new beta-0.90.0

[luatex.git] / source / libs / cairo / cairo-src / src / cairo-pdf-surface.c

/* -*- Mode: c; tab-width: 8; c-basic-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: t; -*- */
/* cairo - a vector graphics library with display and print output
 *
 * Copyright © 2004 Red Hat, Inc
 * Copyright © 2006 Red Hat, Inc
 * Copyright © 2007, 2008 Adrian Johnson
 *
 * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it either under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
 * License version 2.1 as published by the Free Software Foundation
 * (the "LGPL") or, at your option, under the terms of the Mozilla
 * Public License Version 1.1 (the "MPL"). If you do not alter this
 * notice, a recipient may use your version of this file under either
 * the MPL or the LGPL.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the LGPL along with this library
 * in the file COPYING-LGPL-2.1; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Suite 500, Boston, MA 02110-1335, USA
 * You should have received a copy of the MPL along with this library
 * in the file COPYING-MPL-1.1
 *
 * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License
 * Version 1.1 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in
 * compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
 * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
 *
 * This software is distributed on an "AS IS" basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY
 * OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the LGPL or the MPL for
 * the specific language governing rights and limitations.
 *
 * The Original Code is the cairo graphics library.
 *
 * The Initial Developer of the Original Code is University of Southern
 * California.
 *
 * Contributor(s):
 *      Kristian Høgsberg <krh@redhat.com>
 *      Carl Worth <cworth@cworth.org>
 *      Adrian Johnson <ajohnson@redneon.com>
 */

#define _BSD_SOURCE /* for snprintf() */
#include "cairoint.h"

#include "cairo-pdf.h"
#include "cairo-pdf-surface-private.h"
#include "cairo-pdf-operators-private.h"
#include "cairo-pdf-shading-private.h"

#include "cairo-array-private.h"
#include "cairo-analysis-surface-private.h"
#include "cairo-composite-rectangles-private.h"
#include "cairo-default-context-private.h"
#include "cairo-error-private.h"
#include "cairo-image-surface-inline.h"
#include "cairo-image-info-private.h"
#include "cairo-recording-surface-private.h"
#include "cairo-output-stream-private.h"
#include "cairo-paginated-private.h"
#include "cairo-scaled-font-subsets-private.h"
#include "cairo-surface-clipper-private.h"
#include "cairo-surface-snapshot-inline.h"
#include "cairo-surface-subsurface-private.h"
#include "cairo-type3-glyph-surface-private.h"

#include <time.h>
#include <zlib.h>

/* Issues:
 *
 * - We embed an image in the stream each time it's composited.  We
 *   could add generation counters to surfaces and remember the stream
 *   ID for a particular generation for a particular surface.
 *
 * - Backend specific meta data.
 */

/*
 * Page Structure of the Generated PDF:
 *
 * Each page requiring fallbacks images contains a knockout group at
 * the top level. The first operation of the knockout group paints a
 * group containing all the supported drawing operations. Fallback
 * images (if any) are painted in the knockout group. This ensures
 * that fallback images do not composite with any content under the
 * fallback images.
 *
 * Streams:
 *
 * This PDF surface has three types of streams:
 *  - PDF Stream
 *  - Content Stream
 *  - Group Stream
 *
 * Calling _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, ...) will
 * write to the currently open stream.
 *
 * PDF Stream:
 *   A PDF Stream may be opened and closed with the following functions:
 *     _cairo_pdf_surface_open stream ()
 *     _cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream ()
 *
 *   PDF Streams are written directly to the PDF file. They are used for
 *   fonts, images and patterns.
 *
 * Content Stream:
 *   The Content Stream is opened and closed with the following functions:
 *     _cairo_pdf_surface_open_content_stream ()
 *     _cairo_pdf_surface_close_content_stream ()
 *
 *   The Content Stream contains the text and graphics operators.
 *
 * Group Stream:
 *   A Group Stream may be opened and closed with the following functions:
 *     _cairo_pdf_surface_open_group ()
 *     _cairo_pdf_surface_close_group ()
 *
 *   A Group Stream is a Form XObject. It is used for short sequences
 *   of operators. As the content is very short the group is stored in
 *   memory until it is closed. This allows some optimization such as
 *   including the Resource dictionary and stream length inside the
 *   XObject instead of using an indirect object.
 */

/**
 * SECTION:cairo-pdf
 * @Title: PDF Surfaces
 * @Short_Description: Rendering PDF documents
 * @See_Also: #cairo_surface_t
 *
 * The PDF surface is used to render cairo graphics to Adobe
 * PDF files and is a multi-page vector surface backend.
 *
 * The following mime types are supported: %CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JPEG,
 * %CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JP2, %CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_UNIQUE_ID,
 * %CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2, %CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2_GLOBAL,
 * %CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2_GLOBAL_ID.
 *
 * JBIG2 data in PDF must be in the embedded format as described in
 * ISO/IEC 11544. Image specific JBIG2 data must be in
 * %CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2.  Any global segments in the JBIG2 data
 * (segments with page association field set to 0) must be in
 * %CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2_GLOBAL. The global data may be shared by
 * multiple images. All images sharing the same global data must set
 * %CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2_GLOBAL_ID to a unique identifer. At least
 * one of the images must provide the global data using
 * %CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2_GLOBAL. The global data will only be
 * embedded once but shared by all JBIG2 images with the same
 * %CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2_GLOBAL_ID.
 **/

static cairo_bool_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_get_extents (void                    *abstract_surface,
                                cairo_rectangle_int_t   *rectangle);

/**
 * CAIRO_HAS_PDF_SURFACE:
 *
 * Defined if the PDF surface backend is available.
 * This macro can be used to conditionally compile backend-specific code.
 *
 * Since: 1.2
 **/

static const cairo_pdf_version_t _cairo_pdf_versions[] =
{
    CAIRO_PDF_VERSION_1_4,
    CAIRO_PDF_VERSION_1_5
};

#define CAIRO_PDF_VERSION_LAST ARRAY_LENGTH (_cairo_pdf_versions)

static const char * _cairo_pdf_version_strings[CAIRO_PDF_VERSION_LAST] =
{
    "PDF 1.4",
    "PDF 1.5"
};

static const char *_cairo_pdf_supported_mime_types[] =
{
    CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JPEG,
    CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JP2,
    CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_UNIQUE_ID,
    CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2,
    CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2_GLOBAL,
    CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2_GLOBAL_ID,
    NULL
};

typedef struct _cairo_pdf_object {
    long offset;
} cairo_pdf_object_t;

typedef struct _cairo_pdf_font {
    unsigned int font_id;
    unsigned int subset_id;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t subset_resource;
} cairo_pdf_font_t;

typedef struct _cairo_pdf_rgb_linear_function {
    cairo_pdf_resource_t resource;
    double               color1[3];
    double               color2[3];
} cairo_pdf_rgb_linear_function_t;

typedef struct _cairo_pdf_alpha_linear_function {
    cairo_pdf_resource_t resource;
    double               alpha1;
    double               alpha2;
} cairo_pdf_alpha_linear_function_t;

static cairo_pdf_resource_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface);

static void
_cairo_pdf_surface_clear (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface);

static void
_cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (cairo_pdf_smask_group_t *group);

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_add_font (unsigned int        font_id,
                             unsigned int        subset_id,
                             void               *closure);

static void
_cairo_pdf_group_resources_init (cairo_pdf_group_resources_t *res);

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (cairo_pdf_surface_t     *surface,
                                cairo_pdf_resource_t    *resource,
                                cairo_bool_t             compressed,
                                const char              *fmt,
                                ...) CAIRO_PRINTF_FORMAT(4, 5);
static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (cairo_pdf_surface_t    *surface);

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_write_page (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface);

static void
_cairo_pdf_surface_write_pages (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface);

static cairo_pdf_resource_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_write_info (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface);

static cairo_pdf_resource_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_write_catalog (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface);

static long
_cairo_pdf_surface_write_xref (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface);

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_write_page (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface);

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_font_subsets (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface);

static cairo_bool_t
_cairo_pdf_source_surface_equal (const void *key_a, const void *key_b);

static const cairo_surface_backend_t cairo_pdf_surface_backend;
static const cairo_paginated_surface_backend_t cairo_pdf_surface_paginated_backend;

static cairo_pdf_resource_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface)
{
    cairo_pdf_resource_t resource;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_pdf_object_t object;

    object.offset = _cairo_output_stream_get_position (surface->output);

    status = _cairo_array_append (&surface->objects, &object);
    if (unlikely (status)) {
        resource.id = 0;
        return resource;
    }

    resource = surface->next_available_resource;
    surface->next_available_resource.id++;

    return resource;
}

static void
_cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (cairo_pdf_surface_t   *surface,
                                  cairo_pdf_resource_t   resource)
{
    cairo_pdf_object_t *object;

    object = _cairo_array_index (&surface->objects, resource.id - 1);
    object->offset = _cairo_output_stream_get_position (surface->output);
}

static void
_cairo_pdf_surface_set_size_internal (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface,
                                      double              width,
                                      double              height)
{
    surface->width = width;
    surface->height = height;
    cairo_matrix_init (&surface->cairo_to_pdf, 1, 0, 0, -1, 0, height);
    _cairo_pdf_operators_set_cairo_to_pdf_matrix (&surface->pdf_operators,
                                                  &surface->cairo_to_pdf);
}

static cairo_bool_t
_path_covers_bbox (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface,
                   cairo_path_fixed_t *path)
{
    cairo_box_t box;

    return _cairo_path_fixed_is_box (path, &box) &&
           box.p1.x <= 0 &&
           box.p1.y <= 0 &&
           box.p2.x >= _cairo_fixed_from_double (surface->width) &&
           box.p2.y >= _cairo_fixed_from_double (surface->height);
}

static cairo_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_clipper_intersect_clip_path (cairo_surface_clipper_t *clipper,
                                                cairo_path_fixed_t      *path,
                                                cairo_fill_rule_t       fill_rule,
                                                double                  tolerance,
                                                cairo_antialias_t       antialias)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = cairo_container_of (clipper,
                                                       cairo_pdf_surface_t,
                                                       clipper);
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    if (path == NULL) {
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "Q q\n");

        surface->current_pattern_is_solid_color = FALSE;
        _cairo_pdf_operators_reset (&surface->pdf_operators);

        return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    }

    if (_path_covers_bbox (surface, path))
        return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;

    return _cairo_pdf_operators_clip (&surface->pdf_operators, path, fill_rule);
}

static cairo_surface_t *
_cairo_pdf_surface_create_for_stream_internal (cairo_output_stream_t    *output,
                                               double                    width,
                                               double                    height)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface;
    cairo_status_t status, status_ignored;

    surface = malloc (sizeof (cairo_pdf_surface_t));
    if (unlikely (surface == NULL)) {
        /* destroy stream on behalf of caller */
        status = _cairo_output_stream_destroy (output);
        return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (_cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY));
    }

    _cairo_surface_init (&surface->base,
                         &cairo_pdf_surface_backend,
                         NULL, /* device */
                         CAIRO_CONTENT_COLOR_ALPHA);

    surface->output = output;
    surface->width = width;
    surface->height = height;
    cairo_matrix_init (&surface->cairo_to_pdf, 1, 0, 0, -1, 0, height);

    _cairo_array_init (&surface->objects, sizeof (cairo_pdf_object_t));
    _cairo_array_init (&surface->pages, sizeof (cairo_pdf_resource_t));
    _cairo_array_init (&surface->rgb_linear_functions, sizeof (cairo_pdf_rgb_linear_function_t));
    _cairo_array_init (&surface->alpha_linear_functions, sizeof (cairo_pdf_alpha_linear_function_t));
    _cairo_array_init (&surface->fonts, sizeof (cairo_pdf_font_t));
    _cairo_array_init (&surface->smask_groups, sizeof (cairo_pdf_smask_group_t *));
    _cairo_array_init (&surface->knockout_group, sizeof (cairo_pdf_resource_t));

    _cairo_array_init (&surface->page_patterns, sizeof (cairo_pdf_pattern_t));
    _cairo_array_init (&surface->page_surfaces, sizeof (cairo_pdf_source_surface_t));
    _cairo_array_init (&surface->jbig2_global, sizeof (cairo_pdf_jbig2_global_t));
    surface->all_surfaces = _cairo_hash_table_create (_cairo_pdf_source_surface_equal);
    if (unlikely (surface->all_surfaces == NULL)) {
        status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
        goto BAIL0;
    }

    _cairo_pdf_group_resources_init (&surface->resources);

    surface->font_subsets = _cairo_scaled_font_subsets_create_composite ();
    if (! surface->font_subsets) {
        status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
        goto BAIL1;
    }

    _cairo_scaled_font_subsets_enable_latin_subset (surface->font_subsets, TRUE);

    surface->next_available_resource.id = 1;
    surface->pages_resource = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (surface->pages_resource.id == 0) {
        status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
        goto BAIL2;
    }

    surface->pdf_version = CAIRO_PDF_VERSION_1_5;
    surface->compress_content = TRUE;
    surface->pdf_stream.active = FALSE;
    surface->pdf_stream.old_output = NULL;
    surface->group_stream.active = FALSE;
    surface->group_stream.stream = NULL;
    surface->group_stream.mem_stream = NULL;

    surface->paginated_mode = CAIRO_PAGINATED_MODE_ANALYZE;

    surface->force_fallbacks = FALSE;
    surface->select_pattern_gstate_saved = FALSE;
    surface->current_pattern_is_solid_color = FALSE;
    surface->current_operator = CAIRO_OPERATOR_OVER;
    surface->header_emitted = FALSE;

    _cairo_surface_clipper_init (&surface->clipper,
                                 _cairo_pdf_surface_clipper_intersect_clip_path);

    _cairo_pdf_operators_init (&surface->pdf_operators,
                               surface->output,
                               &surface->cairo_to_pdf,
                               surface->font_subsets,
                               FALSE);
    _cairo_pdf_operators_set_font_subsets_callback (&surface->pdf_operators,
                                                    _cairo_pdf_surface_add_font,
                                                    surface);
    _cairo_pdf_operators_enable_actual_text(&surface->pdf_operators, TRUE);

    surface->paginated_surface =  _cairo_paginated_surface_create (
                                          &surface->base,
                                          CAIRO_CONTENT_COLOR_ALPHA,
                                          &cairo_pdf_surface_paginated_backend);

    status = surface->paginated_surface->status;
    if (status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
        /* paginated keeps the only reference to surface now, drop ours */
        cairo_surface_destroy (&surface->base);
        return surface->paginated_surface;
    }

BAIL2:
    _cairo_scaled_font_subsets_destroy (surface->font_subsets);
BAIL1:
    _cairo_hash_table_destroy (surface->all_surfaces);
BAIL0:
    _cairo_array_fini (&surface->objects);
    free (surface);

    /* destroy stream on behalf of caller */
    status_ignored = _cairo_output_stream_destroy (output);

    return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (status);
}

/**
 * cairo_pdf_surface_create_for_stream:
 * @write_func: a #cairo_write_func_t to accept the output data, may be %NULL
 *              to indicate a no-op @write_func. With a no-op @write_func,
 *              the surface may be queried or used as a source without
 *              generating any temporary files.
 * @closure: the closure argument for @write_func
 * @width_in_points: width of the surface, in points (1 point == 1/72.0 inch)
 * @height_in_points: height of the surface, in points (1 point == 1/72.0 inch)
 *
 * Creates a PDF surface of the specified size in points to be written
 * incrementally to the stream represented by @write_func and @closure.
 *
 * Return value: a pointer to the newly created surface. The caller
 * owns the surface and should call cairo_surface_destroy() when done
 * with it.
 *
 * This function always returns a valid pointer, but it will return a
 * pointer to a "nil" surface if an error such as out of memory
 * occurs. You can use cairo_surface_status() to check for this.
 *
 * Since: 1.2
 **/
cairo_surface_t *
cairo_pdf_surface_create_for_stream (cairo_write_func_t          write_func,
                                     void                       *closure,
                                     double                      width_in_points,
                                     double                      height_in_points)
{
    cairo_output_stream_t *output;

    output = _cairo_output_stream_create (write_func, NULL, closure);
    if (_cairo_output_stream_get_status (output))
        return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (_cairo_output_stream_destroy (output));

    return _cairo_pdf_surface_create_for_stream_internal (output,
                                                          width_in_points,
                                                          height_in_points);
}

/**
 * cairo_pdf_surface_create:
 * @filename: a filename for the PDF output (must be writable), %NULL may be
 *            used to specify no output. This will generate a PDF surface that
 *            may be queried and used as a source, without generating a
 *            temporary file.
 * @width_in_points: width of the surface, in points (1 point == 1/72.0 inch)
 * @height_in_points: height of the surface, in points (1 point == 1/72.0 inch)
 *
 * Creates a PDF surface of the specified size in points to be written
 * to @filename.
 *
 * Return value: a pointer to the newly created surface. The caller
 * owns the surface and should call cairo_surface_destroy() when done
 * with it.
 *
 * This function always returns a valid pointer, but it will return a
 * pointer to a "nil" surface if an error such as out of memory
 * occurs. You can use cairo_surface_status() to check for this.
 *
 * Since: 1.2
 **/
cairo_surface_t *
cairo_pdf_surface_create (const char            *filename,
                          double                 width_in_points,
                          double                 height_in_points)
{
    cairo_output_stream_t *output;

    output = _cairo_output_stream_create_for_filename (filename);
    if (_cairo_output_stream_get_status (output))
        return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (_cairo_output_stream_destroy (output));

    return _cairo_pdf_surface_create_for_stream_internal (output,
                                                          width_in_points,
                                                          height_in_points);
}

static cairo_bool_t
_cairo_surface_is_pdf (cairo_surface_t *surface)
{
    return surface->backend == &cairo_pdf_surface_backend;
}

/* If the abstract_surface is a paginated surface, and that paginated
 * surface's target is a pdf_surface, then set pdf_surface to that
 * target. Otherwise return FALSE.
 */
static cairo_bool_t
_extract_pdf_surface (cairo_surface_t            *surface,
                      cairo_pdf_surface_t       **pdf_surface)
{
    cairo_surface_t *target;
    cairo_status_t status_ignored;

    if (surface->status)
        return FALSE;
    if (surface->finished) {
        status_ignored = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface,
                                                   _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_SURFACE_FINISHED));
        return FALSE;
    }

    if (! _cairo_surface_is_paginated (surface)) {
        status_ignored = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface,
                                                   _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_SURFACE_TYPE_MISMATCH));
        return FALSE;
    }

    target = _cairo_paginated_surface_get_target (surface);
    if (target->status) {
        status_ignored = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface,
                                                   target->status);
        return FALSE;
    }
    if (target->finished) {
        status_ignored = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface,
                                                   _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_SURFACE_FINISHED));
        return FALSE;
    }

    if (! _cairo_surface_is_pdf (target)) {
        status_ignored = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface,
                                                   _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_SURFACE_TYPE_MISMATCH));
        return FALSE;
    }

    *pdf_surface = (cairo_pdf_surface_t *) target;
    return TRUE;
}

/**
 * cairo_pdf_surface_restrict_to_version:
 * @surface: a PDF #cairo_surface_t
 * @version: PDF version
 *
 * Restricts the generated PDF file to @version. See cairo_pdf_get_versions()
 * for a list of available version values that can be used here.
 *
 * This function should only be called before any drawing operations
 * have been performed on the given surface. The simplest way to do
 * this is to call this function immediately after creating the
 * surface.
 *
 * Since: 1.10
 **/
void
cairo_pdf_surface_restrict_to_version (cairo_surface_t          *abstract_surface,
                                       cairo_pdf_version_t       version)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = NULL; /* hide compiler warning */

    if (! _extract_pdf_surface (abstract_surface, &surface))
        return;

    if (version < CAIRO_PDF_VERSION_LAST)
        surface->pdf_version = version;

    _cairo_pdf_operators_enable_actual_text(&surface->pdf_operators,
                                            version >= CAIRO_PDF_VERSION_1_5);
}

/**
 * cairo_pdf_get_versions:
 * @versions: supported version list
 * @num_versions: list length
 *
 * Used to retrieve the list of supported versions. See
 * cairo_pdf_surface_restrict_to_version().
 *
 * Since: 1.10
 **/
void
cairo_pdf_get_versions (cairo_pdf_version_t const       **versions,
                        int                              *num_versions)
{
    if (versions != NULL)
        *versions = _cairo_pdf_versions;

    if (num_versions != NULL)
        *num_versions = CAIRO_PDF_VERSION_LAST;
}

/**
 * cairo_pdf_version_to_string:
 * @version: a version id
 *
 * Get the string representation of the given @version id. This function
 * will return %NULL if @version isn't valid. See cairo_pdf_get_versions()
 * for a way to get the list of valid version ids.
 *
 * Return value: the string associated to given version.
 *
 * Since: 1.10
 **/
const char *
cairo_pdf_version_to_string (cairo_pdf_version_t version)
{
    if (version >= CAIRO_PDF_VERSION_LAST)
        return NULL;

    return _cairo_pdf_version_strings[version];
}

/**
 * cairo_pdf_surface_set_size:
 * @surface: a PDF #cairo_surface_t
 * @width_in_points: new surface width, in points (1 point == 1/72.0 inch)
 * @height_in_points: new surface height, in points (1 point == 1/72.0 inch)
 *
 * Changes the size of a PDF surface for the current (and
 * subsequent) pages.
 *
 * This function should only be called before any drawing operations
 * have been performed on the current page. The simplest way to do
 * this is to call this function immediately after creating the
 * surface or immediately after completing a page with either
 * cairo_show_page() or cairo_copy_page().
 *
 * Since: 1.2
 **/
void
cairo_pdf_surface_set_size (cairo_surface_t     *surface,
                            double               width_in_points,
                            double               height_in_points)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *pdf_surface = NULL; /* hide compiler warning */
    cairo_status_t status;

    if (! _extract_pdf_surface (surface, &pdf_surface))
        return;

    _cairo_pdf_surface_set_size_internal (pdf_surface,
                                          width_in_points,
                                          height_in_points);
    status = _cairo_paginated_surface_set_size (pdf_surface->paginated_surface,
                                                width_in_points,
                                                height_in_points);
    if (status)
        status = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
}

static void
_cairo_pdf_surface_clear (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface)
{
    int i, size;
    cairo_pdf_pattern_t *pattern;
    cairo_pdf_source_surface_t *src_surface;
    cairo_pdf_smask_group_t *group;

    size = _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->page_patterns);
    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
        pattern = (cairo_pdf_pattern_t *) _cairo_array_index (&surface->page_patterns, i);
        cairo_pattern_destroy (pattern->pattern);
    }
    _cairo_array_truncate (&surface->page_patterns, 0);

    size = _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->page_surfaces);
    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
        src_surface = (cairo_pdf_source_surface_t *) _cairo_array_index (&surface->page_surfaces, i);
        cairo_surface_destroy (src_surface->surface);
    }
    _cairo_array_truncate (&surface->page_surfaces, 0);

    size = _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->smask_groups);
    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
        _cairo_array_copy_element (&surface->smask_groups, i, &group);
        _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
    }
    _cairo_array_truncate (&surface->smask_groups, 0);
    _cairo_array_truncate (&surface->knockout_group, 0);
}

static void
_cairo_pdf_group_resources_init (cairo_pdf_group_resources_t *res)
{
    int i;

    for (i = 0; i < CAIRO_NUM_OPERATORS; i++)
        res->operators[i] = FALSE;

    _cairo_array_init (&res->alphas, sizeof (double));
    _cairo_array_init (&res->smasks, sizeof (cairo_pdf_resource_t));
    _cairo_array_init (&res->patterns, sizeof (cairo_pdf_resource_t));
    _cairo_array_init (&res->shadings, sizeof (cairo_pdf_resource_t));
    _cairo_array_init (&res->xobjects, sizeof (cairo_pdf_resource_t));
    _cairo_array_init (&res->fonts, sizeof (cairo_pdf_font_t));
}

static void
_cairo_pdf_group_resources_fini (cairo_pdf_group_resources_t *res)
{
    _cairo_array_fini (&res->alphas);
    _cairo_array_fini (&res->smasks);
    _cairo_array_fini (&res->patterns);
    _cairo_array_fini (&res->shadings);
    _cairo_array_fini (&res->xobjects);
    _cairo_array_fini (&res->fonts);
}

static void
_cairo_pdf_group_resources_clear (cairo_pdf_group_resources_t *res)
{
    int i;

    for (i = 0; i < CAIRO_NUM_OPERATORS; i++)
        res->operators[i] = FALSE;

