: Font utilities. (line 11)
4094 * PK, converting GF to: gftopk invocation. (line 6)
4095 * PK, converting to GF: pktogf invocation. (line 6)
4096 * pktogf: pktogf invocation. (line 6)
4097 * pktype PK validation: pktype invocation. (line 6)
4098 * pktype.web: Font utilities. (line 11)
4099 * PL files, explained: Font file formats. (line 46)
4100 * plain Metafont, compatibility in MetaPost: Initial MetaPost.
4102 * plain text, converting DVI to: dvitype invocation. (line 6)
4103 * plain text, converting GF to: gftype invocation. (line 6)
4104 * plain text, converting PK to: pktype invocation. (line 6)
4105 * plain text, converting TFM to: tftopl invocation. (line 6)
4106 * plain text, converting VF to: vftovp invocation. (line 6)
4107 * plain.base: Initial Metafont. (line 14)
4108 * plain.bst: Basic BibTeX style files.
4110 * plain.fmt: Initial TeX. (line 13)
4111 * plain.mft: mft invocation. (line 66)
4112 * pltotf: pltotf invocation. (line 6)
4113 * pool file, writing: tangle invocation. (line 16)
4114 * Poole, Simon: Online Metafont graphics.
4116 * pooltype: pooltype invocation. (line 6)
4117 * portable filenames: \input filenames. (line 40)
4118 * PostScript fonts, and Troff: mpost invocation. (line 65)
4119 * PostScript meets Metafont: MetaPost. (line 6)
4120 * PostScript output: mpost invocation. (line 35)
4121 * PostScript to PK bitmaps: Font utilities available elsewhere.
4123 * PostScript Type 1 font conversion: Font utilities available elsewhere.
4125 * PostScript, and font scaling: Font file formats. (line 21)
4126 * potrace: Font utilities available elsewhere.
4128 * predefined macros and memory dumps: Memory dumps. (line 6)
4129 * prettyprinting Metafont source: mft invocation. (line 6)
4130 * prettyprinting WEB programs: weave invocation. (line 6)
4131 * primitives, new: TeX extensions. (line 10)
4132 * printable characters, specifying: TCX files. (line 87)
4133 * printer characteristics, for Metafont: Modes. (line 6)
4134 * production use: Initial and virgin. (line 15)
4135 * program name, determines memory dump: Determining the memory dump to use.
4137 * program names, special: Common options. (line 45)
4138 * program names, special <1>: Common options. (line 77)
4139 * program names, special <2>: tex invocation. (line 107)
4140 * prologues: mpost invocation. (line 115)
4141 * prologues, and EPSF output: mpost invocation. (line 80)
4142 * proof mode: mf invocation. (line 48)
4143 * proof sheets, of fonts: gftodvi invocation. (line 6)
4144 * property list format: tftopl invocation. (line 43)
4145 * property list, converting TFM to: tftopl invocation. (line 6)
4146 * property list, converting VF to virtual: vftovp invocation. (line 6)
4147 * ps2pk: Font utilities available elsewhere.
4149 * psfonts.map, read by MetaPost: mpost invocation. (line 80)
4150 * PXL files, explained: Font file formats. (line 39)
4151 * pxtoch: Font utilities available elsewhere.
4153 * Raichle, Bernd: MLTeX. (line 6)
4154 * reading, additional: Introduction. (line 59)
4155 * readonly directory, running TeX in: Output file location.
4157 * readonly directory, running TeX in <1>: Output file location.
4159 * reallocation of arrays: Runtime options. (line 35)
4160 * redefined character substitutions: \tracingcharsubdef. (line 6)
4161 * reference pixel: pktype invocation. (line 66)
4162 * references: References. (line 6)
4163 * regis: Online Metafont graphics.
4165 * Regis graphics support: Online Metafont graphics.
4167 * regression testing: tex invocation. (line 112)
4168 * repeated rows: pktype invocation. (line 76)
4169 * representation of strings: pooltype invocation. (line 30)
4170 * restricted shell escapes: Shell escapes. (line 6)
4171 * right side bearing: pktype invocation. (line 66)
4172 * right side bearing <1>: gftype invocation. (line 82)
4173 * Rokicki, Tomas: Introduction. (line 41)
4174 * run length encoded bitmaps: pktype invocation. (line 76)
4175 * run length encoded bitmaps <1>: gftype invocation. (line 89)
4176 * runtime options: Runtime options. (line 6)
4177 * scaled pixels: pktype invocation. (line 57)
4178 * scaled pixels <1>: gftype invocation. (line 106)
4179 * scaling of fonts: Font file formats. (line 21)
4180 * scanned images of fonts: Font utilities available elsewhere.