    _cairo_array_truncate (&res->alphas, 0);
    _cairo_array_truncate (&res->smasks, 0);
    _cairo_array_truncate (&res->patterns, 0);
    _cairo_array_truncate (&res->shadings, 0);
    _cairo_array_truncate (&res->xobjects, 0);
    _cairo_array_truncate (&res->fonts, 0);
}

static void
_cairo_pdf_surface_add_operator (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface,
                                 cairo_operator_t     op)
{
    cairo_pdf_group_resources_t *res = &surface->resources;

    res->operators[op] = TRUE;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_add_alpha (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface,
                              double               alpha,
                              int                 *index)
{
    int num_alphas, i;
    double other;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_pdf_group_resources_t *res = &surface->resources;

    num_alphas = _cairo_array_num_elements (&res->alphas);
    for (i = 0; i < num_alphas; i++) {
        _cairo_array_copy_element (&res->alphas, i, &other);
        if (alpha == other) {
            *index = i;
            return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
        }
    }

    status = _cairo_array_append (&res->alphas, &alpha);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    *index = _cairo_array_num_elements (&res->alphas) - 1;

    return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask (cairo_pdf_surface_t  *surface,
                              cairo_pdf_resource_t  smask)
{
    return _cairo_array_append (&(surface->resources.smasks), &smask);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_add_pattern (cairo_pdf_surface_t  *surface,
                                cairo_pdf_resource_t  pattern)
{
    return _cairo_array_append (&(surface->resources.patterns), &pattern);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_add_shading (cairo_pdf_surface_t  *surface,
                                cairo_pdf_resource_t  shading)
{
    return _cairo_array_append (&(surface->resources.shadings), &shading);
}


static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_add_xobject (cairo_pdf_surface_t  *surface,
                                cairo_pdf_resource_t  xobject)
{
    return _cairo_array_append (&(surface->resources.xobjects), &xobject);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_add_font (unsigned int        font_id,
                             unsigned int        subset_id,
                             void               *closure)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = closure;
    cairo_pdf_font_t font;
    int num_fonts, i;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_pdf_group_resources_t *res = &surface->resources;

    num_fonts = _cairo_array_num_elements (&res->fonts);
    for (i = 0; i < num_fonts; i++) {
        _cairo_array_copy_element (&res->fonts, i, &font);
        if (font.font_id == font_id &&
            font.subset_id == subset_id)
            return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    }

    num_fonts = _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->fonts);
    for (i = 0; i < num_fonts; i++) {
        _cairo_array_copy_element (&surface->fonts, i, &font);
        if (font.font_id == font_id &&
            font.subset_id == subset_id)
            return _cairo_array_append (&res->fonts, &font);
    }

    font.font_id = font_id;
    font.subset_id = subset_id;
    font.subset_resource = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (font.subset_resource.id == 0)
        return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    status = _cairo_array_append (&surface->fonts, &font);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    return _cairo_array_append (&res->fonts, &font);
}

static cairo_pdf_resource_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_get_font_resource (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface,
                                      unsigned int         font_id,
                                      unsigned int         subset_id)
{
    cairo_pdf_font_t font;
    int num_fonts, i;

    num_fonts = _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->fonts);
    for (i = 0; i < num_fonts; i++) {
        _cairo_array_copy_element (&surface->fonts, i, &font);
        if (font.font_id == font_id && font.subset_id == subset_id)
            return font.subset_resource;
    }

    font.subset_resource.id = 0;
    return font.subset_resource;
}

static const char *
_cairo_operator_to_pdf_blend_mode (cairo_operator_t op)
{
    switch (op) {
    /* The extend blend mode operators */
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_MULTIPLY:       return "Multiply";
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_SCREEN:         return "Screen";
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_OVERLAY:        return "Overlay";
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_DARKEN:         return "Darken";
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_LIGHTEN:        return "Lighten";
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_COLOR_DODGE:    return "ColorDodge";
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_COLOR_BURN:     return "ColorBurn";
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_HARD_LIGHT:     return "HardLight";
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_SOFT_LIGHT:     return "SoftLight";
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_DIFFERENCE:     return "Difference";
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_EXCLUSION:      return "Exclusion";
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_HSL_HUE:        return "Hue";
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_HSL_SATURATION: return "Saturation";
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_HSL_COLOR:      return "Color";
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_HSL_LUMINOSITY: return "Luminosity";

    default:
    /* The original Porter-Duff set */
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_CLEAR:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_SOURCE:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_OVER:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_IN:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_OUT:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_ATOP:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_DEST:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_DEST_OVER:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_DEST_IN:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_DEST_OUT:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_DEST_ATOP:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_XOR:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_ADD:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_SATURATE:
        return "Normal";
    }
}

static void
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_group_resources (cairo_pdf_surface_t         *surface,
                                         cairo_pdf_group_resources_t *res)
{
    int num_alphas, num_smasks, num_resources, i;
    double alpha;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t *smask, *pattern, *shading, *xobject;
    cairo_pdf_font_t *font;

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "<<\n");

    num_alphas = _cairo_array_num_elements (&res->alphas);
    num_smasks = _cairo_array_num_elements (&res->smasks);
    if (num_alphas > 0 || num_smasks > 0) {
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "   /ExtGState <<\n");

        for (i = 0; i < CAIRO_NUM_OPERATORS; i++) {
            if (res->operators[i]) {
                _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                             "      /b%d << /BM /%s >>\n",
                                             i, _cairo_operator_to_pdf_blend_mode(i));
            }
        }

        for (i = 0; i < num_alphas; i++) {
            _cairo_array_copy_element (&res->alphas, i, &alpha);
            _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                         "      /a%d << /CA %f /ca %f >>\n",
                                         i, alpha, alpha);
        }

        for (i = 0; i < num_smasks; i++) {
            smask = _cairo_array_index (&res->smasks, i);
            _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                         "      /s%d %d 0 R\n",
                                         smask->id, smask->id);
        }

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "   >>\n");
    }

    num_resources = _cairo_array_num_elements (&res->patterns);
    if (num_resources > 0) {
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "   /Pattern <<");
        for (i = 0; i < num_resources; i++) {
            pattern = _cairo_array_index (&res->patterns, i);
            _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                         " /p%d %d 0 R",
                                         pattern->id, pattern->id);
        }

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     " >>\n");
    }

    num_resources = _cairo_array_num_elements (&res->shadings);
    if (num_resources > 0) {
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "   /Shading <<");
        for (i = 0; i < num_resources; i++) {
            shading = _cairo_array_index (&res->shadings, i);
            _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                         " /sh%d %d 0 R",
                                         shading->id, shading->id);
        }

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     " >>\n");
    }

    num_resources = _cairo_array_num_elements (&res->xobjects);
    if (num_resources > 0) {
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "   /XObject <<");

        for (i = 0; i < num_resources; i++) {
            xobject = _cairo_array_index (&res->xobjects, i);
            _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                         " /x%d %d 0 R",
                                         xobject->id, xobject->id);
        }

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     " >>\n");
    }

    num_resources = _cairo_array_num_elements (&res->fonts);
    if (num_resources > 0) {
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,"   /Font <<\n");
        for (i = 0; i < num_resources; i++) {
            font = _cairo_array_index (&res->fonts, i);
            _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                         "      /f-%d-%d %d 0 R\n",
                                         font->font_id,
                                         font->subset_id,
                                         font->subset_resource.id);
        }
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "   >>\n");
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 ">>\n");
}

static cairo_pdf_smask_group_t *
_cairo_pdf_surface_create_smask_group (cairo_pdf_surface_t          *surface,
                                       const cairo_rectangle_int_t  *extents)
{
    cairo_pdf_smask_group_t     *group;

    group = calloc (1, sizeof (cairo_pdf_smask_group_t));
    if (unlikely (group == NULL)) {
        _cairo_error_throw (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
        return NULL;
    }

    group->group_res = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (group->group_res.id == 0) {
        _cairo_error_throw (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
        free (group);
        return NULL;
    }
    group->width = surface->width;
    group->height = surface->height;
    if (extents != NULL) {
        group->extents = *extents;
    } else {
        group->extents.x = 0;
        group->extents.y = 0;
        group->extents.width = surface->width;
        group->extents.height = surface->height;
    }
    group->extents = *extents;

    return group;
}

static void
_cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (cairo_pdf_smask_group_t *group)
{
    if (group->operation == PDF_FILL || group->operation == PDF_STROKE)
        _cairo_path_fixed_fini (&group->path);
    if (group->source)
        cairo_pattern_destroy (group->source);
    if (group->mask)
        cairo_pattern_destroy (group->mask);
    free (group->utf8);
    free (group->glyphs);
    free (group->clusters);
    if (group->scaled_font)
        cairo_scaled_font_destroy (group->scaled_font);
    free (group);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask_group (cairo_pdf_surface_t     *surface,
                                    cairo_pdf_smask_group_t *group)
{
    return _cairo_array_append (&surface->smask_groups, &group);
}

static cairo_bool_t
_cairo_pdf_source_surface_equal (const void *key_a, const void *key_b)
{
    const cairo_pdf_source_surface_entry_t *a = key_a;
    const cairo_pdf_source_surface_entry_t *b = key_b;

    if (a->interpolate != b->interpolate)
        return FALSE;

    if (a->unique_id && b->unique_id && a->unique_id_length == b->unique_id_length)
        return (memcmp (a->unique_id, b->unique_id, a->unique_id_length) == 0);

    return (a->id == b->id);
}

static void
_cairo_pdf_source_surface_init_key (cairo_pdf_source_surface_entry_t *key)
{
    if (key->unique_id && key->unique_id_length > 0) {
        key->base.hash = _cairo_hash_bytes (_CAIRO_HASH_INIT_VALUE,
                                            key->unique_id, key->unique_id_length);
    } else {
        key->base.hash = key->id;
    }
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_acquire_source_image_from_pattern (cairo_pdf_surface_t          *surface,
                                                      const cairo_pattern_t        *pattern,
                                                      cairo_image_surface_t       **image,
                                                      void                        **image_extra)
{
    switch (pattern->type) {
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE: {
        cairo_surface_pattern_t *surf_pat = (cairo_surface_pattern_t *) pattern;
        return _cairo_surface_acquire_source_image (surf_pat->surface, image, image_extra);
    } break;

    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE: {
        cairo_surface_t *surf;
        surf = _cairo_raster_source_pattern_acquire (pattern, &surface->base, NULL);
        if (!surf)
            return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
        assert (_cairo_surface_is_image (surf));
        *image = (cairo_image_surface_t *) surf;
    } break;

    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SOLID:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_LINEAR:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RADIAL:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_MESH:
    default:
        ASSERT_NOT_REACHED;
        break;
    }

    return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

static void
_cairo_pdf_surface_release_source_image_from_pattern (cairo_pdf_surface_t          *surface,
                                                      const cairo_pattern_t        *pattern,
                                                      cairo_image_surface_t        *image,
                                                      void                         *image_extra)
{
    switch (pattern->type) {
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE: {
        cairo_surface_pattern_t *surf_pat = (cairo_surface_pattern_t *) pattern;
        _cairo_surface_release_source_image (surf_pat->surface, image, image_extra);
    } break;

    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE:
        _cairo_raster_source_pattern_release (pattern, &image->base);
        break;

    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SOLID:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_LINEAR:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RADIAL:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_MESH:
    default:

        ASSERT_NOT_REACHED;
        break;
    }
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_get_jbig2_image_info (cairo_surface_t           *source,
                       cairo_image_info_t        *info,
                       const unsigned char      **mime_data,
                       unsigned long             *mime_data_length)
{
    cairo_surface_get_mime_data (source, CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2,
                                 mime_data, mime_data_length);
    if (*mime_data == NULL)
        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    return _cairo_image_info_get_jbig2_info (info, *mime_data, *mime_data_length);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_get_jpx_image_info (cairo_surface_t             *source,
                     cairo_image_info_t         *info,
                     const unsigned char        **mime_data,
                     unsigned long               *mime_data_length)
{
    cairo_surface_get_mime_data (source, CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JP2,
                                 mime_data, mime_data_length);
    if (*mime_data == NULL)
        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    return _cairo_image_info_get_jpx_info (info, *mime_data, *mime_data_length);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_get_jpeg_image_info (cairo_surface_t            *source,
                      cairo_image_info_t         *info,
                      const unsigned char       **mime_data,
                      unsigned long              *mime_data_length)
{
    cairo_surface_get_mime_data (source, CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JPEG,
                                 mime_data, mime_data_length);
    if (*mime_data == NULL)
        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    return _cairo_image_info_get_jpeg_info (info, *mime_data, *mime_data_length);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_get_source_surface_size (cairo_surface_t         *source,
                          int                     *width,
                          int                     *height,
                          cairo_rectangle_int_t   *extents)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_image_info_t info;
    const unsigned char *mime_data;
    unsigned long mime_data_length;

    if (source->type == CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_RECORDING) {
        if (source->backend->type == CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_SUBSURFACE) {
             cairo_surface_subsurface_t *sub = (cairo_surface_subsurface_t *) source;

             *extents = sub->extents;
             *width  = extents->width;
             *height = extents->height;
        } else {
            cairo_surface_t *free_me = NULL;
            cairo_rectangle_int_t surf_extents;
            cairo_box_t box;
            cairo_bool_t bounded;

            if (_cairo_surface_is_snapshot (source))
                free_me = source = _cairo_surface_snapshot_get_target (source);

            status = _cairo_recording_surface_get_ink_bbox ((cairo_recording_surface_t *)source,
                                                            &box, NULL);
            if (unlikely (status)) {
                cairo_surface_destroy (free_me);
                return status;
            }

            bounded = _cairo_surface_get_extents (source, &surf_extents);
            cairo_surface_destroy (free_me);

            *width = surf_extents.width;
            *height = surf_extents.height;

            _cairo_box_round_to_rectangle (&box, extents);
        }

        return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    }

    extents->x = 0;
    extents->y = 0;

    status = _get_jbig2_image_info (source, &info, &mime_data, &mime_data_length);
    if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED) {
        *width = info.width;
        *height = info.height;
        extents->width = info.width;
        extents->height = info.height;
        return status;
    }

    status = _get_jpx_image_info (source, &info, &mime_data, &mime_data_length);
    if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED) {
        *width = info.width;
        *height = info.height;
        extents->width = info.width;
        extents->height = info.height;
        return status;
    }

    status = _get_jpeg_image_info (source, &info, &mime_data, &mime_data_length);
    if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED) {
        *width = info.width;
        *height = info.height;
        extents->width = info.width;
        extents->height = info.height;
        return status;
    }

    if (! _cairo_surface_get_extents (source, extents))
        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    *width = extents->width;
    *height = extents->height;

    return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

/**
 * _cairo_pdf_surface_add_source_surface:
 * @surface: the pdf surface
 * @source_surface: A #cairo_surface_t to use as the source surface
 * @source_pattern: A #cairo_pattern_t of type SURFACE or RASTER_SOURCE to use as the source
 * @op: the operator used to composite this source
 * @filter: filter type of the source pattern
 * @stencil_mask: if true, the surface will be written to the PDF as an /ImageMask
 * @smask: if true, only the alpha channel will be written (images only)
 * @extents: extents of the operation that is using this source
 * @smask_res: if not NULL, the image written will specify this resource as the smask for the image (images only)
 * @surface_res: return PDF resource number of the surface
 * @width: returns width of surface
 * @height: returns height of surface
 * @x_offset: x offset of surface
 * @t_offset: y offset of surface
 * @source_extents: returns extents of source (either ink extents or extents needed to cover @extents)
 *
 * Add surface or raster_source pattern to list of surfaces to be
 * written to the PDF file when the current page is finished. Returns
 * a PDF resource to reference the image. A hash table of all images
 * in the PDF files (keyed by CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_UNIQUE_ID or surface
 * unique_id) to ensure surfaces with the same id are only written
 * once to the PDF file.
 *
 * Only one of @source_pattern or @source_surface is to be
 * specified. Set the other to NULL.
 **/
static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_add_source_surface (cairo_pdf_surface_t          *surface,
                                       cairo_surface_t              *source_surface,
                                       const cairo_pattern_t        *source_pattern,
                                       cairo_operator_t              op,
                                       cairo_filter_t                filter,
                                       cairo_bool_t                  stencil_mask,
                                       cairo_bool_t                  smask,
                                       const cairo_rectangle_int_t  *extents,
                                       cairo_pdf_resource_t         *smask_res,
                                       cairo_pdf_resource_t         *surface_res,
                                       int                          *width,
                                       int                          *height,
                                       double                       *x_offset,
                                       double                       *y_offset,
                                       cairo_rectangle_int_t        *source_extents)
{
    cairo_pdf_source_surface_t src_surface;
    cairo_pdf_source_surface_entry_t surface_key;
    cairo_pdf_source_surface_entry_t *surface_entry;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_bool_t interpolate;
    unsigned char *unique_id = NULL;
    unsigned long unique_id_length = 0;
    cairo_image_surface_t *image;
    void *image_extra;

    switch (filter) {
    default:
    case CAIRO_FILTER_GOOD:
    case CAIRO_FILTER_BEST:
    case CAIRO_FILTER_BILINEAR:
        interpolate = TRUE;
        break;
    case CAIRO_FILTER_FAST:
    case CAIRO_FILTER_NEAREST:
    case CAIRO_FILTER_GAUSSIAN:
        interpolate = FALSE;
        break;
    }

    *x_offset = 0;
    *y_offset = 0;
    if (source_pattern) {
        if (source_pattern->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE) {
            status = _cairo_pdf_surface_acquire_source_image_from_pattern (surface, source_pattern,
                                                                           &image, &image_extra);
            if (unlikely (status))
                return status;
            source_surface = &image->base;
            cairo_surface_get_device_offset (source_surface, x_offset, y_offset);
        } else {
            cairo_surface_pattern_t *surface_pattern = (cairo_surface_pattern_t *) source_pattern;
            source_surface = surface_pattern->surface;
        }
    }

    surface_key.id  = source_surface->unique_id;
    surface_key.interpolate = interpolate;
    cairo_surface_get_mime_data (source_surface, CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_UNIQUE_ID,
                                 (const unsigned char **) &surface_key.unique_id,
                                 &surface_key.unique_id_length);
    _cairo_pdf_source_surface_init_key (&surface_key);
    surface_entry = _cairo_hash_table_lookup (surface->all_surfaces, &surface_key.base);
    if (surface_entry) {
        *surface_res = surface_entry->surface_res;
        *width = surface_entry->width;
        *height = surface_entry->height;
        *source_extents = surface_entry->extents;
        status = CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    } else {
        status = _get_source_surface_size (source_surface,
                                           width,
                                           height,
                                           source_extents);
        if (unlikely(status))
            goto release_source;

        if (surface_key.unique_id && surface_key.unique_id_length > 0) {
            unique_id = _cairo_malloc (surface_key.unique_id_length);
            if (unique_id == NULL) {
                status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
                goto release_source;
            }

            unique_id_length = surface_key.unique_id_length;
            memcpy (unique_id, surface_key.unique_id, unique_id_length);
        } else {
            unique_id = NULL;
            unique_id_length = 0;
        }
    }

release_source:
    if (source_pattern && source_pattern->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE)
        _cairo_pdf_surface_release_source_image_from_pattern (surface, source_pattern, image, image_extra);

    if (status || surface_entry)
        return status;

    surface_entry = malloc (sizeof (cairo_pdf_source_surface_entry_t));
    if (surface_entry == NULL) {
        status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
        goto fail1;
    }

    surface_entry->id = surface_key.id;
    surface_entry->operator = op;
    surface_entry->interpolate = interpolate;
    surface_entry->stencil_mask = stencil_mask;
    surface_entry->smask = smask;
    surface_entry->unique_id_length = unique_id_length;
    surface_entry->unique_id = unique_id;
    surface_entry->width = *width;
    surface_entry->height = *height;
    surface_entry->extents = *source_extents;
    if (smask_res)
        surface_entry->smask_res = *smask_res;
    else
        surface_entry->smask_res.id = 0;
    _cairo_pdf_source_surface_init_key (surface_entry);

    src_surface.hash_entry = surface_entry;
    if (source_pattern && source_pattern->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE) {
        src_surface.type = CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE;
        src_surface.surface = NULL;
        status = _cairo_pattern_create_copy (&src_surface.raster_pattern, source_pattern);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto fail2;

    } else {
        src_surface.type = CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE;
        src_surface.surface = cairo_surface_reference (source_surface);
        src_surface.raster_pattern = NULL;
    }

    surface_entry->surface_res = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (surface_entry->surface_res.id == 0) {
        status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
        goto fail3;
    }

    status = _cairo_array_append (&surface->page_surfaces, &src_surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto fail3;

    status = _cairo_hash_table_insert (surface->all_surfaces,
                                       &surface_entry->base);
    if (unlikely(status))
        goto fail3;

    *surface_res = surface_entry->surface_res;

    return status;

fail3:
    if (source_pattern && source_pattern->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE)
        cairo_pattern_destroy (src_surface.raster_pattern);
    else
        cairo_surface_destroy (src_surface.surface);

fail2:
    free (surface_entry);

fail1:
    free (unique_id);

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_add_pdf_pattern_or_shading (cairo_pdf_surface_t         *surface,
                                               const cairo_pattern_t       *pattern,
                                               cairo_operator_t             op,
                                               const cairo_rectangle_int_t *extents,
                                               cairo_bool_t                 is_shading,
                                               cairo_pdf_resource_t        *pattern_res,
                                               cairo_pdf_resource_t        *gstate_res)
{
    cairo_pdf_pattern_t pdf_pattern;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    pdf_pattern.is_shading = is_shading;
    pdf_pattern.operator = op;

    /* Solid colors are emitted into the content stream */
    if (pattern->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SOLID) {
        pattern_res->id = 0;
        gstate_res->id = 0;
        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    }

    status = _cairo_pattern_create_copy (&pdf_pattern.pattern, pattern);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    pdf_pattern.pattern_res = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (pdf_pattern.pattern_res.id == 0) {
        cairo_pattern_destroy (pdf_pattern.pattern);
        return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
    }

    pdf_pattern.gstate_res.id = 0;

    /* gradient patterns require an smask object to implement transparency */
    if (pattern->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_LINEAR ||
        pattern->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RADIAL ||
        pattern->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_MESH)
    {
        double min_alpha;

        _cairo_pattern_alpha_range (pattern, &min_alpha, NULL);
        if (! CAIRO_ALPHA_IS_OPAQUE (min_alpha)) {
            pdf_pattern.gstate_res = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
            if (pdf_pattern.gstate_res.id == 0) {
                cairo_pattern_destroy (pdf_pattern.pattern);
                return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
            }
        }
    }

    pdf_pattern.width  = surface->width;
    pdf_pattern.height = surface->height;
    if (extents != NULL) {
        pdf_pattern.extents = *extents;
    } else {
        pdf_pattern.extents.x = 0;
        pdf_pattern.extents.y = 0;
        pdf_pattern.extents.width  = surface->width;
        pdf_pattern.extents.height = surface->height;
    }

    *pattern_res = pdf_pattern.pattern_res;
    *gstate_res = pdf_pattern.gstate_res;

    status = _cairo_array_append (&surface->page_patterns, &pdf_pattern);
    if (unlikely (status)) {
        cairo_pattern_destroy (pdf_pattern.pattern);
        return status;
    }

    return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

/* Get BBox in PDF coordinates from extents in cairo coordinates */
static void
_get_bbox_from_extents (double                       surface_height,
                       const cairo_rectangle_int_t *extents,
                       cairo_box_double_t          *bbox)
{
    bbox->p1.x = extents->x;
    bbox->p1.y = surface_height - (extents->y + extents->height);
    bbox->p2.x = extents->x + extents->width;
    bbox->p2.y = surface_height - extents->y;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_add_pdf_shading (cairo_pdf_surface_t         *surface,
                                    const cairo_pattern_t       *pattern,
                                    cairo_operator_t             op,
                                    const cairo_rectangle_int_t *extents,
                                    cairo_pdf_resource_t        *shading_res,
                                    cairo_pdf_resource_t        *gstate_res)
{
    return _cairo_pdf_surface_add_pdf_pattern_or_shading (surface,
                                                          pattern,
                                                          op,
                                                          extents,
                                                          TRUE,
                                                          shading_res,
                                                          gstate_res);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_add_pdf_pattern (cairo_pdf_surface_t         *surface,
                                    const cairo_pattern_t       *pattern,
                                    cairo_operator_t             op,
                                    const cairo_rectangle_int_t *extents,
                                    cairo_pdf_resource_t        *pattern_res,
                                    cairo_pdf_resource_t        *gstate_res)
{
    return _cairo_pdf_surface_add_pdf_pattern_or_shading (surface,
                                                          pattern,
                                                          op,
                                                          extents,
                                                          FALSE,
                                                          pattern_res,
                                                          gstate_res);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (cairo_pdf_surface_t     *surface,
                                cairo_pdf_resource_t    *resource,
                                cairo_bool_t             compressed,
                                const char              *fmt,
                                ...)
{
    va_list ap;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t self, length;
    cairo_output_stream_t *output = NULL;

    if (resource) {
        self = *resource;
        _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface, self);
    } else {
        self = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
        if (self.id == 0)
            return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
    }

    length = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (length.id == 0)
        return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    if (compressed) {
        output = _cairo_deflate_stream_create (surface->output);
        if (_cairo_output_stream_get_status (output))
            return _cairo_output_stream_destroy (output);
    }

    surface->pdf_stream.active = TRUE;
    surface->pdf_stream.self = self;
    surface->pdf_stream.length = length;
    surface->pdf_stream.compressed = compressed;
    surface->current_pattern_is_solid_color = FALSE;
    surface->current_operator = CAIRO_OPERATOR_OVER;
    _cairo_pdf_operators_reset (&surface->pdf_operators);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "%d 0 obj\n"
                                 "<< /Length %d 0 R\n",
                                 surface->pdf_stream.self.id,
                                 surface->pdf_stream.length.id);
    if (compressed)
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "   /Filter /FlateDecode\n");

    if (fmt != NULL) {
        va_start (ap, fmt);
        _cairo_output_stream_vprintf (surface->output, fmt, ap);
        va_end (ap);
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 ">>\n"
                                 "stream\n");

    surface->pdf_stream.start_offset = _cairo_output_stream_get_position (surface->output);

    if (compressed) {
        assert (surface->pdf_stream.old_output == NULL);
        surface->pdf_stream.old_output = surface->output;
        surface->output = output;
        _cairo_pdf_operators_set_stream (&surface->pdf_operators, surface->output);
    }

    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    long length;

    if (! surface->pdf_stream.active)
        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS;

    status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);

    if (surface->pdf_stream.compressed) {
        cairo_int_status_t status2;

        status2 = _cairo_output_stream_destroy (surface->output);
        if (likely (status == CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS))
            status = status2;

        surface->output = surface->pdf_stream.old_output;
        _cairo_pdf_operators_set_stream (&surface->pdf_operators, surface->output);
        surface->pdf_stream.old_output = NULL;
    }

    length = _cairo_output_stream_get_position (surface->output) -
        surface->pdf_stream.start_offset;
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "\n"
                                 "endstream\n"
                                 "endobj\n");

    _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface,
                                      surface->pdf_stream.length);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "%d 0 obj\n"
                                 "   %ld\n"
                                 "endobj\n",
                                 surface->pdf_stream.length.id,
                                 length);

    surface->pdf_stream.active = FALSE;

    if (likely (status == CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS))
        status = _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);

    return status;
}

static void
_cairo_pdf_surface_write_memory_stream (cairo_pdf_surface_t         *surface,
                                        cairo_output_stream_t       *mem_stream,
                                        cairo_pdf_resource_t         resource,
                                        cairo_pdf_group_resources_t *resources,
                                        cairo_bool_t                 is_knockout_group,
                                        const cairo_box_double_t    *bbox)
{
    _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface, resource);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "%d 0 obj\n"
                                 "<< /Type /XObject\n"
                                 "   /Length %d\n",
                                 resource.id,
                                 _cairo_memory_stream_length (mem_stream));

    if (surface->compress_content) {
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "   /Filter /FlateDecode\n");
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "   /Subtype /Form\n"
                                 "   /BBox [ %f %f %f %f ]\n"
                                 "   /Group <<\n"
                                 "      /Type /Group\n"
                                 "      /S /Transparency\n"
                                 "      /I true\n"
                                 "      /CS /DeviceRGB\n",
                                 bbox->p1.x, bbox->p1.y, bbox->p2.x, bbox->p2.y);

    if (is_knockout_group)
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "      /K true\n");

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "   >>\n"
                                 "   /Resources\n");
    _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_group_resources (surface, resources);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 ">>\n"
                                 "stream\n");
    _cairo_memory_stream_copy (mem_stream, surface->output);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "endstream\n"
                                 "endobj\n");
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_open_group (cairo_pdf_surface_t         *surface,
                               const cairo_box_double_t    *bbox,
                               cairo_pdf_resource_t        *resource)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    assert (surface->pdf_stream.active == FALSE);
    assert (surface->group_stream.active == FALSE);

    surface->group_stream.active = TRUE;
    surface->current_pattern_is_solid_color = FALSE;
    surface->current_operator = CAIRO_OPERATOR_OVER;
    _cairo_pdf_operators_reset (&surface->pdf_operators);

    surface->group_stream.mem_stream = _cairo_memory_stream_create ();

    if (surface->compress_content) {
        surface->group_stream.stream =
            _cairo_deflate_stream_create (surface->group_stream.mem_stream);
    } else {
        surface->group_stream.stream = surface->group_stream.mem_stream;
    }
    status = _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->group_stream.stream);

    surface->group_stream.old_output = surface->output;
    surface->output = surface->group_stream.stream;
    _cairo_pdf_operators_set_stream (&surface->pdf_operators, surface->output);
    _cairo_pdf_group_resources_clear (&surface->resources);

    if (resource) {
        surface->group_stream.resource = *resource;
    } else {
        surface->group_stream.resource = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
        if (surface->group_stream.resource.id == 0)
            return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
    }
    surface->group_stream.is_knockout = FALSE;
    surface->group_stream.bbox = *bbox;

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_open_knockout_group (cairo_pdf_surface_t         *surface,
                                        const cairo_box_double_t    *bbox)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_group (surface, bbox, NULL);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    surface->group_stream.is_knockout = TRUE;

    return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_close_group (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface,
                                cairo_pdf_resource_t *group)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status = CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS, status2;

    assert (surface->pdf_stream.active == FALSE);
    assert (surface->group_stream.active == TRUE);

    status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    if (surface->compress_content) {
        status = _cairo_output_stream_destroy (surface->group_stream.stream);
        surface->group_stream.stream = NULL;

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->group_stream.mem_stream,
                                     "\n");
    }
    surface->output = surface->group_stream.old_output;
    _cairo_pdf_operators_set_stream (&surface->pdf_operators, surface->output);
    surface->group_stream.active = FALSE;
    _cairo_pdf_surface_write_memory_stream (surface,
                                            surface->group_stream.mem_stream,
                                            surface->group_stream.resource,
                                            &surface->resources,
                                            surface->group_stream.is_knockout,
                                            &surface->group_stream.bbox);
    if (group)
        *group = surface->group_stream.resource;

    status2 = _cairo_output_stream_destroy (surface->group_stream.mem_stream);
    if (status == CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS)
        status = status2;

    surface->group_stream.mem_stream = NULL;
    surface->group_stream.stream = NULL;

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_open_content_stream (cairo_pdf_surface_t       *surface,
                                        const cairo_box_double_t  *bbox,
                                        cairo_pdf_resource_t      *resource,
                                        cairo_bool_t               is_form,
                                        cairo_bool_t               is_group)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    assert (surface->pdf_stream.active == FALSE);
    assert (surface->group_stream.active == FALSE);

    surface->content_resources = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (surface->content_resources.id == 0)
        return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    if (is_form) {
        assert (bbox != NULL);

        if (is_group) {
            status =
                _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
                                                resource,
                                                surface->compress_content,
                                                "   /Type /XObject\n"
                                                "   /Subtype /Form\n"
                                                "   /BBox [ %f %f %f %f ]\n"
                                                "   /Group <<\n"
                                                "      /Type /Group\n"
                                                "      /S /Transparency\n"
                                                "      /I true\n"
                                                "      /CS /DeviceRGB\n"
                                                "   >>\n"
                                                "   /Resources %d 0 R\n",
                                                bbox->p1.x,
                                                bbox->p1.y,
                                                bbox->p2.x,
                                                bbox->p2.y,
                                                surface->content_resources.id);
        } else {
            status =
                _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
                                                resource,
                                                surface->compress_content,
                                                "   /Type /XObject\n"
                                                "   /Subtype /Form\n"
                                                "   /BBox [ %f %f %f %f ]\n"
                                                "   /Resources %d 0 R\n",
                                                bbox->p1.x,
                                                bbox->p1.y,
                                                bbox->p2.x,
                                                bbox->p2.y,
                                                surface->content_resources.id);
        }
    } else {
        status =
            _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
                                            resource,
                                            surface->compress_content,
                                            NULL);
    }
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    surface->content = surface->pdf_stream.self;

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "q\n");

    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_close_content_stream (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    assert (surface->pdf_stream.active == TRUE);
    assert (surface->group_stream.active == FALSE);

    status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "Q\n");
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface, surface->content_resources);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "%d 0 obj\n",
                                 surface->content_resources.id);
    _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_group_resources (surface, &surface->resources);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "endobj\n");

    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);
}

static void
_cairo_pdf_source_surface_entry_pluck (void *entry, void *closure)
{
    cairo_pdf_source_surface_entry_t *surface_entry = entry;
    cairo_hash_table_t *patterns = closure;

    _cairo_hash_table_remove (patterns, &surface_entry->base);
    free (surface_entry->unique_id);

    free (surface_entry);
}

static cairo_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_finish (void *abstract_surface)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = abstract_surface;
    long offset;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t info, catalog;
    cairo_status_t status, status2;
    int size, i;
    cairo_pdf_jbig2_global_t *global;

    status = surface->base.status;
    if (status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS)
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_font_subsets (surface);

    _cairo_pdf_surface_write_pages (surface);

    info = _cairo_pdf_surface_write_info (surface);
    if (info.id == 0 && status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS)
        status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    catalog = _cairo_pdf_surface_write_catalog (surface);
    if (catalog.id == 0 && status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS)
        status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    offset = _cairo_pdf_surface_write_xref (surface);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "trailer\n"
                                 "<< /Size %d\n"
                                 "   /Root %d 0 R\n"
                                 "   /Info %d 0 R\n"
                                 ">>\n",
                                 surface->next_available_resource.id,
                                 catalog.id,
                                 info.id);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "startxref\n"
                                 "%ld\n"
                                 "%%%%EOF\n",
                                 offset);

    /* pdf_operators has already been flushed when the last stream was
     * closed so we should never be writing anything here - however,
     * the stream may itself be in an error state. */
    status2 = _cairo_pdf_operators_fini (&surface->pdf_operators);
    if (status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS)
        status = status2;

    /* close any active streams still open due to fatal errors */
    status2 = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (surface);
    if (status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS)
        status = status2;

    if (surface->group_stream.stream != NULL) {
        status2 = _cairo_output_stream_destroy (surface->group_stream.stream);
        if (status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS)
            status = status2;
    }
    if (surface->group_stream.mem_stream != NULL) {
        status2 = _cairo_output_stream_destroy (surface->group_stream.mem_stream);
        if (status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS)
            status = status2;
    }
    if (surface->pdf_stream.active)
        surface->output = surface->pdf_stream.old_output;
    if (surface->group_stream.active)
        surface->output = surface->group_stream.old_output;

    /* and finish the pdf surface */
    status2 = _cairo_output_stream_destroy (surface->output);
    if (status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS)
        status = status2;

    _cairo_pdf_surface_clear (surface);
    _cairo_pdf_group_resources_fini (&surface->resources);

    _cairo_array_fini (&surface->objects);
    _cairo_array_fini (&surface->pages);
    _cairo_array_fini (&surface->rgb_linear_functions);
    _cairo_array_fini (&surface->alpha_linear_functions);
    _cairo_array_fini (&surface->page_patterns);
    _cairo_array_fini (&surface->page_surfaces);
    _cairo_hash_table_foreach (surface->all_surfaces,
                               _cairo_pdf_source_surface_entry_pluck,
                               surface->all_surfaces);
    _cairo_hash_table_destroy (surface->all_surfaces);
    _cairo_array_fini (&surface->smask_groups);
    _cairo_array_fini (&surface->fonts);
    _cairo_array_fini (&surface->knockout_group);

    if (surface->font_subsets) {
        _cairo_scaled_font_subsets_destroy (surface->font_subsets);
        surface->font_subsets = NULL;
    }

    size = _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->jbig2_global);
    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
        global = (cairo_pdf_jbig2_global_t *) _cairo_array_index (&surface->jbig2_global, i);
        free(global->id);
        if (!global->emitted)
            return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_JBIG2_GLOBAL_MISSING);
    }
    _cairo_array_fini (&surface->jbig2_global);

    _cairo_array_truncate (&surface->page_surfaces, 0);

    _cairo_surface_clipper_reset (&surface->clipper);

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_start_page (void *abstract_surface)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = abstract_surface;

    /* Document header */
    if (! surface->header_emitted) {
        const char *version;

        switch (surface->pdf_version) {
        case CAIRO_PDF_VERSION_1_4:
            version = "1.4";
            break;
        default:
        case CAIRO_PDF_VERSION_1_5:
            version = "1.5";
            break;
        }

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "%%PDF-%s\n", version);
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "%%%c%c%c%c\n", 181, 237, 174, 251);
        surface->header_emitted = TRUE;
    }

    _cairo_pdf_group_resources_clear (&surface->resources);

    return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_has_fallback_images (void            *abstract_surface,
                                        cairo_bool_t     has_fallbacks)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = abstract_surface;
    cairo_box_double_t bbox;

    surface->has_fallback_images = has_fallbacks;
    bbox.p1.x = 0;
    bbox.p1.y = 0;
    bbox.p2.x = surface->width;
    bbox.p2.y = surface->height;
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_content_stream (surface, &bbox, NULL, has_fallbacks, has_fallbacks);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

static cairo_bool_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_supports_fine_grained_fallbacks (void *abstract_surface)
{
    return TRUE;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_add_padded_image_surface (cairo_pdf_surface_t          *surface,
                                             const cairo_pattern_t        *source,
                                             const cairo_rectangle_int_t  *extents,
                                             cairo_pdf_resource_t         *surface_res,
                                             int                          *width,
                                             int                          *height,
                                             double                       *x_offset,
                                             double                       *y_offset)
{
    cairo_image_surface_t *image;
    cairo_surface_t *pad_image;
    void *image_extra;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    int w, h;
    cairo_rectangle_int_t extents2;
    cairo_box_t box;
    cairo_rectangle_int_t rect;
    cairo_surface_pattern_t pad_pattern;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_acquire_source_image_from_pattern (surface, source,
                                                                   &image, &image_extra);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    pad_image = &image->base;

    /* get the operation extents in pattern space */
    _cairo_box_from_rectangle (&box, extents);
    _cairo_matrix_transform_bounding_box_fixed (&source->matrix, &box, NULL);
    _cairo_box_round_to_rectangle (&box, &rect);

    /* Check if image needs padding to fill extents */
    w = image->width;
    h = image->height;
    if (_cairo_fixed_integer_ceil(box.p1.x) < 0 ||
        _cairo_fixed_integer_ceil(box.p1.y) < 0 ||
        _cairo_fixed_integer_floor(box.p2.x) > w ||
        _cairo_fixed_integer_floor(box.p2.y) > h)
    {
        pad_image = _cairo_image_surface_create_with_content (image->base.content,
                                                              rect.width,
                                                              rect.height);
        if (pad_image->status) {
            status = pad_image->status;
            goto BAIL;
        }

        _cairo_pattern_init_for_surface (&pad_pattern, &image->base);
        cairo_matrix_init_translate (&pad_pattern.base.matrix, rect.x, rect.y);
        pad_pattern.base.extend = CAIRO_EXTEND_PAD;
        status = _cairo_surface_paint (pad_image,
                                       CAIRO_OPERATOR_SOURCE, &pad_pattern.base,
                                       NULL);
        _cairo_pattern_fini (&pad_pattern.base);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto BAIL;
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_source_surface (surface,
                                                    pad_image,
                                                    NULL,
                                                    FALSE,
                                                    source->filter,
                                                    FALSE,
                                                    FALSE,
                                                    extents,
                                                    NULL,
                                                    surface_res,
                                                    width,
                                                    height,
                                                    x_offset,
                                                    y_offset,
                                                    &extents2);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto BAIL;

    if (pad_image != &image->base) {
        /* If using a padded image, replace _add_source_surface
         * x/y_offset with padded image offset. Note:
         * _add_source_surface only sets a non zero x/y_offset for
         * RASTER_SOURCE patterns. _add_source_surface will always set
         * x/y_offset to 0 for surfaces so we can ignore the returned
         * offset and replace it with the offset required for the
         * padded image */
        *x_offset = rect.x;
        *y_offset = rect.y;
    }

BAIL:
    if (pad_image != &image->base)
        cairo_surface_destroy (pad_image);

    _cairo_pdf_surface_release_source_image_from_pattern (surface, source, image, image_extra);

    return status;
}

/* Emit alpha channel from the image into stream_res.
 */
static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_smask (cairo_pdf_surface_t      *surface,
                               cairo_image_surface_t    *image,
                               cairo_bool_t              stencil_mask,
                               cairo_bool_t              interpolate,
                               cairo_pdf_resource_t     *stream_res)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status = CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    char *alpha;
    unsigned long alpha_size;
    uint32_t *pixel32;
    uint8_t *pixel8;
    int i, x, y, bit, a;
    cairo_image_transparency_t transparency;

    /* This is the only image format we support, which simplifies things. */
    assert (image->format == CAIRO_FORMAT_ARGB32 ||
            image->format == CAIRO_FORMAT_RGB24 ||
            image->format == CAIRO_FORMAT_A8 ||
            image->format == CAIRO_FORMAT_A1 );

    transparency = _cairo_image_analyze_transparency (image);
    if (stencil_mask) {
        assert (transparency == CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_OPAQUE ||
                transparency == CAIRO_IMAGE_HAS_BILEVEL_ALPHA);
    } else {
        assert (transparency != CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_OPAQUE);
    }

    if (transparency == CAIRO_IMAGE_HAS_BILEVEL_ALPHA || transparency == CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_OPAQUE) {
        alpha_size = (image->width + 7) / 8 * image->height;
        alpha = _cairo_malloc_ab ((image->width+7) / 8, image->height);
    } else {
        alpha_size = image->height * image->width;
        alpha = _cairo_malloc_ab (image->height, image->width);
    }

    if (unlikely (alpha == NULL)) {
        status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
        goto CLEANUP;
    }

    i = 0;
    for (y = 0; y < image->height; y++) {
        if (transparency == CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_OPAQUE) {
            for (x = 0; x < (image->width + 7) / 8; x++)
                alpha[i++] = 0xff;
        } else if (image->format == CAIRO_FORMAT_A1) {
            pixel8 = (uint8_t *) (image->data + y * image->stride);

            for (x = 0; x < (image->width + 7) / 8; x++, pixel8++) {
                a = *pixel8;
                a = CAIRO_BITSWAP8_IF_LITTLE_ENDIAN (a);
                alpha[i++] = a;
            }
        } else {
            pixel8 = (uint8_t *) (image->data + y * image->stride);
            pixel32 = (uint32_t *) (image->data + y * image->stride);
            bit = 7;
            for (x = 0; x < image->width; x++) {
                if (image->format == CAIRO_FORMAT_ARGB32) {
                    a = (*pixel32 & 0xff000000) >> 24;
                    pixel32++;
                } else {
                    a = *pixel8;
                    pixel8++;
                }

                if (transparency == CAIRO_IMAGE_HAS_ALPHA) {
                    alpha[i++] = a;
                } else { /* transparency == CAIRO_IMAGE_HAS_BILEVEL_ALPHA or CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_OPAQUE */
                    if (bit == 7)
                        alpha[i] = 0;
                    if (a != 0)
                        alpha[i] |= (1 << bit);
                    bit--;
                    if (bit < 0) {
                        bit = 7;
                        i++;
                    }
                }
            }
            if (bit != 7)
                i++;
        }
    }

    if (stencil_mask) {
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
                                                 stream_res,
                                                 TRUE,
                                                 "   /Type /XObject\n"
                                                 "   /Subtype /Image\n"
                                                 "   /ImageMask true\n"
                                                 "   /Width %d\n"
                                                 "   /Height %d\n"
                                                 "   /Interpolate %s\n"
                                                 "   /BitsPerComponent 1\n"
                                                 "   /Decode [1 0]\n",
                                                 image->width, image->height,
                                                 interpolate ? "true" : "false");
    } else {
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
                                                 stream_res,
                                                 TRUE,
                                                 "   /Type /XObject\n"
                                                 "   /Subtype /Image\n"
                                                 "   /Width %d\n"
                                                 "   /Height %d\n"
                                                 "   /ColorSpace /DeviceGray\n"
                                                 "   /Interpolate %s\n"
                                                 "   /BitsPerComponent %d\n",
                                                 image->width, image->height,
                                                 interpolate ? "true" : "false",
                                                 transparency == CAIRO_IMAGE_HAS_ALPHA ? 8 : 1);
    }
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto CLEANUP_ALPHA;

    _cairo_output_stream_write (surface->output, alpha, alpha_size);
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (surface);

 CLEANUP_ALPHA:
    free (alpha);
 CLEANUP:
    return status;
}

/**
 * _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_image:
 * @surface: the pdf surface
 * @image_surf: The image to write
 * @surface_entry: Contains image resource, smask resource, interpolate and stencil mask parameters.
 *
 * Emit an image stream using the @image_res resource and write out
 * the image data from @image_surf. If @smask_res is not null, @smask_res will
 * be specified as the smask for the image. Otherwise emit the an smask if
 * the image is requires one.
 **/
static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_image (cairo_pdf_surface_t              *surface,
                               cairo_image_surface_t            *image_surf,
                               cairo_pdf_source_surface_entry_t *surface_entry)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status = CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    char *data;
    unsigned long data_size;
    uint32_t *pixel;
    int i, x, y, bit;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t smask = {0}; /* squelch bogus compiler warning */
    cairo_bool_t need_smask;
    cairo_image_color_t color;
    cairo_image_surface_t *image;
    cairo_image_transparency_t transparency;
    char smask_buf[30];

    image  = image_surf;
    if (image->format != CAIRO_FORMAT_RGB24 &&
        image->format != CAIRO_FORMAT_ARGB32 &&
        image->format != CAIRO_FORMAT_A8 &&
        image->format != CAIRO_FORMAT_A1)
    {
        cairo_surface_t *surf;
        cairo_surface_pattern_t pattern;

        surf = _cairo_image_surface_create_with_content (image_surf->base.content,
                                                         image_surf->width,
                                                         image_surf->height);
        image = (cairo_image_surface_t *) surf;
        if (surf->status) {
            status = surf->status;
            goto CLEANUP;
        }

        _cairo_pattern_init_for_surface (&pattern, &image_surf->base);
        status = _cairo_surface_paint (surf,
                                       CAIRO_OPERATOR_SOURCE, &pattern.base,
                                       NULL);
        _cairo_pattern_fini (&pattern.base);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto CLEANUP;
    }

    if (surface_entry->smask || surface_entry->stencil_mask) {
        return _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_smask (surface, image,
                                              surface_entry->stencil_mask,
                                              surface_entry->interpolate,
                                              &surface_entry->surface_res);
    }

    color = _cairo_image_analyze_color (image);
    switch (color) {
        default:
        case CAIRO_IMAGE_UNKNOWN_COLOR:
            ASSERT_NOT_REACHED;
        case CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_COLOR:
            data_size = image->height * image->width * 3;
            data = _cairo_malloc_abc (image->width, image->height, 3);
            break;

        case CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_GRAYSCALE:
            data_size = image->height * image->width;
            data = _cairo_malloc_ab (image->width, image->height);
            break;
        case CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_MONOCHROME:
            data_size = (image->width + 7) / 8 * image->height;
            data = _cairo_malloc_ab ((image->width+7) / 8, image->height);
            break;
    }
    if (unlikely (data == NULL)) {
        status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
        goto CLEANUP;
    }

    i = 0;
    for (y = 0; y < image->height; y++) {
        pixel = (uint32_t *) (image->data + y * image->stride);

        bit = 7;
        for (x = 0; x < image->width; x++, pixel++) {
            int r, g, b;

            /* XXX: We're un-premultiplying alpha here. My reading of the PDF
             * specification suggests that we should be able to avoid having
             * to do this by filling in the SMask's Matte dictionary
             * appropriately, but my attempts to do that so far have
             * failed. */
            if (image->format == CAIRO_FORMAT_ARGB32) {
                uint8_t a;
                a = (*pixel & 0xff000000) >> 24;
                if (a == 0) {
                    r = g = b = 0;
                } else {
                    r = (((*pixel & 0xff0000) >> 16) * 255 + a / 2) / a;
                    g = (((*pixel & 0x00ff00) >>  8) * 255 + a / 2) / a;
                    b = (((*pixel & 0x0000ff) >>  0) * 255 + a / 2) / a;
                }
            } else if (image->format == CAIRO_FORMAT_RGB24) {
                r = (*pixel & 0x00ff0000) >> 16;
                g = (*pixel & 0x0000ff00) >>  8;
                b = (*pixel & 0x000000ff) >>  0;
            } else {
                r = g = b = 0;
            }

            switch (color) {
                case CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_COLOR:
                case CAIRO_IMAGE_UNKNOWN_COLOR:
                    data[i++] = r;
                    data[i++] = g;
                    data[i++] = b;
                    break;

                case CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_GRAYSCALE:
                    data[i++] = r;
                    break;

                case CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_MONOCHROME:
                    if (bit == 7)
                        data[i] = 0;
                    if (r != 0)
                        data[i] |= (1 << bit);
                    bit--;
                    if (bit < 0) {
                        bit = 7;
                        i++;
                    }
                    break;
            }
        }
        if (bit != 7)
            i++;
    }

    if (surface_entry->smask_res.id != 0) {
        need_smask = TRUE;
        smask = surface_entry->smask_res;
    } else {
        need_smask = FALSE;
        if (image->format == CAIRO_FORMAT_ARGB32 ||
            image->format == CAIRO_FORMAT_A8 ||
            image->format == CAIRO_FORMAT_A1)
        {
            transparency = _cairo_image_analyze_transparency (image);
            if (transparency != CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_OPAQUE) {
                need_smask = TRUE;
                smask = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
                if (smask.id == 0) {
                    status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
                    goto CLEANUP_RGB;
                }

                status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_smask (surface, image, FALSE, surface_entry->interpolate, &smask);
                if (unlikely (status))
                    goto CLEANUP_RGB;
            }
        }
    }

    if (need_smask)
        snprintf(smask_buf, sizeof(smask_buf), "   /SMask %d 0 R\n", smask.id);
    else
        smask_buf[0] = 0;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
                                             &surface_entry->surface_res,
                                             TRUE,
                                             "   /Type /XObject\n"
                                             "   /Subtype /Image\n"
                                             "   /Width %d\n"
                                             "   /Height %d\n"
                                             "   /ColorSpace %s\n"
                                             "   /Interpolate %s\n"
                                             "   /BitsPerComponent %d\n"
                                             "%s",
                                             image->width,
                                             image->height,
                                             color == CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_COLOR ? "/DeviceRGB" : "/DeviceGray",
                                             surface_entry->interpolate ? "true" : "false",
                                             color == CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_MONOCHROME? 1 : 8,
                                             smask_buf);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto CLEANUP_RGB;

#undef IMAGE_DICTIONARY

    _cairo_output_stream_write (surface->output, data, data_size);
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (surface);

CLEANUP_RGB:
    free (data);
CLEANUP:
    if (image != image_surf)
        cairo_surface_destroy (&image->base);