4182 * security, and output files: tex invocation. (line 48)
4183 * security, and shell escapes: Shell escapes. (line 6)
4184 * security, and 'write': mpost invocation. (line 92)
4185 * security, and '\openout': tex invocation. (line 48)
4186 * shapes: Metafont. (line 6)
4187 * sharing memory dumps: Hardware and memory dumps.
4189 * shell commands in TeX: Shell escapes. (line 6)
4190 * shell_escape enabling in TeX: Shell escapes. (line 6)
4191 * shell_escape_commands: Shell escapes. (line 52)
4192 * siam.bst: Basic BibTeX style files.
4194 * side bearings: pktype invocation. (line 66)
4195 * side bearings <1>: gftype invocation. (line 82)
4196 * slant font: gftodvi invocation. (line 39)
4197 * slides, producing: Formats. (line 61)
4198 * SliTeX: Formats. (line 61)
4199 * small Metafont memory and modes: Modes. (line 15)
4200 * smode and dynamic Metafont mode definition: Modes. (line 28)
4201 * sockets: IPC and TeX. (line 6)
4202 * space-terminated filenames: \input filenames. (line 10)
4203 * Spiderweb: WEB. (line 12)
4204 * Stallman, Richard: Introduction. (line 51)
4205 * starting page: dvicopy invocation. (line 28)
4206 * starting page <1>: dvitype invocation. (line 46)
4207 * Steele Jr., Guy L.: Hardware and memory dumps.
4209 * stopping at the first error: Common options. (line 41)
4210 * strategy, overall: Introduction. (line 16)
4211 * string numbers, displaying: pooltype invocation. (line 6)
4212 * string pool, writing: tangle invocation. (line 16)
4213 * string representation: pooltype invocation. (line 30)
4214 * style design, for BibTeX: bibtex invocation. (line 45)
4215 * style files: mft invocation. (line 66)
4216 * substitutions of font glyphs: MLTeX. (line 6)
4217 * sun: Online Metafont graphics.
4219 * sun-gfx.c: Online Metafont graphics.
4221 * Suntools: Online Metafont graphics.
4223 * SunView: Online Metafont graphics.
4225 * swap space, as array limit: Runtime options. (line 35)
4226 * swapping bytes: Hardware and memory dumps.
4228 * syntax of TCX files: TCX files. (line 65)
4229 * system C library function: Shell escapes. (line 6)
4230 * system command: Shell escapes. (line 6)
4231 * T1 encoding and ISO input: TCX files. (line 48)
4232 * Tachikawa, Elizabeth: Font file formats. (line 62)
4233 * tangle: tangle invocation. (line 6)
4234 * targets, additional Make: Additional targets. (line 6)
4235 * TCX character translation files: TCX files. (line 6)
4236 * tek: Online Metafont graphics.
4238 * Tektronix: Online Metafont graphics.
4240 * Tektronix 4014: Online Metafont graphics.
4242 * TERM: Online Metafont graphics.
4244 * terminator for filenames: \input filenames. (line 10)
4245 * terse output: bibtex invocation. (line 28)
4246 * tex: tex invocation. (line 6)
4247 * TeX, bibliographies for: bibtex invocation. (line 54)
4248 * TeX, creating from Metafont: mft invocation. (line 6)
4249 * TeX, creating from WEB: weave invocation. (line 6)
4250 * TeX, description of: TeX. (line 6)
4251 * TeX, extensions to: TeX extensions. (line 6)
4252 * TeX, format packages for: Formats. (line 6)
4253 * TeX, initial: Initial TeX. (line 6)
4254 * TeX, input files found: tex invocation. (line 20)
4255 * TeX, invocation: tex invocation. (line 6)
4256 * TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost: Three programs. (line 6)
4257 * TeX, Web2c implementation of: Introduction. (line 8)
4258 * tex.fmt: Initial TeX. (line 13)
4259 * TEXBIB, search path for bib files: bibtex invocation. (line 18)
4260 * TEXEDIT: Editor invocation. (line 10)
4261 * texfonts.map: Path searching. (line 14)
4262 * Texinfo: Formats. (line 47)
4263 * texmf.cnf: Path searching. (line 6)
4264 * texmfmp.c: Online Metafont graphics.
4266 * TEXMFOUTPUT, used for reading: Output file location.
4268 * TEXMFOUTPUT, used if '.' unwritable: Output file location.