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_lookup_jbig2_global (cairo_pdf_surface_t       *surface,
                                        const unsigned char       *global_id,
                                        unsigned long              global_id_length,
                                        cairo_pdf_jbig2_global_t **entry)
{
    cairo_pdf_jbig2_global_t global;
    int size, i;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    size = _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->jbig2_global);
    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
        *entry = (cairo_pdf_jbig2_global_t *) _cairo_array_index (&surface->jbig2_global, i);
        if ((*entry)->id && global_id && (*entry)->id_length == global_id_length
            && memcmp((*entry)->id, global_id, global_id_length) == 0) {
            return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
        }
    }

    global.id = malloc(global_id_length);
    if (unlikely (global.id == NULL)) {
        return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
    }

    memcpy (global.id, global_id, global_id_length);
    global.id_length = global_id_length;
    global.res = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (global.res.id == 0) {
        free(global.id);
        return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
    }

    global.emitted = FALSE;
    status = _cairo_array_append (&surface->jbig2_global, &global);
    if (unlikely(status))
        return status;

    size = _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->jbig2_global);
    *entry = (cairo_pdf_jbig2_global_t *) _cairo_array_index (&surface->jbig2_global, size - 1);
    return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_jbig2_image (cairo_pdf_surface_t              *surface,
                                     cairo_surface_t                  *source,
                                     cairo_pdf_source_surface_entry_t *surface_entry)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    const unsigned char *mime_data;
    unsigned long mime_data_length;
    cairo_image_info_t info;
    const unsigned char *global_id;
    unsigned long global_id_length;
    const unsigned char *global_data;
    unsigned long global_data_length;
    cairo_pdf_jbig2_global_t *global_entry = NULL; /* hide compiler warning */
    char smask_buf[30];
    char decode_parms_buf[100];

    cairo_surface_get_mime_data (source, CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2,
                                 &mime_data, &mime_data_length);
    if (mime_data == NULL)
        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    status = _cairo_image_info_get_jbig2_info (&info, mime_data, mime_data_length);
    if (status)
        return status;

    cairo_surface_get_mime_data (source, CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2_GLOBAL_ID,
                                 &global_id, &global_id_length);
    if (global_id && global_id_length > 0) {
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_lookup_jbig2_global (surface, global_id, global_id_length, &global_entry);
        if (unlikely(status))
            return status;

        if (!global_entry->emitted) {
            cairo_surface_get_mime_data (source, CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2_GLOBAL,
                                         &global_data, &global_data_length);
            if (global_data) {
                status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface, &global_entry->res, FALSE, NULL);
                if (unlikely(status))
                    return status;

                _cairo_output_stream_write (surface->output, global_data, global_data_length);
                status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (surface);
                if (unlikely(status))
                    return status;

                global_entry->emitted = TRUE;
            }
        }

        snprintf(decode_parms_buf, sizeof(decode_parms_buf),
                 "   /DecodeParms << /JBIG2Globals %d 0 R >>\n", global_entry->res.id);
    } else {
        decode_parms_buf[0] = 0;
    }

    if (surface_entry->smask_res.id)
        snprintf(smask_buf, sizeof(smask_buf), "   /SMask %d 0 R\n", surface_entry->smask_res.id);
    else
        smask_buf[0] = 0;

    if (surface_entry->stencil_mask) {
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
                                                 &surface_entry->surface_res,
                                                 FALSE,
                                                 "   /Type /XObject\n"
                                                 "   /Subtype /Image\n"
                                                 "   /ImageMask true\n"
                                                 "   /Width %d\n"
                                                 "   /Height %d\n"
                                                 "   /Interpolate %s\n"
                                                 "   /BitsPerComponent 1\n"
                                                 "   /Decode [1 0]\n"
                                                 "   /Filter /JPXDecode\n"
                                                 "%s",
                                                 info.width,
                                                 info.height,
                                                 surface_entry->interpolate ? "true" : "false",
                                                 decode_parms_buf);
    } else {
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
                                                 &surface_entry->surface_res,
                                                 FALSE,
                                                 "   /Type /XObject\n"
                                                 "   /Subtype /Image\n"
                                                 "   /Width %d\n"
                                                 "   /Height %d\n"
                                                 "   /ColorSpace /DeviceGray\n"
                                                 "   /BitsPerComponent 1\n"
                                                 "   /Interpolate %s\n"
                                                 "%s"
                                                 "   /Filter /JBIG2Decode\n"
                                                 "%s",
                                                 info.width,
                                                 info.height,
                                                 surface_entry->interpolate ? "true" : "false",
                                                 smask_buf,
                                                 decode_parms_buf);
    }
    if (unlikely(status))
        return status;

    _cairo_output_stream_write (surface->output, mime_data, mime_data_length);
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (surface);

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_jpx_image (cairo_pdf_surface_t              *surface,
                                   cairo_surface_t                  *source,
                                   cairo_pdf_source_surface_entry_t *surface_entry)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    const unsigned char *mime_data;
    unsigned long mime_data_length;
    cairo_image_info_t info;
    char smask_buf[30];

    if (surface->pdf_version < CAIRO_PDF_VERSION_1_5)
        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    cairo_surface_get_mime_data (source, CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JP2,
                                 &mime_data, &mime_data_length);
    if (mime_data == NULL)
        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    status = _cairo_image_info_get_jpx_info (&info, mime_data, mime_data_length);
    if (status)
        return status;

    if ((surface_entry->smask || surface_entry->stencil_mask) && info.num_components != 1)
        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    if ((surface_entry->stencil_mask) && info.bits_per_component != 1)
        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    if (surface_entry->smask_res.id)
        snprintf(smask_buf, sizeof(smask_buf), "   /SMask %d 0 R\n", surface_entry->smask_res.id);
    else
        smask_buf[0] = 0;

    if (surface_entry->stencil_mask) {
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
                                                 &surface_entry->surface_res,
                                                 FALSE,
                                                 "   /Type /XObject\n"
                                                 "   /Subtype /Image\n"
                                                 "   /ImageMask true\n"
                                                 "   /Width %d\n"
                                                 "   /Height %d\n"
                                                 "   /Interpolate %s\n"
                                                 "   /BitsPerComponent 1\n"
                                                 "   /Decode [1 0]\n"
                                                 "   /Filter /JPXDecode\n",
                                                 info.width,
                                                 info.height,
                                                 surface_entry->interpolate ? "true" : "false");
    } else {
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
                                                 &surface_entry->surface_res,
                                                 FALSE,
                                                 "   /Type /XObject\n"
                                                 "   /Subtype /Image\n"
                                                 "   /Width %d\n"
                                                 "   /Height %d\n"
                                                 "   /Interpolate %s\n"
                                                 "%s"
                                                 "   /Filter /JPXDecode\n",
                                                 info.width,
                                                 info.height,
                                                 surface_entry->interpolate ? "true" : "false",
                                                 smask_buf);
    }
    if (status)
        return status;

    _cairo_output_stream_write (surface->output, mime_data, mime_data_length);
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (surface);

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_jpeg_image (cairo_pdf_surface_t              *surface,
                                    cairo_surface_t                  *source,
                                    cairo_pdf_source_surface_entry_t *surface_entry)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    const unsigned char *mime_data;
    unsigned long mime_data_length;
    cairo_image_info_t info;
    const char *colorspace;
    char smask_buf[30];

    cairo_surface_get_mime_data (source, CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JPEG,
                                 &mime_data, &mime_data_length);
    if (unlikely (source->status))
        return source->status;
    if (mime_data == NULL)
        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    status = _cairo_image_info_get_jpeg_info (&info, mime_data, mime_data_length);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    if ((surface_entry->smask || surface_entry->stencil_mask) && info.num_components != 1)
        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    if ((surface_entry->stencil_mask) && info.bits_per_component != 1)
        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    switch (info.num_components) {
        case 1:
            colorspace = "/DeviceGray";
            break;
        case 3:
            colorspace = "/DeviceRGB";
            break;
        case 4:
            colorspace = "/DeviceCMYK";
            break;
        default:
            return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
    }

    if (surface_entry->smask_res.id)
        snprintf(smask_buf, sizeof(smask_buf), "   /SMask %d 0 R\n", surface_entry->smask_res.id);
    else
        smask_buf[0] = 0;

    if (surface_entry->stencil_mask) {
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
                                                 &surface_entry->surface_res,
                                                 FALSE,
                                                 "   /Type /XObject\n"
                                                 "   /Subtype /Image\n"
                                                 "   /ImageMask true\n"
                                                 "   /Width %d\n"
                                                 "   /Height %d\n"
                                                 "   /Interpolate %s\n"
                                                 "   /BitsPerComponent 1\n"
                                                 "   /Decode [1 0]\n"
                                                 "   /Filter /DCTDecode\n",
                                                 info.width,
                                                 info.height,
                                                 surface_entry->interpolate ? "true" : "false");
    } else {
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
                                                 &surface_entry->surface_res,
                                                 FALSE,
                                                 "   /Type /XObject\n"
                                                 "   /Subtype /Image\n"
                                                 "   /Width %d\n"
                                                 "   /Height %d\n"
                                                 "   /ColorSpace %s\n"
                                                 "   /Interpolate %s\n"
                                                 "   /BitsPerComponent %d\n"
                                                 "%s"
                                                 "   /Filter /DCTDecode\n",
                                                 info.width,
                                                 info.height,
                                                 colorspace,
                                                 surface_entry->interpolate ? "true" : "false",
                                                 info.bits_per_component,
                                                 smask_buf);
    }
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    _cairo_output_stream_write (surface->output, mime_data, mime_data_length);
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (surface);

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_image_surface (cairo_pdf_surface_t        *surface,
                                       cairo_pdf_source_surface_t *source)
{
    cairo_image_surface_t *image;
    void *image_extra;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    if (source->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE) {
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_jbig2_image (surface, source->surface, source->hash_entry);
        if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED)
            return status;

        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_jpx_image (surface, source->surface, source->hash_entry);
        if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED)
            return status;

        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_jpeg_image (surface, source->surface, source->hash_entry);
        if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED)
            return status;
    }

    if (source->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE) {
        status = _cairo_surface_acquire_source_image (source->surface, &image, &image_extra);
    } else {
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_acquire_source_image_from_pattern (surface, source->raster_pattern,
                                                                       &image, &image_extra);
    }
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_image (surface,
                                            image,
                                            source->hash_entry);

    if (source->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE)
        _cairo_surface_release_source_image (source->surface, image, image_extra);
    else
        _cairo_pdf_surface_release_source_image_from_pattern (surface, source->raster_pattern,
                                                              image, image_extra);

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_recording_surface (cairo_pdf_surface_t        *surface,
                                           cairo_pdf_source_surface_t *pdf_source)
{
    double old_width, old_height;
    cairo_paginated_mode_t old_paginated_mode;
    cairo_surface_clipper_t old_clipper;
    cairo_box_double_t bbox;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    int alpha = 0;
    cairo_surface_t *free_me = NULL;
    cairo_surface_t *source;
    const cairo_rectangle_int_t *extents;
    int width;
    int height;
    cairo_bool_t is_subsurface;
    cairo_bool_t transparency_group;
    cairo_recording_surface_t *recording;

    assert (pdf_source->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE);
    extents = &pdf_source->hash_entry->extents;
    width = pdf_source->hash_entry->width;
    height = pdf_source->hash_entry->height;
    is_subsurface = FALSE;
    source = pdf_source->surface;
    if (_cairo_surface_is_snapshot (source)) {
        free_me = source = _cairo_surface_snapshot_get_target (source);
    } else if (source->backend->type == CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_SUBSURFACE) {
        cairo_surface_subsurface_t *sub = (cairo_surface_subsurface_t *) source;

        source = sub->target;
        extents = &sub->extents;
        width = extents->width;
        height = extents->height;
        is_subsurface = TRUE;
    }

    assert (source->type == CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_RECORDING);
    recording = (cairo_recording_surface_t *) source;

    old_width = surface->width;
    old_height = surface->height;
    old_paginated_mode = surface->paginated_mode;
    old_clipper = surface->clipper;
    _cairo_surface_clipper_init (&surface->clipper,
                                 _cairo_pdf_surface_clipper_intersect_clip_path);

    _cairo_pdf_surface_set_size_internal (surface, width, height);

    /* Patterns are emitted after fallback images. The paginated mode
     * needs to be set to _RENDER while the recording surface is replayed
     * back to this surface.
     */
    surface->paginated_mode = CAIRO_PAGINATED_MODE_RENDER;
    _cairo_pdf_group_resources_clear (&surface->resources);
    _get_bbox_from_extents (height, extents, &bbox);

    /* We can optimize away the transparency group allowing the viewer
     * to replay the group in place when all operators are OVER and the
     * recording contains only opaque and/or clear alpha.
     */
    transparency_group = !(pdf_source->hash_entry->operator == CAIRO_OPERATOR_OVER &&
                           _cairo_recording_surface_has_only_bilevel_alpha (recording) &&
                           _cairo_recording_surface_has_only_op_over (recording));
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_content_stream (surface, &bbox, &pdf_source->hash_entry->surface_res,
                                                     TRUE, transparency_group);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto err;

    if (source->content == CAIRO_CONTENT_COLOR) {
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_alpha (surface, 1.0, &alpha);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto err;

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "q /a%d gs 0 0 0 rg 0 0 %f %f re f Q\n",
                                     alpha,
                                     surface->width,
                                     surface->height);
    }

    status = _cairo_recording_surface_replay_region (source,
                                                     is_subsurface ? extents : NULL,
                                                     &surface->base,
                                                     CAIRO_RECORDING_REGION_NATIVE);
    assert (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto err;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_content_stream (surface);

    _cairo_surface_clipper_reset (&surface->clipper);
    surface->clipper = old_clipper;
    _cairo_pdf_surface_set_size_internal (surface,
                                          old_width,
                                          old_height);
    surface->paginated_mode = old_paginated_mode;

err:
    cairo_surface_destroy (free_me);
    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_surface (cairo_pdf_surface_t        *surface,
                                 cairo_pdf_source_surface_t *src_surface)
{
    if (src_surface->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE &&
        src_surface->surface->type == CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_RECORDING)
        return _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_recording_surface (surface, src_surface);

    return _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_image_surface (surface, src_surface);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_surface_pattern (cairo_pdf_surface_t    *surface,
                                         cairo_pdf_pattern_t    *pdf_pattern)
{
    cairo_pattern_t *pattern = pdf_pattern->pattern;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t pattern_resource = {0};
    cairo_matrix_t cairo_p2d, pdf_p2d;
    cairo_extend_t extend = cairo_pattern_get_extend (pattern);
    double xstep, ystep;
    cairo_rectangle_int_t pattern_extents;
    int pattern_width = 0; /* squelch bogus compiler warning */
    int pattern_height = 0; /* squelch bogus compiler warning */
    double x_offset;
    double y_offset;
    char draw_surface[200];
    cairo_box_double_t     bbox;

    if (pattern->extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_PAD) {
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_padded_image_surface (surface,
                                                              pattern,
                                                              &pdf_pattern->extents,
                                                              &pattern_resource,
                                                              &pattern_width,
                                                              &pattern_height,
                                                              &x_offset,
                                                              &y_offset);
        pattern_extents.x = 0;
        pattern_extents.y = 0;
        pattern_extents.width = pattern_width;
        pattern_extents.height = pattern_height;
    } else {
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_source_surface (surface,
                                                        NULL,
                                                        pattern,
                                                        pdf_pattern->operator,
                                                        pattern->filter,
                                                        FALSE,
                                                        FALSE,
                                                        &pdf_pattern->extents,
                                                        NULL,
                                                        &pattern_resource,
                                                        &pattern_width,
                                                        &pattern_height,
                                                        &x_offset,
                                                        &y_offset,
                                                        &pattern_extents);
    }
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    switch (extend) {
    case CAIRO_EXTEND_PAD:
    case CAIRO_EXTEND_NONE:
    {
        /* In PS/PDF, (as far as I can tell), all patterns are
         * repeating. So we support cairo's EXTEND_NONE semantics
         * by setting the repeat step size to a size large enough
         * to guarantee that no more than a single occurrence will
         * be visible.
         *
         * First, map the surface extents into pattern space (since
         * xstep and ystep are in pattern space).  Then use an upper
         * bound on the length of the diagonal of the pattern image
         * and the surface as repeat size.  This guarantees to never
         * repeat visibly.
         */
        double x1 = 0.0, y1 = 0.0;
        double x2 = surface->width, y2 = surface->height;
        _cairo_matrix_transform_bounding_box (&pattern->matrix,
                                              &x1, &y1, &x2, &y2,
                                              NULL);

        /* Rather than computing precise bounds of the union, just
         * add the surface extents unconditionally. We only
         * required an answer that's large enough, we don't really
         * care if it's not as tight as possible.*/
        xstep = ystep = ceil ((x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1) +
                              pattern_width + pattern_height);
    }
    break;
    case CAIRO_EXTEND_REPEAT:
        xstep = pattern_width;
        ystep = pattern_height;
        break;
    case CAIRO_EXTEND_REFLECT:
        pattern_extents.x = 0;
        pattern_extents.y = 0;
        pattern_extents.width = pattern_width*2;
        pattern_extents.height = pattern_height*2;
        xstep = pattern_width*2;
        ystep = pattern_height*2;
        break;
        /* All the rest (if any) should have been analyzed away, so this
         * case should be unreachable. */
    default:
        ASSERT_NOT_REACHED;
        xstep = 0;
        ystep = 0;
    }

    /* At this point, (that is, within the surface backend interface),
     * the pattern's matrix maps from cairo's device space to cairo's
     * pattern space, (both with their origin at the upper-left, and
     * cairo's pattern space of size width,height).
     *
     * Then, we must emit a PDF pattern object that maps from its own
     * pattern space, (which has a size that we establish in the BBox
     * dictionary entry), to the PDF page's *initial* space, (which
     * does not benefit from the Y-axis flipping matrix that we emit
     * on each page). So the PDF patterns matrix maps from a
     * (width,height) pattern space to a device space with the origin
     * in the lower-left corner.
     *
     * So to handle all of that, we start with an identity matrix for
     * the PDF pattern to device matrix. We translate it up by the
     * image height then flip it in the Y direction, (moving us from
     * the PDF origin to cairo's origin). We then multiply in the
     * inverse of the cairo pattern matrix, (since it maps from device
     * to pattern, while we're setting up pattern to device). Finally,
     * we translate back down by the image height and flip again to
     * end up at the lower-left origin that PDF expects.
     *
     * Additionally, within the stream that paints the pattern itself,
     * we are using a PDF image object that has a size of (1,1) so we
     * have to scale it up by the image width and height to fill our
     * pattern cell.
     */
    cairo_p2d = pattern->matrix;
    status = cairo_matrix_invert (&cairo_p2d);
    /* cairo_pattern_set_matrix ensures the matrix is invertible */
    assert (status == CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS);

    cairo_matrix_multiply (&pdf_p2d, &cairo_p2d, &surface->cairo_to_pdf);
    cairo_matrix_translate (&pdf_p2d, -x_offset, -y_offset);
    cairo_matrix_translate (&pdf_p2d, 0.0, pattern_height);
    cairo_matrix_scale (&pdf_p2d, 1.0, -1.0);

    _get_bbox_from_extents (pattern_height, &pattern_extents, &bbox);
    _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface, pdf_pattern->pattern_res);
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
                                             &pdf_pattern->pattern_res,
                                             FALSE,
                                             "   /PatternType 1\n"
                                             "   /BBox [ %f %f %f %f ]\n"
                                             "   /XStep %f\n"
                                             "   /YStep %f\n"
                                             "   /TilingType 1\n"
                                             "   /PaintType 1\n"
                                             "   /Matrix [ %f %f %f %f %f %f ]\n"
                                             "   /Resources << /XObject << /x%d %d 0 R >> >>\n",
                                             bbox.p1.x, bbox.p1.y, bbox.p2.x, bbox.p2.y,
                                             xstep, ystep,
                                             pdf_p2d.xx, pdf_p2d.yx,
                                             pdf_p2d.xy, pdf_p2d.yy,
                                             pdf_p2d.x0, pdf_p2d.y0,
                                             pattern_resource.id,
                                             pattern_resource.id);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    if (pattern->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE &&
        ((cairo_surface_pattern_t *) pattern)->surface->type == CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_RECORDING) {
        snprintf(draw_surface,
                 sizeof (draw_surface),
                 "/x%d Do\n",
                 pattern_resource.id);
    } else {
        snprintf(draw_surface,
                 sizeof (draw_surface),
                 "q %d 0 0 %d 0 0 cm /x%d Do Q",
                 pattern_width,
                 pattern_height,
                 pattern_resource.id);
    }

    if (extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_REFLECT) {
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "q 0 0 %d %d re W n %s Q\n"
                                     "q -1 0 0 1 %d 0 cm 0 0 %d %d re W n %s Q\n"
                                     "q 1 0 0 -1 0 %d cm 0 0 %d %d re W n %s Q\n"
                                     "q -1 0 0 -1 %d %d cm 0 0 %d %d re W n %s Q\n",
                                     pattern_width, pattern_height,
                                     draw_surface,
                                     pattern_width*2, pattern_width, pattern_height,
                                     draw_surface,
                                     pattern_height*2, pattern_width, pattern_height,
                                     draw_surface,
                                     pattern_width*2, pattern_height*2, pattern_width, pattern_height,
                                     draw_surface);
    } else {
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     " %s \n",
                                     draw_surface);
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);
}

typedef struct _cairo_pdf_color_stop {
    double offset;
    double color[4];
    cairo_pdf_resource_t resource;
} cairo_pdf_color_stop_t;

static cairo_int_status_t
cairo_pdf_surface_emit_rgb_linear_function (cairo_pdf_surface_t    *surface,
                                            cairo_pdf_color_stop_t *stop1,
                                            cairo_pdf_color_stop_t *stop2,
                                            cairo_pdf_resource_t   *function)
{
    int num_elems, i;
    cairo_pdf_rgb_linear_function_t elem;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t res;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    num_elems = _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->rgb_linear_functions);
    for (i = 0; i < num_elems; i++) {
        _cairo_array_copy_element (&surface->rgb_linear_functions, i, &elem);
        if (memcmp (&elem.color1[0], &stop1->color[0], sizeof (double)*3) != 0)
            continue;
        if (memcmp (&elem.color2[0], &stop2->color[0], sizeof (double)*3) != 0)
            continue;
        *function =  elem.resource;
        return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    }

    res = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (res.id == 0)
        return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "%d 0 obj\n"
                                 "<< /FunctionType 2\n"
                                 "   /Domain [ 0 1 ]\n"
                                 "   /C0 [ %f %f %f ]\n"
                                 "   /C1 [ %f %f %f ]\n"
                                 "   /N 1\n"
                                 ">>\n"
                                 "endobj\n",
                                 res.id,
                                 stop1->color[0],
                                 stop1->color[1],
                                 stop1->color[2],
                                 stop2->color[0],
                                 stop2->color[1],
                                 stop2->color[2]);

    elem.resource = res;
    memcpy (&elem.color1[0], &stop1->color[0], sizeof (double)*3);
    memcpy (&elem.color2[0], &stop2->color[0], sizeof (double)*3);

    status = _cairo_array_append (&surface->rgb_linear_functions, &elem);
    *function = res;

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
cairo_pdf_surface_emit_alpha_linear_function (cairo_pdf_surface_t    *surface,
                                              cairo_pdf_color_stop_t *stop1,
                                              cairo_pdf_color_stop_t *stop2,
                                              cairo_pdf_resource_t   *function)
{
    int num_elems, i;
    cairo_pdf_alpha_linear_function_t elem;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t res;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    num_elems = _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->alpha_linear_functions);
    for (i = 0; i < num_elems; i++) {
        _cairo_array_copy_element (&surface->alpha_linear_functions, i, &elem);
        if (elem.alpha1 != stop1->color[3])
            continue;
        if (elem.alpha2 != stop2->color[3])
            continue;
        *function =  elem.resource;
        return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    }

    res = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (res.id == 0)
        return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "%d 0 obj\n"
                                 "<< /FunctionType 2\n"
                                 "   /Domain [ 0 1 ]\n"
                                 "   /C0 [ %f ]\n"
                                 "   /C1 [ %f ]\n"
                                 "   /N 1\n"
                                 ">>\n"
                                 "endobj\n",
                                 res.id,
                                 stop1->color[3],
                                 stop2->color[3]);

    elem.resource = res;
    elem.alpha1 = stop1->color[3];
    elem.alpha2 = stop2->color[3];

    status = _cairo_array_append (&surface->alpha_linear_functions, &elem);
    *function = res;

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_stitched_colorgradient (cairo_pdf_surface_t    *surface,
                                                unsigned int            n_stops,
                                                cairo_pdf_color_stop_t *stops,
                                                cairo_bool_t            is_alpha,
                                                cairo_pdf_resource_t   *function)
{
    cairo_pdf_resource_t res;
    unsigned int i;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    /* emit linear gradients between pairs of subsequent stops... */
    for (i = 0; i < n_stops-1; i++) {
        if (is_alpha) {
            status = cairo_pdf_surface_emit_alpha_linear_function (surface,
                                                                   &stops[i],
                                                                   &stops[i+1],
                                                                   &stops[i].resource);
            if (unlikely (status))
                return status;
        } else {
            status = cairo_pdf_surface_emit_rgb_linear_function (surface,
                                                                 &stops[i],
                                                                 &stops[i+1],
                                                                 &stops[i].resource);
            if (unlikely (status))
                return status;
        }
    }

    /* ... and stitch them together */
    res = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (res.id == 0)
        return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "%d 0 obj\n"
                                 "<< /FunctionType 3\n"
                                 "   /Domain [ %f %f ]\n",
                                 res.id,
                                 stops[0].offset,
                                 stops[n_stops - 1].offset);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "   /Functions [ ");
    for (i = 0; i < n_stops-1; i++)
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "%d 0 R ", stops[i].resource.id);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "]\n");

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "   /Bounds [ ");
    for (i = 1; i < n_stops-1; i++)
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "%f ", stops[i].offset);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "]\n");

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "   /Encode [ ");
    for (i = 1; i < n_stops; i++)
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "0 1 ");
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "]\n");

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 ">>\n"
                                 "endobj\n");

    *function = res;

    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);
}


static void
calc_gradient_color (cairo_pdf_color_stop_t *new_stop,
                     cairo_pdf_color_stop_t *stop1,
                     cairo_pdf_color_stop_t *stop2)
{
    int i;
    double offset = stop1->offset / (stop1->offset + 1.0 - stop2->offset);

    for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)
        new_stop->color[i] = stop1->color[i] + offset*(stop2->color[i] - stop1->color[i]);
}

#define COLOR_STOP_EPSILON 1e-6

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_pattern_stops (cairo_pdf_surface_t      *surface,
                                       cairo_gradient_pattern_t *pattern,
                                       cairo_pdf_resource_t     *color_function,
                                       cairo_pdf_resource_t     *alpha_function)
{
    cairo_pdf_color_stop_t *allstops, *stops;
    unsigned int n_stops;
    unsigned int i;
    cairo_bool_t emit_alpha = FALSE;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    color_function->id = 0;
    alpha_function->id = 0;

    allstops = _cairo_malloc_ab ((pattern->n_stops + 2), sizeof (cairo_pdf_color_stop_t));
    if (unlikely (allstops == NULL))
        return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    stops = &allstops[1];
    n_stops = pattern->n_stops;

    for (i = 0; i < n_stops; i++) {
        stops[i].color[0] = pattern->stops[i].color.red;
        stops[i].color[1] = pattern->stops[i].color.green;
        stops[i].color[2] = pattern->stops[i].color.blue;
        stops[i].color[3] = pattern->stops[i].color.alpha;
        if (!CAIRO_ALPHA_IS_OPAQUE (stops[i].color[3]))
            emit_alpha = TRUE;
        stops[i].offset = pattern->stops[i].offset;
    }

    if (pattern->base.extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_REPEAT ||
        pattern->base.extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_REFLECT) {
        if (stops[0].offset > COLOR_STOP_EPSILON) {
            if (pattern->base.extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_REFLECT)
                memcpy (allstops, stops, sizeof (cairo_pdf_color_stop_t));
            else
                calc_gradient_color (&allstops[0], &stops[0], &stops[n_stops-1]);
            stops = allstops;
            n_stops++;
        }
        stops[0].offset = 0.0;

        if (stops[n_stops-1].offset < 1.0 - COLOR_STOP_EPSILON) {
            if (pattern->base.extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_REFLECT) {
                memcpy (&stops[n_stops],
                        &stops[n_stops - 1],
                        sizeof (cairo_pdf_color_stop_t));
            } else {
                calc_gradient_color (&stops[n_stops], &stops[0], &stops[n_stops-1]);
            }
            n_stops++;
        }
        stops[n_stops-1].offset = 1.0;
    }

    if (stops[0].offset == stops[n_stops - 1].offset) {
        /*
         * The first and the last stops have the same offset, but we
         * don't want a function with an empty domain, because that
         * would provoke underdefined behaviour from rasterisers.
         * This can only happen with EXTEND_PAD, because EXTEND_NONE
         * is optimised into a clear pattern in cairo-gstate, and
         * REFLECT/REPEAT are always transformed to have the first
         * stop at t=0 and the last stop at t=1.  Thus we want a step
         * function going from the first color to the last one.
         *
         * This can be accomplished by stitching three functions:
         *  - a constant first color function,
         *  - a step from the first color to the last color (with empty domain)
         *  - a constant last color function
         */
        cairo_pdf_color_stop_t pad_stops[4];

        assert (pattern->base.extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_PAD);

        pad_stops[0] = pad_stops[1] = stops[0];
        pad_stops[2] = pad_stops[3] = stops[n_stops - 1];

        pad_stops[0].offset = 0;
        pad_stops[3].offset = 1;

        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_stitched_colorgradient (surface,
                                                                 4,
                                                                 pad_stops,
                                                                 FALSE,
                                                                 color_function);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto BAIL;

        if (emit_alpha) {
            status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_stitched_colorgradient (surface,
                                                                     4,
                                                                     pad_stops,
                                                                     TRUE,
                                                                     alpha_function);
            if (unlikely (status))
                goto BAIL;
        }
    } else if (n_stops == 2) {
        /* no need for stitched function */
        status = cairo_pdf_surface_emit_rgb_linear_function (surface,
                                                             &stops[0],
                                                             &stops[n_stops - 1],
                                                             color_function);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto BAIL;

        if (emit_alpha) {
            status = cairo_pdf_surface_emit_alpha_linear_function (surface,
                                                                   &stops[0],
                                                                   &stops[n_stops - 1],
                                                                   alpha_function);
            if (unlikely (status))
                goto BAIL;
        }
    } else {
        /* multiple stops: stitch. XXX possible optimization: regularly spaced
         * stops do not require stitching. XXX */
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_stitched_colorgradient (surface,
                                                                 n_stops,
                                                                 stops,
                                                                 FALSE,
                                                                 color_function);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto BAIL;

        if (emit_alpha) {
            status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_stitched_colorgradient (surface,
                                                                     n_stops,
                                                                     stops,
                                                                     TRUE,
                                                                     alpha_function);
            if (unlikely (status))
                goto BAIL;
        }
    }

BAIL:
    free (allstops);
    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_repeating_function (cairo_pdf_surface_t      *surface,
                                            cairo_gradient_pattern_t *pattern,
                                            cairo_pdf_resource_t     *function,
                                            int                       begin,
                                            int                       end)
{
    cairo_pdf_resource_t res;
    int i;

    res = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (res.id == 0)
        return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "%d 0 obj\n"
                                 "<< /FunctionType 3\n"
                                 "   /Domain [ %d %d ]\n",
                                 res.id,
                                 begin,
                                 end);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "   /Functions [ ");
    for (i = begin; i < end; i++)
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "%d 0 R ", function->id);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "]\n");

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "   /Bounds [ ");
    for (i = begin + 1; i < end; i++)
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "%d ", i);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "]\n");

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "   /Encode [ ");
    for (i = begin; i < end; i++) {
        if ((i % 2) && pattern->base.extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_REFLECT) {
            _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                         "1 0 ");
        } else {
            _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                         "0 1 ");
        }
    }
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "]\n");

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 ">>\n"
                                 "endobj\n");

    *function = res;

    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
cairo_pdf_surface_emit_transparency_group (cairo_pdf_surface_t  *surface,
                                           cairo_pdf_pattern_t  *pdf_pattern,
                                           cairo_pdf_resource_t  gstate_resource,
                                           cairo_pdf_resource_t  gradient_mask)
{
    cairo_pdf_resource_t smask_resource;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    char buf[100];
    double x1, y1, x2, y2;

    if (pdf_pattern->is_shading) {
        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf),
                 "         /Shading\n"
                 "            << /sh%d %d 0 R >>\n",
                 gradient_mask.id,
                 gradient_mask.id);
    } else {
        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf),
                 "         /Pattern\n"
                 "            << /p%d %d 0 R >>\n",
                 gradient_mask.id,
                 gradient_mask.id);
    }

    if (pdf_pattern->is_shading) {
        cairo_box_t box;

        /* When emitting a shading operator we are in cairo pattern
         * coordinates. _cairo_pdf_surface_paint_gradient has set the
         * ctm to the pattern matrix (including the convertion from
         * pdf to cairo coordinates) */
        _cairo_box_from_rectangle (&box, &pdf_pattern->extents);
        _cairo_box_to_doubles (&box, &x1, &y1, &x2, &y2);
        _cairo_matrix_transform_bounding_box (&pdf_pattern->pattern->matrix, &x1, &y1, &x2, &y2, NULL);
    } else {
        cairo_box_double_t box;

        /* When emitting a shading pattern we are in pdf page
         * coordinates. The color and alpha shading patterns painted
         * in the XObject below contain the cairo pattern to pdf page
         * matrix in the /Matrix entry of the pattern. */
        _get_bbox_from_extents (pdf_pattern->height, &pdf_pattern->extents, &box);
        x1 = box.p1.x;
        y1 = box.p1.y;
        x2 = box.p2.x;
        y2 = box.p2.y;
    }
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
                                             NULL,
                                             surface->compress_content,
                                             "   /Type /XObject\n"
                                             "   /Subtype /Form\n"
                                             "   /FormType 1\n"
                                             "   /BBox [ %f %f %f %f ]\n"
                                             "   /Resources\n"
                                             "      << /ExtGState\n"
                                             "            << /a0 << /ca 1 /CA 1 >>"
                                             "      >>\n"
                                             "%s"
                                             "      >>\n"
                                             "   /Group\n"
                                             "      << /Type /Group\n"
                                             "         /S /Transparency\n"
                                             "         /I true\n"
                                             "         /CS /DeviceGray\n"
                                             "      >>\n",
                                             x1,y1,x2,y2,
                                             buf);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    if (pdf_pattern->is_shading) {
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "/a0 gs /sh%d sh\n",
                                     gradient_mask.id);
    } else {
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "q\n"
                                     "/a0 gs\n"
                                     "/Pattern cs /p%d scn\n"
                                     "0 0 %f %f re\n"
                                     "f\n"
                                     "Q\n",
                                     gradient_mask.id,
                                     surface->width,
                                     surface->height);
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    smask_resource = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (smask_resource.id == 0)
        return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "%d 0 obj\n"
                                 "<< /Type /Mask\n"
                                 "   /S /Luminosity\n"
                                 "   /G %d 0 R\n"
                                 ">>\n"
                                 "endobj\n",
                                 smask_resource.id,
                                 surface->pdf_stream.self.id);

    /* Create GState which uses the transparency group as an SMask. */
    _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface, gstate_resource);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "%d 0 obj\n"
                                 "<< /Type /ExtGState\n"
                                 "   /SMask %d 0 R\n"
                                 "   /ca 1\n"
                                 "   /CA 1\n"
                                 "   /AIS false\n"
                                 ">>\n"
                                 "endobj\n",
                                 gstate_resource.id,
                                 smask_resource.id);

    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);
}

static void
_cairo_pdf_surface_output_gradient (cairo_pdf_surface_t        *surface,
                                    const cairo_pdf_pattern_t  *pdf_pattern,
                                    cairo_pdf_resource_t        pattern_resource,
                                    const cairo_matrix_t       *pat_to_pdf,
                                    const cairo_circle_double_t*start,
                                    const cairo_circle_double_t*end,
                                    const double               *domain,
                                    const char                 *colorspace,
                                    cairo_pdf_resource_t        color_function)
{
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "%d 0 obj\n",
                                 pattern_resource.id);

    if (!pdf_pattern->is_shading) {
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "<< /Type /Pattern\n"
                                     "   /PatternType 2\n"
                                     "   /Matrix [ ");
        _cairo_output_stream_print_matrix (surface->output, pat_to_pdf);
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     " ]\n"
                                     "   /Shading\n");
    }

    if (pdf_pattern->pattern->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_LINEAR) {
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "      << /ShadingType 2\n"
                                     "         /ColorSpace %s\n"
                                     "         /Coords [ %f %f %f %f ]\n",
                                     colorspace,
                                     start->center.x, start->center.y,
                                     end->center.x, end->center.y);
    } else {
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "      << /ShadingType 3\n"
                                     "         /ColorSpace %s\n"
                                     "         /Coords [ %f %f %f %f %f %f ]\n",
                                     colorspace,
                                     start->center.x, start->center.y,
                                     MAX (start->radius, 0),
                                     end->center.x, end->center.y,
                                     MAX (end->radius, 0));
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "         /Domain [ %f %f ]\n",
                                 domain[0], domain[1]);

    if (pdf_pattern->pattern->extend != CAIRO_EXTEND_NONE) {
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "         /Extend [ true true ]\n");
    } else {
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "         /Extend [ false false ]\n");
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "         /Function %d 0 R\n"
                                 "      >>\n",
                                 color_function.id);

    if (!pdf_pattern->is_shading) {
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     ">>\n");
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "endobj\n");
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_gradient (cairo_pdf_surface_t    *surface,
                                  cairo_pdf_pattern_t    *pdf_pattern)
{
    cairo_gradient_pattern_t *pattern = (cairo_gradient_pattern_t *) pdf_pattern->pattern;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t color_function, alpha_function;
    cairo_matrix_t pat_to_pdf;
    cairo_circle_double_t start, end;
    double domain[2];
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    assert (pattern->n_stops != 0);

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_pattern_stops (surface,
                                                    pattern,
                                                    &color_function,
                                                    &alpha_function);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    pat_to_pdf = pattern->base.matrix;
    status = cairo_matrix_invert (&pat_to_pdf);
    /* cairo_pattern_set_matrix ensures the matrix is invertible */
    assert (status == CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS);
    cairo_matrix_multiply (&pat_to_pdf, &pat_to_pdf, &surface->cairo_to_pdf);

    if (pattern->base.extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_REPEAT ||
        pattern->base.extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_REFLECT)
    {
        double bounds_x1, bounds_x2, bounds_y1, bounds_y2;
        double x_scale, y_scale, tolerance;

        /* TODO: use tighter extents */
        bounds_x1 = 0;
        bounds_y1 = 0;
        bounds_x2 = surface->width;
        bounds_y2 = surface->height;
        _cairo_matrix_transform_bounding_box (&pattern->base.matrix,
                                              &bounds_x1, &bounds_y1,
                                              &bounds_x2, &bounds_y2,
                                              NULL);

        x_scale = surface->base.x_resolution / surface->base.x_fallback_resolution;
        y_scale = surface->base.y_resolution / surface->base.y_fallback_resolution;

        tolerance = fabs (_cairo_matrix_compute_determinant (&pattern->base.matrix));
        tolerance /= _cairo_matrix_transformed_circle_major_axis (&pattern->base.matrix, 1);
        tolerance *= MIN (x_scale, y_scale);

        _cairo_gradient_pattern_box_to_parameter (pattern,
                                                  bounds_x1, bounds_y1,
                                                  bounds_x2, bounds_y2,
                                                  tolerance, domain);
    } else if (pattern->stops[0].offset == pattern->stops[pattern->n_stops - 1].offset) {
        /*
         * If the first and the last stop offset are the same, then
         * the color function is a step function.
         * _cairo_ps_surface_emit_pattern_stops emits it as a stitched
         * function no matter how many stops the pattern has.  The
         * domain of the stitched function will be [0 1] in this case.
         *
         * This is done to avoid emitting degenerate gradients for
         * EXTEND_PAD patterns having a step color function.
         */
        domain[0] = 0.0;
        domain[1] = 1.0;

        assert (pattern->base.extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_PAD);
    } else {
        domain[0] = pattern->stops[0].offset;
        domain[1] = pattern->stops[pattern->n_stops - 1].offset;
    }

    /* PDF requires the first and last stop to be the same as the
     * extreme coordinates. For repeating patterns this moves the
     * extreme coordinates out to the begin/end of the repeating
     * function. For non repeating patterns this may move the extreme
     * coordinates in if there are not stops at offset 0 and 1. */
    _cairo_gradient_pattern_interpolate (pattern, domain[0], &start);
    _cairo_gradient_pattern_interpolate (pattern, domain[1], &end);

    if (pattern->base.extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_REPEAT ||
        pattern->base.extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_REFLECT)
    {
        int repeat_begin, repeat_end;

        repeat_begin = floor (domain[0]);
        repeat_end = ceil (domain[1]);

        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_repeating_function (surface,
                                                             pattern,
                                                             &color_function,
                                                             repeat_begin,
                                                             repeat_end);
        if (unlikely (status))
            return status;

        if (alpha_function.id != 0) {
            status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_repeating_function (surface,
                                                                 pattern,
                                                                 &alpha_function,
                                                                 repeat_begin,
                                                                 repeat_end);
            if (unlikely (status))
                return status;
        }
    } else if (pattern->n_stops <= 2) {
        /* For EXTEND_NONE and EXTEND_PAD if there are only two stops a
         * Type 2 function is used by itself without a stitching
         * function. Type 2 functions always have the domain [0 1] */
        domain[0] = 0.0;
        domain[1] = 1.0;
    }

    _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface, pdf_pattern->pattern_res);
    _cairo_pdf_surface_output_gradient (surface, pdf_pattern,
                                        pdf_pattern->pattern_res,
                                        &pat_to_pdf, &start, &end, domain,
                                        "/DeviceRGB", color_function);

    if (alpha_function.id != 0) {
        cairo_pdf_resource_t mask_resource;

        assert (pdf_pattern->gstate_res.id != 0);

        /* Create pattern for SMask. */
        mask_resource = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
        if (mask_resource.id == 0)
            return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

        _cairo_pdf_surface_output_gradient (surface, pdf_pattern,
                                            mask_resource,
                                            &pat_to_pdf, &start, &end, domain,
                                            "/DeviceGray", alpha_function);

        status = cairo_pdf_surface_emit_transparency_group (surface,
                                                            pdf_pattern,
                                                            pdf_pattern->gstate_res,
                                                            mask_resource);
        if (unlikely (status))
            return status;
    }

    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_mesh_pattern (cairo_pdf_surface_t    *surface,
                                      cairo_pdf_pattern_t    *pdf_pattern)
{
    cairo_matrix_t pat_to_pdf;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_pattern_t *pattern = pdf_pattern->pattern;
    cairo_pdf_shading_t shading;
    int i;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t res;

    pat_to_pdf = pattern->matrix;
    status = cairo_matrix_invert (&pat_to_pdf);
    /* cairo_pattern_set_matrix ensures the matrix is invertible */
    assert (status == CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS);

    cairo_matrix_multiply (&pat_to_pdf, &pat_to_pdf, &surface->cairo_to_pdf);

    status = _cairo_pdf_shading_init_color (&shading, (cairo_mesh_pattern_t *) pattern);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    res = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (unlikely (res.id == 0))
        return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "%d 0 obj\n"
                                 "<< /ShadingType %d\n"
                                 "   /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB\n"
                                 "   /BitsPerCoordinate %d\n"
                                 "   /BitsPerComponent %d\n"
                                 "   /BitsPerFlag %d\n"
                                 "   /Decode [",
                                 res.id,
                                 shading.shading_type,
                                 shading.bits_per_coordinate,
                                 shading.bits_per_component,
                                 shading.bits_per_flag);

    for (i = 0; i < shading.decode_array_length; i++)
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "%f ", shading.decode_array[i]);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "]\n"
                                 "   /Length %ld\n"
                                 ">>\n"
                                 "stream\n",
                                 shading.data_length);

    _cairo_output_stream_write (surface->output, shading.data, shading.data_length);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "\nendstream\n"
                                 "endobj\n");

    _cairo_pdf_shading_fini (&shading);

    _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface, pdf_pattern->pattern_res);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "%d 0 obj\n"
                                 "<< /Type /Pattern\n"
                                 "   /PatternType 2\n"
                                 "   /Matrix [ ",
                                 pdf_pattern->pattern_res.id);
    _cairo_output_stream_print_matrix (surface->output, &pat_to_pdf);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 " ]\n"
                                 "   /Shading %d 0 R\n"
                                 ">>\n"
                                 "endobj\n",
                                 res.id);

    if (pdf_pattern->gstate_res.id != 0) {
        cairo_pdf_resource_t mask_resource;

        /* Create pattern for SMask. */
        res = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
        if (unlikely (res.id == 0))
            return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

        status = _cairo_pdf_shading_init_alpha (&shading, (cairo_mesh_pattern_t *) pattern);
        if (unlikely (status))
            return status;

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "%d 0 obj\n"
                                 "<< /ShadingType %d\n"
                                 "   /ColorSpace /DeviceGray\n"
                                 "   /BitsPerCoordinate %d\n"
                                 "   /BitsPerComponent %d\n"
                                 "   /BitsPerFlag %d\n"
                                 "   /Decode [",
                                 res.id,
                                 shading.shading_type,
                                 shading.bits_per_coordinate,
                                 shading.bits_per_component,
                                 shading.bits_per_flag);

        for (i = 0; i < shading.decode_array_length; i++)
            _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "%f ", shading.decode_array[i]);

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "]\n"
                                     "   /Length %ld\n"
                                     ">>\n"
                                     "stream\n",
                                     shading.data_length);

        _cairo_output_stream_write (surface->output, shading.data, shading.data_length);

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "\nendstream\n"
                                     "endobj\n");
        _cairo_pdf_shading_fini (&shading);

        mask_resource = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
        if (unlikely (mask_resource.id == 0))
            return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "%d 0 obj\n"
                                     "<< /Type /Pattern\n"
                                     "   /PatternType 2\n"
                                     "   /Matrix [ ",
                                     mask_resource.id);
        _cairo_output_stream_print_matrix (surface->output, &pat_to_pdf);
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     " ]\n"
                                     "   /Shading %d 0 R\n"
                                     ">>\n"
                                     "endobj\n",
                                     res.id);

        status = cairo_pdf_surface_emit_transparency_group (surface,
                                                            pdf_pattern,
                                                            pdf_pattern->gstate_res,
                                                            mask_resource);
        if (unlikely (status))
            return status;
    }

    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_pattern (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface, cairo_pdf_pattern_t *pdf_pattern)
{
    double old_width, old_height;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    old_width = surface->width;
    old_height = surface->height;
    _cairo_pdf_surface_set_size_internal (surface,
                                          pdf_pattern->width,
                                          pdf_pattern->height);

    switch (pdf_pattern->pattern->type) {
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SOLID:
        ASSERT_NOT_REACHED;
        status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_PATTERN_TYPE_MISMATCH);
        break;

    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE:
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_surface_pattern (surface, pdf_pattern);
        break;

    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_LINEAR:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RADIAL:
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_gradient (surface, pdf_pattern);
        break;

    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_MESH:
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_mesh_pattern (surface, pdf_pattern);
        break;

    default:
        ASSERT_NOT_REACHED;
        status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_PATTERN_TYPE_MISMATCH);
        break;
    }

    _cairo_pdf_surface_set_size_internal (surface,
                                          old_width,
                                          old_height);

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_paint_surface_pattern (cairo_pdf_surface_t          *surface,
                                          cairo_operator_t              op,
                                          const cairo_pattern_t        *source,
                                          const cairo_rectangle_int_t  *extents,
                                          cairo_pdf_resource_t         *smask_res,
                                          cairo_bool_t                  stencil_mask)
{
    cairo_pdf_resource_t surface_res;
    int width, height;
    cairo_matrix_t cairo_p2d, pdf_p2d;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    int alpha;
    cairo_rectangle_int_t extents2;
    double x_offset;
    double y_offset;

    if (source->extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_PAD &&
        !(source->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE &&
          ((cairo_surface_pattern_t *)source)->surface->type == CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_RECORDING))
    {
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_padded_image_surface (surface,
                                                              source,
                                                              extents,
                                                              &surface_res,
                                                              &width,
                                                              &height,
                                                              &x_offset,
                                                              &y_offset);
    } else {
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_source_surface (surface,
                                                        NULL,
                                                        source,
                                                        op,
                                                        source->filter,
                                                        stencil_mask,
                                                        FALSE,
                                                        extents,
                                                        smask_res,
                                                        &surface_res,
                                                        &width,
                                                        &height,
                                                        &x_offset,
                                                        &y_offset,
                                                        &extents2);
    }
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    cairo_p2d = source->matrix;
    status = cairo_matrix_invert (&cairo_p2d);
    /* cairo_pattern_set_matrix ensures the matrix is invertible */
    assert (status == CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS);

    pdf_p2d = surface->cairo_to_pdf;
    cairo_matrix_multiply (&pdf_p2d, &cairo_p2d, &pdf_p2d);
    cairo_matrix_translate (&pdf_p2d, x_offset, y_offset);
    cairo_matrix_translate (&pdf_p2d, 0.0, height);
    cairo_matrix_scale (&pdf_p2d, 1.0, -1.0);
    if (!(source->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE &&
          ((cairo_surface_pattern_t *)source)->surface->type == CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_RECORDING))
    {
        cairo_matrix_scale (&pdf_p2d, width, height);
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    if (! _cairo_matrix_is_identity (&pdf_p2d)) {
        _cairo_output_stream_print_matrix (surface->output, &pdf_p2d);
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, " cm\n");
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_alpha (surface, 1.0, &alpha);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    if (stencil_mask) {
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "/x%d Do\n",
                                     surface_res.id);
    } else {
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "/a%d gs /x%d Do\n",
                                     alpha,
                                     surface_res.id);
    }

    return _cairo_pdf_surface_add_xobject (surface, surface_res);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_paint_gradient (cairo_pdf_surface_t         *surface,
                                   cairo_operator_t             op,
                                   const cairo_pattern_t       *source,
                                   const cairo_rectangle_int_t *extents)
{
    cairo_pdf_resource_t shading_res, gstate_res;
    cairo_matrix_t pat_to_pdf;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    int alpha;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_pdf_shading (surface, source,
                                                 op, extents,
                                                 &shading_res, &gstate_res);
    if (unlikely (status == CAIRO_INT_STATUS_NOTHING_TO_DO))
        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    pat_to_pdf = source->matrix;
    status = cairo_matrix_invert (&pat_to_pdf);
    /* cairo_pattern_set_matrix ensures the matrix is invertible */
    assert (status == CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS);
    cairo_matrix_multiply (&pat_to_pdf, &pat_to_pdf, &surface->cairo_to_pdf);

    status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    if (! _cairo_matrix_is_identity (&pat_to_pdf)) {
        _cairo_output_stream_print_matrix (surface->output, &pat_to_pdf);
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, " cm\n");
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_shading (surface, shading_res);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    if (gstate_res.id != 0) {
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask (surface, gstate_res);
        if (unlikely (status))
            return status;