4270 * texput: tex invocation. (line 33)
4271 * TFM files, converting property lists to: pltotf invocation. (line 6)
4272 * TFM files, explained: Font file formats. (line 12)
4273 * TFM files, memory for: Runtime options. (line 25)
4274 * TFM files, output by Metafont: mf invocation. (line 43)
4275 * TFM files, output by MetaPost: mpost invocation. (line 35)
4276 * TFM width of characters: pktype invocation. (line 53)
4277 * TFM width of characters <1>: gftype invocation. (line 112)
4278 * tftopl: tftopl invocation. (line 6)
4279 * three programs: Three programs. (line 6)
4280 * time and date, in memory dumps: Hardware and memory dumps.
4282 * title font: gftodvi invocation. (line 33)
4283 * toolkits, X: Online Metafont graphics.
4285 * torture tests: Triptrap. (line 6)
4286 * translation file for TeX, specifying: Common options. (line 98)
4287 * translation from WEB to C: Introduction. (line 16)
4288 * trap Make target: Additional targets. (line 41)
4289 * trap test: Triptrap. (line 6)
4290 * trapman.tex: Triptrap. (line 6)
4291 * Trickey, Howard: Introduction. (line 41)
4292 * trip Make target: Additional targets. (line 41)
4293 * trip test: Triptrap. (line 6)
4294 * tripman.tex: Triptrap. (line 6)
4295 * triptrap Make target: Additional targets. (line 41)
4296 * Troff, and MetaPost: mpost invocation. (line 65)
4297 * Troff, WEB for: WEB. (line 12)
4298 * Trojan horses and TeX programs: tex invocation. (line 48)
4299 * TUGboat bibliography: bibtex invocation. (line 54)
4300 * Type 1 conversion: Font utilities available elsewhere.
4302 * type design, personal: Initial Metafont. (line 31)
4303 * type programs, DVI: dvitype invocation. (line 6)
4304 * type programs, GF: gftype invocation. (line 6)
4305 * type programs, PK: pktype invocation. (line 6)
4306 * type programs, pool: pooltype invocation. (line 6)
4307 * typeface families: Metafont. (line 6)
4308 * typeface specimen sheets: Font utilities available elsewhere.
4310 * typesetting: TeX. (line 6)
4311 * Unicode: TeX extensions. (line 14)
4312 * Unicode <1>: TeX extensions. (line 31)
4313 * Unicode input: tex invocation. (line 86)
4314 * uniterm: Online Metafont graphics.
4316 * unsrt.bst: Basic BibTeX style files.
4318 * UTF-8 input: tex invocation. (line 86)
4319 * validation, of DVI files: dvitype invocation. (line 6)
4320 * validation, of GF files: gftype invocation. (line 6)
4321 * validation, of PK files: pktype invocation. (line 6)
4322 * validation, of TFM files: tftopl invocation. (line 6)
4323 * validation, of VF files: vftovp invocation. (line 6)
4324 * verbose BibTeX output, suppressing: bibtex invocation. (line 28)
4325 * verbosity, enabling: Common options. (line 15)
4326 * version number, finding: Common options. (line 18)
4327 * vertical escapement: gftype invocation. (line 106)
4328 * VF files, converting property lists to: vptovf invocation. (line 6)
4329 * vftovp: vftovp invocation. (line 6)
4330 * virgin programs: Initial and virgin. (line 15)
4331 * virtual font creation: Font utilities available elsewhere.
4333 * virtual fonts, expanding: dvicopy invocation. (line 6)
4334 * virtual-fonts.knuth: Font file formats. (line 56)
4335 * virtualfonts.txt: Font file formats. (line 56)
4336 * vptovf: vptovf invocation. (line 6)
4337 * weave: weave invocation. (line 6)
4338 * WEB: WEB. (line 6)
4339 * web environments, and security: Shell escapes. (line 70)
4340 * WEB pool files, displaying: pooltype invocation. (line 6)
4341 * WEB programs, compiling: tangle invocation. (line 6)
4342 * WEB programs, typesetting: weave invocation. (line 6)
4343 * WEB2C, search path for TCX files: TCX files. (line 35)
4344 * Weber, Olaf: Introduction. (line 41)
4345 * webmac.tex: weave invocation. (line 22)
4346 * webman.tex: WEB. (line 12)
4347 * whitespace, in TCX files: TCX files. (line 68)
4348 * whitespace-terminated filenames: \input filenames. (line 10)
4349 * width, device-independent: pktype invocation. (line 53)
4350 * width, device-independent <1>: gftype invocation. (line 112)
4351 * width, in pixels: pktype invocation. (line 62)
4352 * word processor, not: TeX. (line 9)
4353 * writing memory dumps: Creating memory dumps.