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "/s%d gs /sh%d sh\n",
                                     gstate_res.id,
                                     shading_res.id);
    } else {
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_alpha (surface, 1.0, &alpha);
        if (unlikely (status))
            return status;

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "/a%d gs /sh%d sh\n",
                                     alpha,
                                     shading_res.id);
    }

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_paint_pattern (cairo_pdf_surface_t          *surface,
                                  cairo_operator_t              op,
                                  const cairo_pattern_t        *source,
                                  const cairo_rectangle_int_t  *extents,
                                  cairo_bool_t                  mask)
{
    switch (source->type) {
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE:
        return _cairo_pdf_surface_paint_surface_pattern (surface,
                                                         op,
                                                         source,
                                                         extents,
                                                         NULL,
                                                         mask);
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_LINEAR:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RADIAL:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_MESH:
        return _cairo_pdf_surface_paint_gradient (surface,
                                                  op,
                                                  source,
                                                  extents);

    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SOLID:
    default:
        ASSERT_NOT_REACHED;
        return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    }
}

static cairo_bool_t
_can_paint_pattern (const cairo_pattern_t *pattern)
{
    switch (pattern->type) {
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SOLID:
        return FALSE;

    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE:
        return (pattern->extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_NONE ||
                pattern->extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_PAD);

    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_LINEAR:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RADIAL:
        return TRUE;

    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_MESH:
        return FALSE;

    default:
        ASSERT_NOT_REACHED;
        return FALSE;
    }
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_select_operator (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface,
                                    cairo_operator_t     op)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    if (op == surface->current_operator)
        return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;

    status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "/b%d gs\n", op);
    surface->current_operator = op;
    _cairo_pdf_surface_add_operator (surface, op);

    return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_select_pattern (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface,
                                   const cairo_pattern_t     *pattern,
                                   cairo_pdf_resource_t pattern_res,
                                   cairo_bool_t         is_stroke)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    int alpha;
    const cairo_color_t *solid_color = NULL;

    if (pattern->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SOLID) {
        const cairo_solid_pattern_t *solid = (const cairo_solid_pattern_t *) pattern;

        solid_color = &solid->color;
    }

    if (solid_color != NULL) {
        if (surface->current_pattern_is_solid_color == FALSE ||
            surface->current_color_red != solid_color->red ||
            surface->current_color_green != solid_color->green ||
            surface->current_color_blue != solid_color->blue ||
            surface->current_color_is_stroke != is_stroke)
        {
            status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
            if (unlikely (status))
                return status;

            _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                         "%f %f %f ",
                                         solid_color->red,
                                         solid_color->green,
                                         solid_color->blue);

            if (is_stroke)
                _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "RG ");
            else
                _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "rg ");

            surface->current_color_red = solid_color->red;
            surface->current_color_green = solid_color->green;
            surface->current_color_blue = solid_color->blue;
            surface->current_color_is_stroke = is_stroke;
        }

        if (surface->current_pattern_is_solid_color == FALSE ||
            surface->current_color_alpha != solid_color->alpha)
        {
            status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_alpha (surface, solid_color->alpha, &alpha);
            if (unlikely (status))
                return status;

            status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
            if (unlikely (status))
                return status;

            _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                         "/a%d gs\n",
                                         alpha);
            surface->current_color_alpha = solid_color->alpha;
        }

        surface->current_pattern_is_solid_color = TRUE;
    } else {
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_alpha (surface, 1.0, &alpha);
        if (unlikely (status))
            return status;

        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_pattern (surface, pattern_res);
        if (unlikely (status))
            return status;

        status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
        if (unlikely (status))
            return status;

        /* fill-stroke calls select_pattern twice. Don't save if the
         * gstate is already saved. */
        if (!surface->select_pattern_gstate_saved)
            _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "q ");

        if (is_stroke) {
            _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                         "/Pattern CS /p%d SCN ",
                                         pattern_res.id);
        } else {
            _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                         "/Pattern cs /p%d scn ",
                                         pattern_res.id);
        }
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "/a%d gs\n",
                                     alpha);
        surface->select_pattern_gstate_saved = TRUE;
        surface->current_pattern_is_solid_color = FALSE;
    }

    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_unselect_pattern (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    if (surface->select_pattern_gstate_saved) {
        status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
        if (unlikely (status))
            return status;

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "Q\n");
        _cairo_pdf_operators_reset (&surface->pdf_operators);
        surface->current_pattern_is_solid_color = FALSE;
    }
    surface->select_pattern_gstate_saved = FALSE;

    return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_show_page (void *abstract_surface)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = abstract_surface;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_content_stream (surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    _cairo_surface_clipper_reset (&surface->clipper);

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_write_page (surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    _cairo_pdf_surface_clear (surface);

    return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

static cairo_bool_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_get_extents (void                    *abstract_surface,
                                cairo_rectangle_int_t   *rectangle)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = abstract_surface;

    rectangle->x = 0;
    rectangle->y = 0;

    /* XXX: The conversion to integers here is pretty bogus, (not to
     * mention the arbitrary limitation of width to a short(!). We
     * may need to come up with a better interface for get_size.
     */
    rectangle->width  = ceil (surface->width);
    rectangle->height = ceil (surface->height);

    return TRUE;
}

static void
_cairo_pdf_surface_get_font_options (void                  *abstract_surface,
                                     cairo_font_options_t  *options)
{
    _cairo_font_options_init_default (options);

    cairo_font_options_set_hint_style (options, CAIRO_HINT_STYLE_NONE);
    cairo_font_options_set_hint_metrics (options, CAIRO_HINT_METRICS_OFF);
    cairo_font_options_set_antialias (options, CAIRO_ANTIALIAS_GRAY);
    _cairo_font_options_set_round_glyph_positions (options, CAIRO_ROUND_GLYPH_POS_OFF);
}

static cairo_pdf_resource_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_write_info (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface)
{
    cairo_pdf_resource_t info;

    info = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (info.id == 0)
        return info;

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "%d 0 obj\n"
                                 "<< /Creator (cairo %s (http://cairographics.org))\n"
                                 "   /Producer (cairo %s (http://cairographics.org))\n"
                                 ">>\n"
                                 "endobj\n",
                                 info.id,
                                 cairo_version_string (),
                                 cairo_version_string ());

    return info;
}

static void
_cairo_pdf_surface_write_pages (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface)
{
    cairo_pdf_resource_t page;
    int num_pages, i;

    _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface, surface->pages_resource);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "%d 0 obj\n"
                                 "<< /Type /Pages\n"
                                 "   /Kids [ ",
                                 surface->pages_resource.id);

    num_pages = _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->pages);
    for (i = 0; i < num_pages; i++) {
        _cairo_array_copy_element (&surface->pages, i, &page);
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "%d 0 R ", page.id);
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "]\n");
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "   /Count %d\n", num_pages);


    /* TODO: Figure out which other defaults to be inherited by /Page
     * objects. */
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 ">>\n"
                                 "endobj\n");
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_utf8_to_pdf_string (const char *utf8, char **str_out)
{
    int i;
    int len;
    cairo_bool_t ascii;
    char *str;
    cairo_int_status_t status = CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;

    ascii = TRUE;
    len = strlen (utf8);
    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
        unsigned c = utf8[i];
        if (c < 32 || c > 126 || c == '(' || c == ')' || c == '\\') {
            ascii = FALSE;
            break;
        }
    }

    if (ascii) {
        str = malloc (len + 3);
        if (str == NULL)
            return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

        str[0] = '(';
        for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
            str[i+1] = utf8[i];
        str[i+1] = ')';
        str[i+2] = 0;
    } else {
        uint16_t *utf16 = NULL;
        int utf16_len = 0;

        status = _cairo_utf8_to_utf16 (utf8, -1, &utf16, &utf16_len);
        if (unlikely (status))
            return status;

        str = malloc (utf16_len*4 + 7);
        if (str == NULL) {
            free (utf16);
            return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
        }

        strcpy (str, "<FEFF");
        for (i = 0; i < utf16_len; i++)
            snprintf (str + 4*i + 5, 5, "%04X", utf16[i]);

        strcat (str, ">");
        free (utf16);
    }
    *str_out = str;

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_unicode_for_glyph (cairo_pdf_surface_t  *surface,
                                           const char           *utf8)
{
    uint16_t *utf16 = NULL;
    int utf16_len = 0;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    int i;

    if (utf8 && *utf8) {
        status = _cairo_utf8_to_utf16 (utf8, -1, &utf16, &utf16_len);
        if (unlikely (status))
            return status;
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "<");
    if (utf16 == NULL || utf16_len == 0) {
        /* According to the "ToUnicode Mapping File Tutorial"
         * http://www.adobe.com/devnet/acrobat/pdfs/5411.ToUnicode.pdf
         *
         * Glyphs that do not map to a Unicode code point must be
         * mapped to 0xfffd "REPLACEMENT CHARACTER".
         */
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "fffd");
    } else {
        for (i = 0; i < utf16_len; i++)
            _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                         "%04x", (int) (utf16[i]));
    }
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, ">");

    free (utf16);

    return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

/* Bob Jenkins hash
 *
 * Public domain code from:
 *   http://burtleburtle.net/bob/hash/doobs.html
 */

#define HASH_MIX(a,b,c)                 \
{                                       \
    a -= b; a -= c; a ^= (c>>13);       \
    b -= c; b -= a; b ^= (a<<8);        \
    c -= a; c -= b; c ^= (b>>13);       \
    a -= b; a -= c; a ^= (c>>12);       \
    b -= c; b -= a; b ^= (a<<16);       \
    c -= a; c -= b; c ^= (b>>5);        \
    a -= b; a -= c; a ^= (c>>3);        \
    b -= c; b -= a; b ^= (a<<10);       \
    c -= a; c -= b; c ^= (b>>15);       \
}

static uint32_t
_hash_data (const unsigned char *data, int length, uint32_t initval)
{
    uint32_t a, b, c, len;

    len = length;
    a = b = 0x9e3779b9;  /* the golden ratio; an arbitrary value */
    c = initval;         /* the previous hash value */

    while (len >= 12) {
        a += (data[0] + ((uint32_t)data[1]<<8) + ((uint32_t)data[2]<<16) + ((uint32_t)data[3]<<24));
        b += (data[4] + ((uint32_t)data[5]<<8) + ((uint32_t)data[6]<<16) + ((uint32_t)data[7]<<24));
        c += (data[8] + ((uint32_t)data[9]<<8) + ((uint32_t)data[10]<<16)+ ((uint32_t)data[11]<<24));
        HASH_MIX (a,b,c);
        data += 12;
        len -= 12;
    }

    c += length;
    switch(len) {
    case 11: c+= ((uint32_t) data[10] << 24);
    case 10: c+= ((uint32_t) data[9] << 16);
    case 9 : c+= ((uint32_t) data[8] << 8);
    case 8 : b+= ((uint32_t) data[7] << 24);
    case 7 : b+= ((uint32_t) data[6] << 16);
    case 6 : b+= ((uint32_t) data[5] << 8);
    case 5 : b+= data[4];
    case 4 : a+= ((uint32_t) data[3] << 24);
    case 3 : a+= ((uint32_t) data[2] << 16);
    case 2 : a+= ((uint32_t) data[1] << 8);
    case 1 : a+= data[0];
    }
    HASH_MIX (a,b,c);

    return c;
}

static void
_create_font_subset_tag (cairo_scaled_font_subset_t     *font_subset,
                         const char                     *font_name,
                         char                           *tag)
{
    uint32_t hash;
    int i;
    long numerator;
    ldiv_t d;

    hash = _hash_data ((unsigned char *) font_name, strlen(font_name), 0);
    hash = _hash_data ((unsigned char *) (font_subset->glyphs),
                       font_subset->num_glyphs * sizeof(unsigned long), hash);

    numerator = abs (hash);
    for (i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
        d = ldiv (numerator, 26);
        numerator = d.quot;
        tag[i] = 'A' + d.rem;
    }
    tag[i] = 0;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_to_unicode_stream (cairo_pdf_surface_t          *surface,
                                           cairo_scaled_font_subset_t   *font_subset,
                                           cairo_pdf_resource_t         *stream)
{
    unsigned int i, num_bfchar;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    stream->id = 0;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
                                              NULL,
                                              surface->compress_content,
                                              NULL);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "/CIDInit /ProcSet findresource begin\n"
                                 "12 dict begin\n"
                                 "begincmap\n"
                                 "/CIDSystemInfo\n"
                                 "<< /Registry (Adobe)\n"
                                 "   /Ordering (UCS)\n"
                                 "   /Supplement 0\n"
                                 ">> def\n"
                                 "/CMapName /Adobe-Identity-UCS def\n"
                                 "/CMapType 2 def\n"
                                 "1 begincodespacerange\n");

    if (font_subset->is_composite && !font_subset->is_latin) {
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "<0000> <ffff>\n");
    } else {
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "<00> <ff>\n");
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                  "endcodespacerange\n");

    if (font_subset->is_scaled) {
        /* Type 3 fonts include glyph 0 in the subset */
        num_bfchar = font_subset->num_glyphs;

        /* The CMap specification has a limit of 100 characters per beginbfchar operator */
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "%d beginbfchar\n",
                                     num_bfchar > 100 ? 100 : num_bfchar);

        for (i = 0; i < num_bfchar; i++) {
            if (i != 0 && i % 100 == 0) {
                _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                             "endbfchar\n"
                                             "%d beginbfchar\n",
                                             num_bfchar - i > 100 ? 100 : num_bfchar - i);
            }
            _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "<%02x> ", i);
            status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_unicode_for_glyph (surface,
                                                                font_subset->utf8[i]);
            if (unlikely (status))
                return status;

            _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                         "\n");
        }
    } else {
        /* Other fonts reserve glyph 0 for .notdef. Omit glyph 0 from the /ToUnicode map */
        num_bfchar = font_subset->num_glyphs - 1;

        /* The CMap specification has a limit of 100 characters per beginbfchar operator */
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "%d beginbfchar\n",
                                     num_bfchar > 100 ? 100 : num_bfchar);

        for (i = 0; i < num_bfchar; i++) {
            if (i != 0 && i % 100 == 0) {
                _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                             "endbfchar\n"
                                             "%d beginbfchar\n",
                                             num_bfchar - i > 100 ? 100 : num_bfchar - i);
            }
            if (font_subset->is_latin)
                _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "<%02x> ", font_subset->to_latin_char[i + 1]);
            else if (font_subset->is_composite)
                _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "<%04x> ", i + 1);
            else
                _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "<%02x> ", i + 1);

            status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_unicode_for_glyph (surface,
                                                                font_subset->utf8[i + 1]);
            if (unlikely (status))
                return status;

            _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                         "\n");
        }
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "endbfchar\n");

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "endcmap\n"
                                 "CMapName currentdict /CMap defineresource pop\n"
                                 "end\n"
                                 "end\n");

    *stream = surface->pdf_stream.self;
    return _cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (surface);
}

#define PDF_UNITS_PER_EM 1000

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_cff_font (cairo_pdf_surface_t           *surface,
                                  cairo_scaled_font_subset_t    *font_subset,
                                  cairo_cff_subset_t            *subset)
{
    cairo_pdf_resource_t stream, descriptor, cidfont_dict;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t subset_resource, to_unicode_stream;
    cairo_pdf_font_t font;
    unsigned int i, last_glyph;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    char tag[10];

    _create_font_subset_tag (font_subset, subset->ps_name, tag);

    subset_resource = _cairo_pdf_surface_get_font_resource (surface,
                                                            font_subset->font_id,
                                                            font_subset->subset_id);
    if (subset_resource.id == 0)
        return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
                                             NULL,
                                             TRUE,
                                             font_subset->is_latin ?
                                             "   /Subtype /Type1C\n" :
                                             "   /Subtype /CIDFontType0C\n");
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    stream = surface->pdf_stream.self;
    _cairo_output_stream_write (surface->output,
                                subset->data, subset->data_length);
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_to_unicode_stream (surface,
                                                        font_subset,
                                                        &to_unicode_stream);
    if (_cairo_int_status_is_error (status))
        return status;

    descriptor = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (descriptor.id == 0)
        return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "%d 0 obj\n"
                                 "<< /Type /FontDescriptor\n"
                                 "   /FontName /%s+%s\n",
                                 descriptor.id,
                                 tag,
                                 subset->ps_name);

    if (subset->family_name_utf8) {
        char *pdf_str;

        status = _utf8_to_pdf_string (subset->family_name_utf8, &pdf_str);
        if (unlikely (status))
            return status;

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "   /FontFamily %s\n",
                                     pdf_str);
        free (pdf_str);
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "   /Flags 4\n"
                                 "   /FontBBox [ %ld %ld %ld %ld ]\n"
                                 "   /ItalicAngle 0\n"
                                 "   /Ascent %ld\n"
                                 "   /Descent %ld\n"
                                 "   /CapHeight %ld\n"
                                 "   /StemV 80\n"
                                 "   /StemH 80\n"
                                 "   /FontFile3 %u 0 R\n"
                                 ">>\n"
                                 "endobj\n",
                                 (long)(subset->x_min*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
                                 (long)(subset->y_min*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
                                 (long)(subset->x_max*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
                                 (long)(subset->y_max*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
                                 (long)(subset->ascent*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
                                 (long)(subset->descent*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
                                 (long)(subset->y_max*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
                                 stream.id);

    if (font_subset->is_latin) {
        /* find last glyph used */
        for (i = 255; i >= 32; i--)
            if (font_subset->latin_to_subset_glyph_index[i] > 0)
                break;

        last_glyph = i;
        _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface, subset_resource);
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "%d 0 obj\n"
                                     "<< /Type /Font\n"
                                     "   /Subtype /Type1\n"
                                     "   /BaseFont /%s+%s\n"
                                     "   /FirstChar 32\n"
                                     "   /LastChar %d\n"
                                     "   /FontDescriptor %d 0 R\n"
                                     "   /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding\n"
                                     "   /Widths [",
                                     subset_resource.id,
                                     tag,
                                     subset->ps_name,
                                     last_glyph,
                                     descriptor.id);

        for (i = 32; i < last_glyph + 1; i++) {
            int glyph = font_subset->latin_to_subset_glyph_index[i];
            if (glyph > 0) {
                _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                             " %ld",
                                             (long)(subset->widths[glyph]*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM));
            } else {
                _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, " 0");
            }
        }

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     " ]\n");

        if (to_unicode_stream.id != 0)
            _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                         "    /ToUnicode %d 0 R\n",
                                         to_unicode_stream.id);

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     ">>\n"
                                     "endobj\n");
    } else {
        cidfont_dict = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
        if (cidfont_dict.id == 0)
            return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "%d 0 obj\n"
                                     "<< /Type /Font\n"
                                     "   /Subtype /CIDFontType0\n"
                                     "   /BaseFont /%s+%s\n"
                                     "   /CIDSystemInfo\n"
                                     "   << /Registry (Adobe)\n"
                                     "      /Ordering (Identity)\n"
                                     "      /Supplement 0\n"
                                     "   >>\n"
                                     "   /FontDescriptor %d 0 R\n"
                                     "   /W [0 [",
                                     cidfont_dict.id,
                                     tag,
                                     subset->ps_name,
                                     descriptor.id);

        for (i = 0; i < font_subset->num_glyphs; i++)
            _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                         " %ld",
                                         (long)(subset->widths[i]*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM));

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     " ]]\n"
                                     ">>\n"
                                     "endobj\n");

        _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface, subset_resource);
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "%d 0 obj\n"
                                     "<< /Type /Font\n"
                                     "   /Subtype /Type0\n"
                                     "   /BaseFont /%s+%s\n"
                                     "   /Encoding /Identity-H\n"
                                     "   /DescendantFonts [ %d 0 R]\n",
                                     subset_resource.id,
                                     tag,
                                     subset->ps_name,
                                     cidfont_dict.id);

        if (to_unicode_stream.id != 0)
            _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                         "   /ToUnicode %d 0 R\n",
                                         to_unicode_stream.id);

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     ">>\n"
                                     "endobj\n");
    }

    font.font_id = font_subset->font_id;
    font.subset_id = font_subset->subset_id;
    font.subset_resource = subset_resource;
    status = _cairo_array_append (&surface->fonts, &font);

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_cff_font_subset (cairo_pdf_surface_t         *surface,
                                         cairo_scaled_font_subset_t  *font_subset)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_cff_subset_t subset;
    char name[64];

    snprintf (name, sizeof name, "CairoFont-%d-%d",
              font_subset->font_id, font_subset->subset_id);
    status = _cairo_cff_subset_init (&subset, name, font_subset);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_cff_font (surface, font_subset, &subset);

    _cairo_cff_subset_fini (&subset);

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_cff_fallback_font (cairo_pdf_surface_t         *surface,
                                           cairo_scaled_font_subset_t  *font_subset)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_cff_subset_t subset;
    char name[64];

    /* CFF fallback subsetting does not work with 8-bit glyphs unless
     * they are a latin subset */
    if (!font_subset->is_composite && !font_subset->is_latin)
        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    snprintf (name, sizeof name, "CairoFont-%d-%d",
              font_subset->font_id, font_subset->subset_id);
    status = _cairo_cff_fallback_init (&subset, name, font_subset);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_cff_font (surface, font_subset, &subset);

    _cairo_cff_fallback_fini (&subset);

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_type1_font (cairo_pdf_surface_t         *surface,
                                    cairo_scaled_font_subset_t  *font_subset,
                                    cairo_type1_subset_t        *subset)
{
    cairo_pdf_resource_t stream, descriptor, subset_resource, to_unicode_stream;
    cairo_pdf_font_t font;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    unsigned long length;
    unsigned int i, last_glyph;
    char tag[10];

    _create_font_subset_tag (font_subset, subset->base_font, tag);

    subset_resource = _cairo_pdf_surface_get_font_resource (surface,
                                                            font_subset->font_id,
                                                            font_subset->subset_id);
    if (subset_resource.id == 0)
        return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;

    length = subset->header_length + subset->data_length + subset->trailer_length;
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
                                             NULL,
                                             TRUE,
                                             "   /Length1 %lu\n"
                                             "   /Length2 %lu\n"
                                             "   /Length3 %lu\n",
                                             subset->header_length,
                                             subset->data_length,
                                             subset->trailer_length);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    stream = surface->pdf_stream.self;
    _cairo_output_stream_write (surface->output, subset->data, length);
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_to_unicode_stream (surface,
                                                        font_subset,
                                                        &to_unicode_stream);
    if (_cairo_int_status_is_error (status))
        return status;

    last_glyph = font_subset->num_glyphs - 1;
    if (font_subset->is_latin) {
        /* find last glyph used */
        for (i = 255; i >= 32; i--)
            if (font_subset->latin_to_subset_glyph_index[i] > 0)
                break;

        last_glyph = i;
    }

    descriptor = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (descriptor.id == 0)
        return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "%d 0 obj\n"
                                 "<< /Type /FontDescriptor\n"
                                 "   /FontName /%s+%s\n"
                                 "   /Flags 4\n"
                                 "   /FontBBox [ %ld %ld %ld %ld ]\n"
                                 "   /ItalicAngle 0\n"
                                 "   /Ascent %ld\n"
                                 "   /Descent %ld\n"
                                 "   /CapHeight %ld\n"
                                 "   /StemV 80\n"
                                 "   /StemH 80\n"
                                 "   /FontFile %u 0 R\n"
                                 ">>\n"
                                 "endobj\n",
                                 descriptor.id,
                                 tag,
                                 subset->base_font,
                                 (long)(subset->x_min*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
                                 (long)(subset->y_min*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
                                 (long)(subset->x_max*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
                                 (long)(subset->y_max*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
                                 (long)(subset->ascent*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
                                 (long)(subset->descent*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
                                 (long)(subset->y_max*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
                                 stream.id);

    _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface, subset_resource);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "%d 0 obj\n"
                                 "<< /Type /Font\n"
                                 "   /Subtype /Type1\n"
                                 "   /BaseFont /%s+%s\n"
                                 "   /FirstChar %d\n"
                                 "   /LastChar %d\n"
                                 "   /FontDescriptor %d 0 R\n",
                                 subset_resource.id,
                                 tag,
                                 subset->base_font,
                                 font_subset->is_latin ? 32 : 0,
                                 last_glyph,
                                 descriptor.id);

    if (font_subset->is_latin)
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "   /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding\n");

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "   /Widths [");
    if (font_subset->is_latin) {
        for (i = 32; i < last_glyph + 1; i++) {
            int glyph = font_subset->latin_to_subset_glyph_index[i];
            if (glyph > 0) {
                _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                             " %ld",
                                             (long)(subset->widths[glyph]*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM));
            } else {
                _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, " 0");
            }
        }
    } else {
        for (i = 0; i < font_subset->num_glyphs; i++)
            _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                         " %ld",
                                         (long)(subset->widths[i]*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM));
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 " ]\n");

    if (to_unicode_stream.id != 0)
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "    /ToUnicode %d 0 R\n",
                                     to_unicode_stream.id);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 ">>\n"
                                 "endobj\n");

    font.font_id = font_subset->font_id;
    font.subset_id = font_subset->subset_id;
    font.subset_resource = subset_resource;
    return _cairo_array_append (&surface->fonts, &font);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_type1_font_subset (cairo_pdf_surface_t          *surface,
                                           cairo_scaled_font_subset_t   *font_subset)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_type1_subset_t subset;
    char name[64];

    /* 16-bit glyphs not compatible with Type 1 fonts */
    if (font_subset->is_composite && !font_subset->is_latin)
        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    snprintf (name, sizeof name, "CairoFont-%d-%d",
              font_subset->font_id, font_subset->subset_id);
    status = _cairo_type1_subset_init (&subset, name, font_subset, FALSE);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_type1_font (surface, font_subset, &subset);

    _cairo_type1_subset_fini (&subset);
    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_type1_fallback_font (cairo_pdf_surface_t        *surface,
                                             cairo_scaled_font_subset_t *font_subset)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_type1_subset_t subset;
    char name[64];

    /* 16-bit glyphs not compatible with Type 1 fonts */
    if (font_subset->is_composite && !font_subset->is_latin)
        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    snprintf (name, sizeof name, "CairoFont-%d-%d",
              font_subset->font_id, font_subset->subset_id);
    status = _cairo_type1_fallback_init_binary (&subset, name, font_subset);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_type1_font (surface, font_subset, &subset);

    _cairo_type1_fallback_fini (&subset);
    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_truetype_font_subset (cairo_pdf_surface_t               *surface,
                                              cairo_scaled_font_subset_t        *font_subset)
{
    cairo_pdf_resource_t stream, descriptor, cidfont_dict;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t subset_resource, to_unicode_stream;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_pdf_font_t font;
    cairo_truetype_subset_t subset;
    unsigned int i, last_glyph;
    char tag[10];

    subset_resource = _cairo_pdf_surface_get_font_resource (surface,
                                                            font_subset->font_id,
                                                            font_subset->subset_id);
    if (subset_resource.id == 0)
        return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;

    status = _cairo_truetype_subset_init_pdf (&subset, font_subset);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    _create_font_subset_tag (font_subset, subset.ps_name, tag);

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
                                             NULL,
                                             TRUE,
                                             "   /Length1 %lu\n",
                                             subset.data_length);
    if (unlikely (status)) {
        _cairo_truetype_subset_fini (&subset);
        return status;
    }

    stream = surface->pdf_stream.self;
    _cairo_output_stream_write (surface->output,
                                subset.data, subset.data_length);
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (surface);
    if (unlikely (status)) {
        _cairo_truetype_subset_fini (&subset);
        return status;
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_to_unicode_stream (surface,
                                                        font_subset,
                                                        &to_unicode_stream);
    if (_cairo_int_status_is_error (status)) {
        _cairo_truetype_subset_fini (&subset);
        return status;
    }

    descriptor = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (descriptor.id == 0) {
        _cairo_truetype_subset_fini (&subset);
        return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "%d 0 obj\n"
                                 "<< /Type /FontDescriptor\n"
                                 "   /FontName /%s+%s\n",
                                 descriptor.id,
                                 tag,
                                 subset.ps_name);

    if (subset.family_name_utf8) {
        char *pdf_str;

        status = _utf8_to_pdf_string (subset.family_name_utf8, &pdf_str);
        if (unlikely (status))
            return status;

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "   /FontFamily %s\n",
                                     pdf_str);
        free (pdf_str);
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "   /Flags %d\n"
                                 "   /FontBBox [ %ld %ld %ld %ld ]\n"
                                 "   /ItalicAngle 0\n"
                                 "   /Ascent %ld\n"
                                 "   /Descent %ld\n"
                                 "   /CapHeight %ld\n"
                                 "   /StemV 80\n"
                                 "   /StemH 80\n"
                                 "   /FontFile2 %u 0 R\n"
                                 ">>\n"
                                 "endobj\n",
                                 font_subset->is_latin ? 32 : 4,
                                 (long)(subset.x_min*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
                                 (long)(subset.y_min*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
                                 (long)(subset.x_max*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
                                 (long)(subset.y_max*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
                                 (long)(subset.ascent*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
                                 (long)(subset.descent*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
                                 (long)(subset.y_max*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
                                 stream.id);

    if (font_subset->is_latin) {
        /* find last glyph used */
        for (i = 255; i >= 32; i--)
            if (font_subset->latin_to_subset_glyph_index[i] > 0)
                break;

        last_glyph = i;
        _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface, subset_resource);
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "%d 0 obj\n"
                                     "<< /Type /Font\n"
                                     "   /Subtype /TrueType\n"
                                     "   /BaseFont /%s+%s\n"
                                     "   /FirstChar 32\n"
                                     "   /LastChar %d\n"
                                     "   /FontDescriptor %d 0 R\n"
                                     "   /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding\n"
                                     "   /Widths [",
                                     subset_resource.id,
                                     tag,
                                     subset.ps_name,
                                     last_glyph,
                                     descriptor.id);

        for (i = 32; i < last_glyph + 1; i++) {
            int glyph = font_subset->latin_to_subset_glyph_index[i];
            if (glyph > 0) {
                _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                             " %ld",
                                             (long)(subset.widths[glyph]*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM));
            } else {
                _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, " 0");
            }
        }

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     " ]\n");

        if (to_unicode_stream.id != 0)
            _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                         "    /ToUnicode %d 0 R\n",
                                         to_unicode_stream.id);

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     ">>\n"
                                     "endobj\n");
    } else {
        cidfont_dict = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
        if (cidfont_dict.id == 0) {
            _cairo_truetype_subset_fini (&subset);
            return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
        }

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "%d 0 obj\n"
                                     "<< /Type /Font\n"
                                     "   /Subtype /CIDFontType2\n"
                                     "   /BaseFont /%s+%s\n"
                                     "   /CIDSystemInfo\n"
                                     "   << /Registry (Adobe)\n"
                                     "      /Ordering (Identity)\n"
                                     "      /Supplement 0\n"
                                     "   >>\n"
                                     "   /FontDescriptor %d 0 R\n"
                                     "   /W [0 [",
                                     cidfont_dict.id,
                                     tag,
                                     subset.ps_name,
                                     descriptor.id);

        for (i = 0; i < font_subset->num_glyphs; i++)
            _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                         " %ld",
                                         (long)(subset.widths[i]*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM));

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     " ]]\n"
                                     ">>\n"
                                     "endobj\n");

        _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface, subset_resource);
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "%d 0 obj\n"
                                     "<< /Type /Font\n"
                                     "   /Subtype /Type0\n"
                                     "   /BaseFont /%s+%s\n"
                                     "   /Encoding /Identity-H\n"
                                     "   /DescendantFonts [ %d 0 R]\n",
                                     subset_resource.id,
                                     tag,
                                     subset.ps_name,
                                     cidfont_dict.id);

        if (to_unicode_stream.id != 0)
            _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                         "   /ToUnicode %d 0 R\n",
                                         to_unicode_stream.id);

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     ">>\n"
                                     "endobj\n");
    }

    font.font_id = font_subset->font_id;
    font.subset_id = font_subset->subset_id;
    font.subset_resource = subset_resource;
    status = _cairo_array_append (&surface->fonts, &font);

    _cairo_truetype_subset_fini (&subset);

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_emit_imagemask (cairo_image_surface_t *image,
                             cairo_output_stream_t *stream)
{
    uint8_t *byte, output_byte;
    int row, col, num_cols;

    /* The only image type supported by Type 3 fonts are 1-bit image
     * masks */
    assert (image->format == CAIRO_FORMAT_A1);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (stream,
                                 "BI\n"
                                 "/IM true\n"
                                 "/W %d\n"
                                 "/H %d\n"
                                 "/BPC 1\n"
                                 "/D [1 0]\n",
                                 image->width,
                                 image->height);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (stream,
                                 "ID ");

    num_cols = (image->width + 7) / 8;
    for (row = 0; row < image->height; row++) {
        byte = image->data + row * image->stride;
        for (col = 0; col < num_cols; col++) {
            output_byte = CAIRO_BITSWAP8_IF_LITTLE_ENDIAN (*byte);
            _cairo_output_stream_write (stream, &output_byte, 1);
            byte++;
        }
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (stream,
                                 "\nEI\n");

    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (stream);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_analyze_user_font_subset (cairo_scaled_font_subset_t *font_subset,
                                             void                       *closure)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = closure;
    cairo_int_status_t status = CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    cairo_int_status_t status2;
    unsigned int i;
    cairo_surface_t *type3_surface;
    cairo_output_stream_t *null_stream;

    null_stream = _cairo_null_stream_create ();
    type3_surface = _cairo_type3_glyph_surface_create (font_subset->scaled_font,
                                                       null_stream,
                                                       _cairo_pdf_emit_imagemask,
                                                       surface->font_subsets,
                                                       FALSE);
    if (unlikely (type3_surface->status)) {
        status2 = _cairo_output_stream_destroy (null_stream);
        return type3_surface->status;
    }

    _cairo_type3_glyph_surface_set_font_subsets_callback (type3_surface,
                                                          _cairo_pdf_surface_add_font,
                                                          surface);

    for (i = 0; i < font_subset->num_glyphs; i++) {
        status = _cairo_type3_glyph_surface_analyze_glyph (type3_surface,
                                                           font_subset->glyphs[i]);
        if (unlikely (status))
            break;
    }

    cairo_surface_destroy (type3_surface);
    status2 = _cairo_output_stream_destroy (null_stream);
    if (status == CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS)
        status = status2;

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_type3_font_subset (cairo_pdf_surface_t          *surface,
                                           cairo_scaled_font_subset_t   *font_subset)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status = CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t *glyphs, encoding, char_procs, subset_resource, to_unicode_stream;
    cairo_pdf_font_t font;
    double *widths;
    unsigned int i;
    cairo_box_t font_bbox = {{0,0},{0,0}};
    cairo_box_t bbox = {{0,0},{0,0}};
    cairo_surface_t *type3_surface;

    if (font_subset->num_glyphs == 0)
        return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;

    subset_resource = _cairo_pdf_surface_get_font_resource (surface,
                                                            font_subset->font_id,
                                                            font_subset->subset_id);
    if (subset_resource.id == 0)
        return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;

    glyphs = _cairo_malloc_ab (font_subset->num_glyphs, sizeof (cairo_pdf_resource_t));
    if (unlikely (glyphs == NULL))
        return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    widths = _cairo_malloc_ab (font_subset->num_glyphs, sizeof (double));
    if (unlikely (widths == NULL)) {
        free (glyphs);
        return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
    }

    _cairo_pdf_group_resources_clear (&surface->resources);
    type3_surface = _cairo_type3_glyph_surface_create (font_subset->scaled_font,
                                                       NULL,
                                                       _cairo_pdf_emit_imagemask,
                                                       surface->font_subsets,
                                                       FALSE);
    if (unlikely (type3_surface->status)) {
        free (glyphs);
        free (widths);
        return type3_surface->status;
    }

    _cairo_type3_glyph_surface_set_font_subsets_callback (type3_surface,
                                                          _cairo_pdf_surface_add_font,
                                                          surface);

    for (i = 0; i < font_subset->num_glyphs; i++) {
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
                                                 NULL,
                                                 surface->compress_content,
                                                 NULL);
        if (unlikely (status))
            break;

        glyphs[i] = surface->pdf_stream.self;
        status = _cairo_type3_glyph_surface_emit_glyph (type3_surface,
                                                        surface->output,
                                                        font_subset->glyphs[i],
                                                        &bbox,
                                                        &widths[i]);
        if (unlikely (status))
            break;

        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (surface);
        if (unlikely (status))
            break;

        if (i == 0) {
            font_bbox.p1.x = bbox.p1.x;
            font_bbox.p1.y = bbox.p1.y;
            font_bbox.p2.x = bbox.p2.x;
            font_bbox.p2.y = bbox.p2.y;
        } else {
            if (bbox.p1.x < font_bbox.p1.x)
                font_bbox.p1.x = bbox.p1.x;
            if (bbox.p1.y < font_bbox.p1.y)
                font_bbox.p1.y = bbox.p1.y;
            if (bbox.p2.x > font_bbox.p2.x)
                font_bbox.p2.x = bbox.p2.x;
            if (bbox.p2.y > font_bbox.p2.y)
                font_bbox.p2.y = bbox.p2.y;
        }
    }
    cairo_surface_destroy (type3_surface);
    if (unlikely (status)) {
        free (glyphs);
        free (widths);
        return status;
    }

    encoding = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (encoding.id == 0) {
        free (glyphs);
        free (widths);
        return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "%d 0 obj\n"
                                 "<< /Type /Encoding\n"
                                 "   /Differences [0", encoding.id);
    for (i = 0; i < font_subset->num_glyphs; i++)
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     " /%d", i);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "]\n"
                                 ">>\n"
                                 "endobj\n");

    char_procs = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (char_procs.id == 0) {
        free (glyphs);
        free (widths);
        return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "%d 0 obj\n"
                                 "<<\n", char_procs.id);
    for (i = 0; i < font_subset->num_glyphs; i++)
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     " /%d %d 0 R\n",
                                     i, glyphs[i].id);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 ">>\n"
                                 "endobj\n");

    free (glyphs);

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_to_unicode_stream (surface,
                                                        font_subset,
                                                        &to_unicode_stream);
    if (_cairo_int_status_is_error (status)) {
        free (widths);
        return status;
    }

    _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface, subset_resource);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "%d 0 obj\n"
                                 "<< /Type /Font\n"
                                 "   /Subtype /Type3\n"
                                 "   /FontBBox [%f %f %f %f]\n"
                                 "   /FontMatrix [ 1 0 0 1 0 0 ]\n"
                                 "   /Encoding %d 0 R\n"
                                 "   /CharProcs %d 0 R\n"
                                 "   /FirstChar 0\n"
                                 "   /LastChar %d\n",
                                 subset_resource.id,
                                 _cairo_fixed_to_double (font_bbox.p1.x),
                                 - _cairo_fixed_to_double (font_bbox.p2.y),
                                 _cairo_fixed_to_double (font_bbox.p2.x),
                                 - _cairo_fixed_to_double (font_bbox.p1.y),
                                 encoding.id,
                                 char_procs.id,
                                 font_subset->num_glyphs - 1);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "   /Widths [");
    for (i = 0; i < font_subset->num_glyphs; i++)
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, " %f", widths[i]);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "]\n");
    free (widths);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "   /Resources\n");
    _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_group_resources (surface, &surface->resources);

    if (to_unicode_stream.id != 0)
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "    /ToUnicode %d 0 R\n",
                                     to_unicode_stream.id);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 ">>\n"
                                 "endobj\n");

    font.font_id = font_subset->font_id;
    font.subset_id = font_subset->subset_id;
    font.subset_resource = subset_resource;
    return _cairo_array_append (&surface->fonts, &font);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_unscaled_font_subset (cairo_scaled_font_subset_t *font_subset,
                                              void                       *closure)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = closure;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_cff_font_subset (surface, font_subset);
    if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED)
        return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_truetype_font_subset (surface, font_subset);
    if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED)
        return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_type1_font_subset (surface, font_subset);
    if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED)
        return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_cff_fallback_font (surface, font_subset);
    if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED)
        return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_type1_fallback_font (surface, font_subset);
    if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED)
        return status;

    ASSERT_NOT_REACHED;
    return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_scaled_font_subset (cairo_scaled_font_subset_t *font_subset,
                                            void                       *closure)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = closure;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_type3_font_subset (surface, font_subset);
    if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED)
        return status;

    ASSERT_NOT_REACHED;
    return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_font_subsets (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    status = _cairo_scaled_font_subsets_foreach_user (surface->font_subsets,
                                                      _cairo_pdf_surface_analyze_user_font_subset,
                                                      surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto BAIL;

    status = _cairo_scaled_font_subsets_foreach_unscaled (surface->font_subsets,
                                                          _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_unscaled_font_subset,
                                                          surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto BAIL;

    status = _cairo_scaled_font_subsets_foreach_scaled (surface->font_subsets,
                                                        _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_scaled_font_subset,
                                                        surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto BAIL;

    status = _cairo_scaled_font_subsets_foreach_user (surface->font_subsets,
                                                      _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_scaled_font_subset,
                                                      surface);

BAIL:
    _cairo_scaled_font_subsets_destroy (surface->font_subsets);
    surface->font_subsets = NULL;

    return status;
}

static cairo_pdf_resource_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_write_catalog (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface)
{
    cairo_pdf_resource_t catalog;

    catalog = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (catalog.id == 0)
        return catalog;

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "%d 0 obj\n"
                                 "<< /Type /Catalog\n"
                                 "   /Pages %d 0 R\n"
                                 ">>\n"
                                 "endobj\n",
                                 catalog.id,
                                 surface->pages_resource.id);

    return catalog;
}

static long
_cairo_pdf_surface_write_xref (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface)
{
    cairo_pdf_object_t *object;
    int num_objects, i;
    long offset;
    char buffer[11];

    num_objects = _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->objects);

    offset = _cairo_output_stream_get_position (surface->output);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "xref\n"
                                 "%d %d\n",
                                 0, num_objects + 1);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "0000000000 65535 f \n");
    for (i = 0; i < num_objects; i++) {
        object = _cairo_array_index (&surface->objects, i);
        snprintf (buffer, sizeof buffer, "%010ld", object->offset);
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "%s 00000 n \n", buffer);
    }

    return offset;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_write_mask_group (cairo_pdf_surface_t        *surface,
                                     cairo_pdf_smask_group_t    *group)
{
    cairo_pdf_resource_t mask_group;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t smask;
    cairo_pdf_smask_group_t *smask_group;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t pattern_res, gstate_res;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_box_double_t bbox;

    /* Create mask group */
    _get_bbox_from_extents (group->height, &group->extents, &bbox);
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_group (surface, &bbox, NULL);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    if (_can_paint_pattern (group->mask)) {
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "q\n");
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_paint_pattern (surface,
                                                   CAIRO_OPERATOR_OVER,
                                                   group->mask,
                                                   &group->extents,
                                                   FALSE);
        if (unlikely (status))
            return status;

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "Q\n");
    } else {
        pattern_res.id = 0;
        gstate_res.id = 0;
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_pdf_pattern (surface, group->mask,
                                                     CAIRO_OPERATOR_OVER,
                                                     NULL,
                                                     &pattern_res, &gstate_res);
        if (unlikely (status))
            return status;

        if (gstate_res.id != 0) {
            smask_group = _cairo_pdf_surface_create_smask_group (surface, &group->extents);
            if (unlikely (smask_group == NULL))
                return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

            smask_group->width = group->width;
            smask_group->height = group->height;
            smask_group->operation = PDF_PAINT;
            smask_group->source = cairo_pattern_reference (group->mask);
            smask_group->source_res = pattern_res;
            status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask_group (surface, smask_group);
            if (unlikely (status)) {
                _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (smask_group);
                return status;
            }

            status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask (surface, gstate_res);
            if (unlikely (status))
                return status;

            status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_xobject (surface, smask_group->group_res);
            if (unlikely (status))
                return status;

            _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                         "q /s%d gs /x%d Do Q\n",
                                         gstate_res.id,
                                         smask_group->group_res.id);
        } else {
            status = _cairo_pdf_surface_select_pattern (surface, group->mask, pattern_res, FALSE);
            if (unlikely (status))
                return status;

            _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                         "%f %f %f %f re f\n",
                                         bbox.p1.x,
                                         bbox.p1.y,
                                         bbox.p2.x - bbox.p1.x,
                                         bbox.p2.y - bbox.p1.y);

            status = _cairo_pdf_surface_unselect_pattern (surface);
            if (unlikely (status))
                return status;
        }
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_group (surface, &mask_group);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    /* Create source group */
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_group (surface, &bbox, &group->source_res);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    if (_can_paint_pattern (group->source)) {
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "q\n");
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_paint_pattern (surface,
                                                   CAIRO_OPERATOR_OVER,
                                                   group->source,
                                                   &group->extents,
                                                   FALSE);
        if (unlikely (status))
            return status;

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "Q\n");
    } else {
        pattern_res.id = 0;
        gstate_res.id = 0;
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_pdf_pattern (surface, group->source,
                                                     CAIRO_OPERATOR_OVER,
                                                     NULL,
                                                     &pattern_res, &gstate_res);
        if (unlikely (status))
            return status;

        if (gstate_res.id != 0) {
            smask_group = _cairo_pdf_surface_create_smask_group (surface, &group->extents);
            if (unlikely (smask_group == NULL))
                return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

            smask_group->operation = PDF_PAINT;
            smask_group->source = cairo_pattern_reference (group->source);
            smask_group->source_res = pattern_res;
            status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask_group (surface, smask_group);
            if (unlikely (status)) {
                _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (smask_group);
                return status;
            }

            status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask (surface, gstate_res);
            if (unlikely (status))
                return status;

            status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_xobject (surface, smask_group->group_res);
            if (unlikely (status))
                return status;

            _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                         "q /s%d gs /x%d Do Q\n",
                                         gstate_res.id,
                                         smask_group->group_res.id);
        } else {
            status = _cairo_pdf_surface_select_pattern (surface, group->source, pattern_res, FALSE);
            if (unlikely (status))
                return status;

            _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                         "%f %f %f %f re f\n",
                                         bbox.p1.x,
                                         bbox.p1.y,
                                         bbox.p2.x - bbox.p1.x,
                                         bbox.p2.y - bbox.p1.y);

            status = _cairo_pdf_surface_unselect_pattern (surface);
            if (unlikely (status))
                return status;
        }
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_group (surface, NULL);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    /* Create an smask based on the alpha component of mask_group */
    smask = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (smask.id == 0)
        return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "%d 0 obj\n"
                                 "<< /Type /Mask\n"
                                 "   /S /Alpha\n"
                                 "   /G %d 0 R\n"
                                 ">>\n"
                                 "endobj\n",
                                 smask.id,
                                 mask_group.id);

    /* Create a GState that uses the smask */
    _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface, group->group_res);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "%d 0 obj\n"
                                 "<< /Type /ExtGState\n"
                                 "   /SMask %d 0 R\n"
                                 "   /ca 1\n"
                                 "   /CA 1\n"
                                 "   /AIS false\n"
                                 ">>\n"
                                 "endobj\n",
                                 group->group_res.id,
                                 smask.id);

    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_write_smask_group (cairo_pdf_surface_t     *surface,
                                      cairo_pdf_smask_group_t *group)
{
    double old_width, old_height;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_box_double_t bbox;

    old_width = surface->width;
    old_height = surface->height;
    _cairo_pdf_surface_set_size_internal (surface,
                                          group->width,
                                          group->height);
    /* _mask is a special case that requires two groups - source
     * and mask as well as a smask and gstate dictionary */
    if (group->operation == PDF_MASK) {
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_write_mask_group (surface, group);
        goto RESTORE_SIZE;
    }

    _get_bbox_from_extents (group->height, &group->extents, &bbox);
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_group (surface, &bbox, &group->group_res);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_select_pattern (surface,
                                                group->source,
                                                group->source_res,
                                                group->operation == PDF_STROKE);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    switch (group->operation) {
    case PDF_PAINT:
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "0 0 %f %f re f\n",
                                     surface->width, surface->height);
        break;
    case PDF_MASK:
        ASSERT_NOT_REACHED;
        break;
    case PDF_FILL:
        status = _cairo_pdf_operators_fill (&surface->pdf_operators,
                                            &group->path,
                                            group->fill_rule);
        break;
    case PDF_STROKE:
        status = _cairo_pdf_operators_stroke (&surface->pdf_operators,
                                              &group->path,
                                              &group->style,
                                              &group->ctm,
                                              &group->ctm_inverse);
        break;
    case PDF_SHOW_GLYPHS:
        status = _cairo_pdf_operators_show_text_glyphs (&surface->pdf_operators,
                                                        group->utf8, group->utf8_len,
                                                        group->glyphs, group->num_glyphs,
                                                        group->clusters, group->num_clusters,
                                                        group->cluster_flags,
                                                        group->scaled_font);
        break;
    }
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_unselect_pattern (surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_group (surface, NULL);

RESTORE_SIZE:
    _cairo_pdf_surface_set_size_internal (surface,
                                          old_width,
                                          old_height);

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_write_patterns_and_smask_groups (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface)
{
    cairo_pdf_pattern_t pattern;
    cairo_pdf_smask_group_t *group;
    cairo_pdf_source_surface_t src_surface;
    unsigned int pattern_index, group_index, surface_index;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    /* Writing out PDF_MASK groups will cause additional smask groups
     * to be appended to surface->smask_groups. Additional patterns
     * may also be appended to surface->patterns.
     *
     * Writing recording surface patterns will cause additional patterns
     * and groups to be appended.
     */
    pattern_index = 0;
    group_index = 0;
    surface_index = 0;
    while ((pattern_index < _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->page_patterns)) ||
           (group_index < _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->smask_groups)) ||
           (surface_index < _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->page_surfaces)))
    {
        for (; group_index < _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->smask_groups); group_index++) {
            _cairo_array_copy_element (&surface->smask_groups, group_index, &group);
            status = _cairo_pdf_surface_write_smask_group (surface, group);
            if (unlikely (status))
                return status;
        }

        for (; pattern_index < _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->page_patterns); pattern_index++) {
            _cairo_array_copy_element (&surface->page_patterns, pattern_index, &pattern);
            status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_pattern (surface, &pattern);
            if (unlikely (status))
                return status;
        }

        for (; surface_index < _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->page_surfaces); surface_index++) {
            _cairo_array_copy_element (&surface->page_surfaces, surface_index, &src_surface);
            status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_surface (surface, &src_surface);
            if (unlikely (status))
                return status;
        }
    }

    return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_write_page (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface)
{
    cairo_pdf_resource_t page, knockout, res;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    unsigned int i, len;