4355 * X bitmap fonts: Font utilities available elsewhere.
4357 * X class name for Metafont: Online Metafont graphics.
4359 * x offset: pktype invocation. (line 66)
4360 * X resources: Online Metafont graphics.
4362 * X toolkits and Metafont: Online Metafont graphics.
4364 * xampl.bib: bibtex invocation. (line 51)
4365 * xbfe, bitmap font editor: Font utilities available elsewhere.
4367 * XeTeX: TeX extensions. (line 31)
4368 * xfed, bitmap font editor: Font utilities available elsewhere.
4370 * xfedor, bitmap font editor: Font utilities available elsewhere.
4372 * Xlib: Online Metafont graphics.
4374 * Xlib support: Online Metafont graphics.
4376 * Xt: Online Metafont graphics.
4378 * Xt support: Online Metafont graphics.
4380 * xterm: Online Metafont graphics.
4382 * y offset: pktype invocation. (line 66)
4388 Node: Introduction
\x7f3747
4389 Node: Installation
\x7f6903
4390 Node: configure options
\x7f9005
4391 Node: Compile-time options
\x7f11027
4392 Node: Additional targets
\x7f12129
4393 Node: Triptrap
\x7f13406
4394 Node: Runtime options
\x7f14933
4395 Node: Commonalities
\x7f16691
4396 Node: Option conventions
\x7f17292
4397 Node: Common options
\x7f18515
4398 Node: Path searching
\x7f22895
4399 Node: Output file location
\x7f23867
4400 Node: Three programs
\x7f25192
4401 Node: Initial and virgin
\x7f25946
4402 Node: Memory dumps
\x7f26875
4403 Node: Creating memory dumps
\x7f27331
4404 Node: Determining the memory dump to use
\x7f28542
4405 Node: Hardware and memory dumps
\x7f30123
4406 Node: Editor invocation
\x7f32573
4407 Node: \input filenames
\x7f33440
4409 Node: tex invocation
\x7f37584
4410 Node: Initial TeX
\x7f44487
4411 Node: Formats
\x7f45851
4412 Node: Languages and hyphenation
\x7f48777
4413 Node: MLTeX
\x7f49207
4414 Node: \charsubdef
\x7f50695
4415 Node: \tracingcharsubdef
\x7f53018
4416 Node: TCX files
\x7f53593
4417 Node: patgen invocation
\x7f59033
4418 Node: Shell escapes
\x7f59739
4419 Node: IPC and TeX
\x7f63303
4420 Node: TeX extensions
\x7f63873
4421 Node: Metafont
\x7f65004
4422 Node: mf invocation
\x7f66292
4423 Node: Initial Metafont
\x7f70129
4424 Node: Modes
\x7f71759
4425 Node: Online Metafont graphics
\x7f74009
4426 Node: gftodvi invocation
\x7f77434
4427 Node: mft invocation
\x7f80254
4428 Node: MetaPost
\x7f84252
4429 Node: mpost invocation
\x7f85014
4430 Node: Initial MetaPost
\x7f90190
4431 Node: dvitomp invocation
\x7f91112
4432 Node: BibTeX
\x7f91777
4433 Node: bibtex invocation
\x7f92138
4434 Node: Basic BibTeX style files
\x7f94436
4436 Node: tangle invocation
\x7f97007
4437 Node: weave invocation
\x7f99130
4438 Node: pooltype invocation
\x7f100537
4439 Node: DVI utilities
\x7f101667
4440 Node: dvicopy invocation
\x7f102599
4441 Node: dvitype invocation
\x7f103882
4442 Node: dvitype output example
\x7f106217
4443 Node: Font utilities
\x7f109268
4444 Node: Font file formats
\x7f110448
4445 Node: gftopk invocation
\x7f113717
4446 Node: pktogf invocation
\x7f114908
4447 Node: pktype invocation
\x7f116074
4448 Node: gftype invocation
\x7f118897
4449 Node: tftopl invocation
\x7f123400
4450 Node: pltotf invocation
\x7f127993
4451 Node: vftovp invocation
\x7f129044
4452 Node: vptovf invocation
\x7f131279
4453 Node: Font utilities available elsewhere
\x7f132306
4454 Node: Legalisms
\x7f134686
4455 Node: References
\x7f136840
4456 Node: Index
\x7f141407