    _cairo_pdf_group_resources_clear (&surface->resources);
    if (surface->has_fallback_images) {
        cairo_rectangle_int_t extents;
        cairo_box_double_t    bbox;

        extents.x = 0;
        extents.y = 0;
        extents.width = ceil (surface->width);
        extents.height = ceil (surface->height);
        _get_bbox_from_extents (surface->height, &extents, &bbox);
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_knockout_group (surface, &bbox);
        if (unlikely (status))
            return status;

        len = _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->knockout_group);
        for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
            _cairo_array_copy_element (&surface->knockout_group, i, &res);
            _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                         "/x%d Do\n",
                                         res.id);
            status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_xobject (surface, res);
            if (unlikely (status))
                return status;
        }
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "/x%d Do\n",
                                     surface->content.id);
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_xobject (surface, surface->content);
        if (unlikely (status))
            return status;

        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_group (surface, &knockout);
        if (unlikely (status))
            return status;

        _cairo_pdf_group_resources_clear (&surface->resources);
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_content_stream (surface, NULL, NULL, FALSE, FALSE);
        if (unlikely (status))
            return status;

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "/x%d Do\n",
                                     knockout.id);
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_xobject (surface, knockout);
        if (unlikely (status))
            return status;

        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_content_stream (surface);
        if (unlikely (status))
            return status;
    }

    page = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (page.id == 0)
        return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "%d 0 obj\n"
                                 "<< /Type /Page\n"
                                 "   /Parent %d 0 R\n"
                                 "   /MediaBox [ 0 0 %f %f ]\n"
                                 "   /Contents %d 0 R\n"
                                 "   /Group <<\n"
                                 "      /Type /Group\n"
                                 "      /S /Transparency\n"
                                 "      /I true\n"
                                 "      /CS /DeviceRGB\n"
                                 "   >>\n"
                                 "   /Resources %d 0 R\n"
                                 ">>\n"
                                 "endobj\n",
                                 page.id,
                                 surface->pages_resource.id,
                                 surface->width,
                                 surface->height,
                                 surface->content.id,
                                 surface->content_resources.id);

    status = _cairo_array_append (&surface->pages, &page);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_write_patterns_and_smask_groups (surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_analyze_surface_pattern_transparency (cairo_pdf_surface_t      *surface,
                                                         cairo_surface_pattern_t *pattern)
{
    cairo_image_surface_t  *image;
    void                   *image_extra;
    cairo_int_status_t      status;
    cairo_image_transparency_t transparency;

    status = _cairo_surface_acquire_source_image (pattern->surface,
                                                  &image,
                                                  &image_extra);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    if (image->base.status)
        return image->base.status;

    transparency = _cairo_image_analyze_transparency (image);
    if (transparency == CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_OPAQUE)
        status = CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    else
        status = CAIRO_INT_STATUS_FLATTEN_TRANSPARENCY;

    _cairo_surface_release_source_image (pattern->surface, image, image_extra);

    return status;
}

static cairo_bool_t
_surface_pattern_supported (cairo_surface_pattern_t *pattern)
{
    cairo_extend_t extend;

    if (pattern->surface->type == CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_RECORDING)
        return TRUE;

    if (pattern->surface->backend->acquire_source_image == NULL)
        return FALSE;

    /* Does an ALPHA-only source surface even make sense? Maybe, but I
     * don't think it's worth the extra code to support it. */

/* XXX: Need to write this function here...
    if (pattern->surface->content == CAIRO_CONTENT_ALPHA)
        return FALSE;
*/

    extend = cairo_pattern_get_extend (&pattern->base);
    switch (extend) {
    case CAIRO_EXTEND_NONE:
    case CAIRO_EXTEND_REPEAT:
    case CAIRO_EXTEND_REFLECT:
    /* There's no point returning FALSE for EXTEND_PAD, as the image
     * surface does not currently implement it either */
    case CAIRO_EXTEND_PAD:
        return TRUE;
    }

    ASSERT_NOT_REACHED;
    return FALSE;
}

static cairo_bool_t
_pattern_supported (const cairo_pattern_t *pattern)
{
    switch (pattern->type) {
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SOLID:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_LINEAR:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RADIAL:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_MESH:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE:
        return TRUE;

    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE:
        return _surface_pattern_supported ((cairo_surface_pattern_t *) pattern);

    default:
        ASSERT_NOT_REACHED;
        return FALSE;
    }
}

static cairo_bool_t
_pdf_operator_supported (cairo_operator_t op)
{
    switch (op) {
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_OVER:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_MULTIPLY:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_SCREEN:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_OVERLAY:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_DARKEN:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_LIGHTEN:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_COLOR_DODGE:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_COLOR_BURN:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_HARD_LIGHT:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_SOFT_LIGHT:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_DIFFERENCE:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_EXCLUSION:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_HSL_HUE:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_HSL_SATURATION:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_HSL_COLOR:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_HSL_LUMINOSITY:
        return TRUE;

    default:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_CLEAR:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_SOURCE:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_IN:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_OUT:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_ATOP:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_DEST:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_DEST_OVER:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_DEST_IN:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_DEST_OUT:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_DEST_ATOP:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_XOR:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_ADD:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_SATURATE:
        return FALSE;
    }
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_analyze_operation (cairo_pdf_surface_t  *surface,
                                      cairo_operator_t      op,
                                      const cairo_pattern_t      *pattern,
                                      const cairo_rectangle_int_t        *extents)
{
    if (surface->force_fallbacks &&
        surface->paginated_mode == CAIRO_PAGINATED_MODE_ANALYZE)
    {
        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
    }

    if (! _pattern_supported (pattern))
        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    if (_pdf_operator_supported (op)) {
        if (pattern->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE) {
            cairo_surface_pattern_t *surface_pattern = (cairo_surface_pattern_t *) pattern;

            if (surface_pattern->surface->type == CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_RECORDING) {
                if (pattern->extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_PAD) {
                    cairo_box_t box;
                    cairo_rectangle_int_t rect;
                    cairo_rectangle_int_t rec_extents;

                    /* get the operation extents in pattern space */
                    _cairo_box_from_rectangle (&box, extents);
                    _cairo_matrix_transform_bounding_box_fixed (&pattern->matrix, &box, NULL);
                    _cairo_box_round_to_rectangle (&box, &rect);

                    /* Check if surface needs padding to fill extents */
                    if (_cairo_surface_get_extents (surface_pattern->surface, &rec_extents)) {
                        if (_cairo_fixed_integer_ceil(box.p1.x) < rec_extents.x ||
                            _cairo_fixed_integer_ceil(box.p1.y) < rec_extents.y ||
                            _cairo_fixed_integer_floor(box.p2.y) > rec_extents.x + rec_extents.width ||
                            _cairo_fixed_integer_floor(box.p2.y) > rec_extents.y + rec_extents.height)
                        {
                            return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
                        }
                    }
                }
                return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_ANALYZE_RECORDING_SURFACE_PATTERN;
            }
        }

        return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    }


    /* The SOURCE operator is supported if the pattern is opaque or if
     * there is nothing painted underneath. */
    if (op == CAIRO_OPERATOR_SOURCE) {
        if (pattern->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE) {
            cairo_surface_pattern_t *surface_pattern = (cairo_surface_pattern_t *) pattern;

            if (surface_pattern->surface->type == CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_RECORDING) {
                if (_cairo_pattern_is_opaque (pattern, extents)) {
                    return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_ANALYZE_RECORDING_SURFACE_PATTERN;
                } else {
                    /* FIXME: The analysis surface does not yet have
                     * the capability to analyze a non opaque recording
                     * surface and mark it supported if there is
                     * nothing underneath. For now recording surfaces of
                     * type CONTENT_COLOR_ALPHA painted with
                     * OPERATOR_SOURCE will result in a fallback
                     * image. */

                    return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
                }
            } else {
                return _cairo_pdf_surface_analyze_surface_pattern_transparency (surface,
                                                                                surface_pattern);
            }
        }

        if (_cairo_pattern_is_opaque (pattern, extents))
            return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
        else
            return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_FLATTEN_TRANSPARENCY;
    }

    return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
}

static cairo_bool_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_operation_supported (cairo_pdf_surface_t  *surface,
                                        cairo_operator_t      op,
                                        const cairo_pattern_t      *pattern,
                                        const cairo_rectangle_int_t *extents)
{
    return _cairo_pdf_surface_analyze_operation (surface, op, pattern, extents) != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_start_fallback (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface)
{
    cairo_box_double_t bbox;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_content_stream (surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    status = _cairo_array_append (&surface->knockout_group, &surface->content);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    _cairo_pdf_group_resources_clear (&surface->resources);
    bbox.p1.x = 0;
    bbox.p1.y = 0;
    bbox.p2.x = surface->width;
    bbox.p2.y = surface->height;
    return _cairo_pdf_surface_open_content_stream (surface, &bbox, NULL, TRUE, TRUE);
}

/* If source is an opaque image and mask is an image and both images
 * have the same bounding box we can emit them as a image/smask pair.
 */
static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_combined_smask (cairo_pdf_surface_t         *surface,
                                        cairo_operator_t             op,
                                        const cairo_pattern_t       *source,
                                        const cairo_pattern_t       *mask,
                                        const cairo_rectangle_int_t *extents)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_image_surface_t  *image;
    void                   *image_extra;
    cairo_image_transparency_t transparency;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t smask_res;
    int src_width, src_height;
    int mask_width, mask_height;
    double src_x_offset, src_y_offset;
    double mask_x_offset, mask_y_offset;
    double src_x1, src_y1, src_x2, src_y2;
    double mask_x1, mask_y1, mask_x2, mask_y2;
    cairo_matrix_t p2u;
    double src_radius, mask_radius, e;
    cairo_rectangle_int_t extents2;
    cairo_bool_t need_smask;

    /* Check that source and mask are images */

    if (!((source->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE || source->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE) &&
          (mask->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE || mask->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE)))
        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    if (source->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE &&
        ((cairo_surface_pattern_t *) source)->surface->type == CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_RECORDING)
    {
        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
    }

    if (mask->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE &&
        ((cairo_surface_pattern_t *) mask)->surface->type == CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_RECORDING)
    {
        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
    }

    if (source->extend != CAIRO_EXTEND_NONE || mask->extend != CAIRO_EXTEND_NONE)
        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    /* Check that source is opaque and get image sizes */

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_acquire_source_image_from_pattern (surface, source,
                                                                   &image, &image_extra);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    if (image->base.status)
        return image->base.status;

    src_width = image->width;
    src_height = image->height;
    if (source->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE) {
        cairo_surface_get_device_offset (&image->base, &src_x_offset, &src_y_offset);
    } else {
        src_x_offset = 0;
        src_y_offset = 0;
    }

    transparency = _cairo_image_analyze_transparency (image);
    _cairo_pdf_surface_release_source_image_from_pattern (surface, source, image, image_extra);

    if (transparency != CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_OPAQUE)
        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_acquire_source_image_from_pattern (surface, mask,
                                                                   &image, &image_extra);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    if (image->base.status)
        return image->base.status;

    mask_width = image->width;
    mask_height = image->height;
    if (mask->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE) {
        cairo_surface_get_device_offset (&image->base, &mask_x_offset, &mask_y_offset);
    } else {
        mask_x_offset = 0;
        mask_y_offset = 0;
    }

    transparency = _cairo_image_analyze_transparency (image);
    need_smask = transparency != CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_OPAQUE;

    _cairo_pdf_surface_release_source_image_from_pattern (surface, mask, image, image_extra);

    /* Check that both images have the same extents with a tolerance
     * of half the smallest source pixel. */

    p2u = source->matrix;
    status = cairo_matrix_invert (&p2u);
    /* cairo_pattern_set_matrix ensures the matrix is invertible */
    assert (status == CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS);
    src_x1 = 0;
    src_y1 = 0;
    src_x2 = src_width;
    src_y2 = src_height;
    cairo_matrix_transform_point (&p2u, &src_x1, &src_y1);
    cairo_matrix_transform_point (&p2u, &src_x2, &src_y2);
    src_radius = _cairo_matrix_transformed_circle_major_axis (&p2u, 0.5);

    p2u = mask->matrix;
    status = cairo_matrix_invert (&p2u);
    /* cairo_pattern_set_matrix ensures the matrix is invertible */
    assert (status == CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS);
    mask_x1 = 0;
    mask_y1 = 0;
    mask_x2 = mask_width;
    mask_y2 = mask_height;
    cairo_matrix_transform_point (&p2u, &mask_x1, &mask_y1);
    cairo_matrix_transform_point (&p2u, &mask_x2, &mask_y2);
    mask_radius = _cairo_matrix_transformed_circle_major_axis (&p2u, 0.5);

    if (src_radius < mask_radius)
        e = src_radius;
    else
        e = mask_radius;

    if (fabs(src_x1 - mask_x1) > e ||
        fabs(src_x2 - mask_x2) > e ||
        fabs(src_y1 - mask_y1) > e ||
        fabs(src_y2 - mask_y2) > e)
        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    /* Check both images have same device offset */
    if (fabs(src_x_offset - mask_x_offset) > e ||
        fabs(src_y_offset - mask_y_offset) > e)
        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    if (need_smask) {
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_source_surface (surface,
                                                        NULL,
                                                        mask,
                                                        op,
                                                        source->filter,
                                                        FALSE,
                                                        TRUE,
                                                        extents,
                                                        NULL,
                                                        &smask_res,
                                                        &mask_width,
                                                        &mask_height,
                                                        &mask_x_offset,
                                                        &mask_y_offset,
                                                        &extents2);
        if (unlikely (status))
            return status;
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "q\n");
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_paint_surface_pattern (surface, op, source, extents,
                                                       need_smask ? &smask_res : NULL,
                                                       FALSE);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "Q\n");

    status = _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);


    return status;
}

/* A PDF stencil mask is an A1 mask used with the current color */
static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_stencil_mask (cairo_pdf_surface_t         *surface,
                                      cairo_operator_t             op,
                                      const cairo_pattern_t       *source,
                                      const cairo_pattern_t       *mask,
                                      const cairo_rectangle_int_t *extents)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_image_surface_t  *image;
    void                   *image_extra;
    cairo_image_transparency_t transparency;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t pattern_res = {0};

    if (! (source->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SOLID &&
           (mask->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE || mask->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE)))
        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    if (mask->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE &&
        ((cairo_surface_pattern_t *) mask)->surface->type == CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_RECORDING)
    {
        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_acquire_source_image_from_pattern (surface, mask,
                                                                   &image, &image_extra);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    if (image->base.status)
        return image->base.status;

    transparency = _cairo_image_analyze_transparency (image);
    if (transparency != CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_OPAQUE &&
        transparency != CAIRO_IMAGE_HAS_BILEVEL_ALPHA)
    {
        status = CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
        goto cleanup;
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_select_pattern (surface, source,
                                                pattern_res, FALSE);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "q\n");
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_paint_surface_pattern (surface, op, mask, extents, NULL, TRUE);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "Q\n");

    status = _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);

cleanup:
    _cairo_pdf_surface_release_source_image_from_pattern (surface, mask, image, image_extra);

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_set_clip (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface,
                             cairo_composite_rectangles_t *composite)
{
    cairo_clip_t *clip = composite->clip;

    if (_cairo_composite_rectangles_can_reduce_clip (composite, clip))
        clip = NULL;

    if (clip == NULL) {
        if (_cairo_composite_rectangles_can_reduce_clip (composite,
                                                         surface->clipper.clip))
            return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    }

    return _cairo_surface_clipper_set_clip (&surface->clipper, clip);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_paint (void                  *abstract_surface,
                          cairo_operator_t       op,
                          const cairo_pattern_t *source,
                          const cairo_clip_t    *clip)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = abstract_surface;
    cairo_pdf_smask_group_t *group;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t pattern_res, gstate_res;
    cairo_composite_rectangles_t extents;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    status = _cairo_composite_rectangles_init_for_paint (&extents,
                                                         &surface->base,
                                                         op, source, clip);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    if (surface->paginated_mode == CAIRO_PAGINATED_MODE_ANALYZE) {
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_analyze_operation (surface, op, source, &extents.bounded);
        goto cleanup;
    } else if (surface->paginated_mode == CAIRO_PAGINATED_MODE_FALLBACK) {
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_start_fallback (surface);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;
    }

    assert (_cairo_pdf_surface_operation_supported (surface, op, source, &extents.bounded));

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_set_clip (surface, &extents);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto cleanup;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_select_operator (surface, op);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto cleanup;

    status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto cleanup;

    if (_can_paint_pattern (source)) {
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "q\n");
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_paint_pattern (surface,
                                                   op,
                                                   source,
                                                   &extents.bounded,
                                                   FALSE);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "Q\n");
        _cairo_composite_rectangles_fini (&extents);
        return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);
    }

    pattern_res.id = 0;
    gstate_res.id = 0;
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_pdf_pattern (surface, source, op,
                                                 &extents.bounded,
                                                 &pattern_res, &gstate_res);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto cleanup;

    if (gstate_res.id != 0) {
        group = _cairo_pdf_surface_create_smask_group (surface, &extents.bounded);
        if (unlikely (group == NULL)) {
            status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
            goto cleanup;
        }

        group->operation = PDF_PAINT;
        status = _cairo_pattern_create_copy (&group->source, source);
        if (unlikely (status)) {
            _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
            goto cleanup;
        }
        group->source_res = pattern_res;
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask_group (surface, group);
        if (unlikely (status)) {
            _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
            goto cleanup;
        }

        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask (surface, gstate_res);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;

        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_xobject (surface, group->group_res);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "q /s%d gs /x%d Do Q\n",
                                     gstate_res.id,
                                     group->group_res.id);
    } else {
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_select_pattern (surface, source,
                                                    pattern_res, FALSE);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "0 0 %f %f re f\n",
                                     surface->width, surface->height);

        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_unselect_pattern (surface);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;
    }

    _cairo_composite_rectangles_fini (&extents);
    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);

cleanup:
    _cairo_composite_rectangles_fini (&extents);
    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_mask (void                   *abstract_surface,
                         cairo_operator_t        op,
                         const cairo_pattern_t  *source,
                         const cairo_pattern_t  *mask,
                         const cairo_clip_t     *clip)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = abstract_surface;
    cairo_pdf_smask_group_t *group;
    cairo_composite_rectangles_t extents;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_rectangle_int_t r;
    cairo_box_t box;

    status = _cairo_composite_rectangles_init_for_mask (&extents,
                                                        &surface->base,
                                                        op, source, mask, clip);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    if (surface->paginated_mode == CAIRO_PAGINATED_MODE_ANALYZE) {
        cairo_int_status_t source_status, mask_status;

        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_analyze_operation (surface, op, source, &extents.bounded);
        if (_cairo_int_status_is_error (status))
            goto cleanup;
        source_status = status;

        if (mask->has_component_alpha) {
            status = CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
        } else {
            status = _cairo_pdf_surface_analyze_operation (surface, op, mask, &extents.bounded);
            if (_cairo_int_status_is_error (status))
                goto cleanup;
        }
        mask_status = status;

        _cairo_composite_rectangles_fini (&extents);
        return _cairo_analysis_surface_merge_status (source_status,
                                                     mask_status);
    } else if (surface->paginated_mode == CAIRO_PAGINATED_MODE_FALLBACK) {
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_start_fallback (surface);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;
    }

    assert (_cairo_pdf_surface_operation_supported (surface, op, source, &extents.bounded));
    assert (_cairo_pdf_surface_operation_supported (surface, op, mask, &extents.bounded));

    /* get the accurate extents */
    status = _cairo_pattern_get_ink_extents (source, &r);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto cleanup;

    /* XXX slight impedance mismatch */
    _cairo_box_from_rectangle (&box, &r);
    status = _cairo_composite_rectangles_intersect_source_extents (&extents,
                                                                   &box);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto cleanup;

    status = _cairo_pattern_get_ink_extents (mask, &r);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto cleanup;

    _cairo_box_from_rectangle (&box, &r);
    status = _cairo_composite_rectangles_intersect_mask_extents (&extents,
                                                                 &box);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto cleanup;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_set_clip (surface, &extents);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto cleanup;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_select_operator (surface, op);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto cleanup;

    /* Check if we can combine source and mask into a smask image */
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_combined_smask (surface, op, source, mask, &extents.bounded);
    if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED)
        goto cleanup;

    /* Check if we can use a stencil mask */
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_stencil_mask (surface, op, source, mask, &extents.bounded);
    if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED)
        goto cleanup;

    group = _cairo_pdf_surface_create_smask_group (surface, &extents.bounded);
    if (unlikely (group == NULL)) {
        status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
        goto cleanup;
    }

    group->operation = PDF_MASK;
    status = _cairo_pattern_create_copy (&group->source, source);
    if (unlikely (status)) {
        _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
        goto cleanup;
    }
    status = _cairo_pattern_create_copy (&group->mask, mask);
    if (unlikely (status)) {
        _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
        goto cleanup;
    }
    group->source_res = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (group->source_res.id == 0) {
        _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
        status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
        goto cleanup;
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask_group (surface, group);
    if (unlikely (status)) {
        _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
        goto cleanup;
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask (surface, group->group_res);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto cleanup;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_xobject (surface, group->source_res);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto cleanup;

    status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto cleanup;

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "q /s%d gs /x%d Do Q\n",
                                 group->group_res.id,
                                 group->source_res.id);

    _cairo_composite_rectangles_fini (&extents);
    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);

cleanup:
    _cairo_composite_rectangles_fini (&extents);
    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_stroke (void                 *abstract_surface,
                           cairo_operator_t      op,
                           const cairo_pattern_t *source,
                           const cairo_path_fixed_t     *path,
                           const cairo_stroke_style_t   *style,
                           const cairo_matrix_t *ctm,
                           const cairo_matrix_t *ctm_inverse,
                           double                tolerance,
                           cairo_antialias_t     antialias,
                           const cairo_clip_t   *clip)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = abstract_surface;
    cairo_pdf_smask_group_t *group;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t pattern_res, gstate_res;
    cairo_composite_rectangles_t extents;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    status = _cairo_composite_rectangles_init_for_stroke (&extents,
                                                          &surface->base,
                                                          op, source,
                                                          path, style, ctm,
                                                          clip);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    /* use the more accurate extents */
    if (extents.is_bounded) {
        cairo_rectangle_int_t mask;
        cairo_box_t box;

        status = _cairo_path_fixed_stroke_extents (path, style,
                                                   ctm, ctm_inverse,
                                                   tolerance,
                                                   &mask);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;

        _cairo_box_from_rectangle (&box, &mask);
        status = _cairo_composite_rectangles_intersect_mask_extents (&extents,
                                                                     &box);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;
    }

    if (surface->paginated_mode == CAIRO_PAGINATED_MODE_ANALYZE) {
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_analyze_operation (surface, op, source, &extents.bounded);
        goto cleanup;
    }

    assert (_cairo_pdf_surface_operation_supported (surface, op, source, &extents.bounded));

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_set_clip (surface, &extents);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto cleanup;

    pattern_res.id = 0;
    gstate_res.id = 0;
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_pdf_pattern (surface, source, op,
                                                 &extents.bounded,
                                                 &pattern_res, &gstate_res);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto cleanup;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_select_operator (surface, op);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto cleanup;

    if (gstate_res.id != 0) {
        group = _cairo_pdf_surface_create_smask_group (surface, &extents.bounded);
        if (unlikely (group == NULL)) {
            status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
            goto cleanup;
        }

        group->operation = PDF_STROKE;
        status = _cairo_pattern_create_copy (&group->source, source);
        if (unlikely (status)) {
            _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
            goto cleanup;
        }
        group->source_res = pattern_res;
        status = _cairo_path_fixed_init_copy (&group->path, path);
        if (unlikely (status)) {
            _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
            goto cleanup;
        }

        group->style = *style;
        group->ctm = *ctm;
        group->ctm_inverse = *ctm_inverse;
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask_group (surface, group);
        if (unlikely (status)) {
            _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
            goto cleanup;
        }

        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask (surface, gstate_res);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;

        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_xobject (surface, group->group_res);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;

        status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "q /s%d gs /x%d Do Q\n",
                                     gstate_res.id,
                                     group->group_res.id);
    } else {
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_select_pattern (surface, source, pattern_res, TRUE);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;

        status = _cairo_pdf_operators_stroke (&surface->pdf_operators,
                                              path,
                                              style,
                                              ctm,
                                              ctm_inverse);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;

        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_unselect_pattern (surface);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;
    }

    _cairo_composite_rectangles_fini (&extents);
    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);

cleanup:
    _cairo_composite_rectangles_fini (&extents);
    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_fill (void                   *abstract_surface,
                         cairo_operator_t        op,
                         const cairo_pattern_t  *source,
                         const cairo_path_fixed_t*path,
                         cairo_fill_rule_t       fill_rule,
                         double                  tolerance,
                         cairo_antialias_t       antialias,
                         const cairo_clip_t     *clip)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = abstract_surface;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_pdf_smask_group_t *group;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t pattern_res, gstate_res;
    cairo_composite_rectangles_t extents;

    status = _cairo_composite_rectangles_init_for_fill (&extents,
                                                        &surface->base,
                                                        op, source, path,
                                                        clip);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    /* use the more accurate extents */
    if (extents.is_bounded) {
        cairo_rectangle_int_t mask;
        cairo_box_t box;

        _cairo_path_fixed_fill_extents (path,
                                        fill_rule,
                                        tolerance,
                                        &mask);

        _cairo_box_from_rectangle (&box, &mask);
        status = _cairo_composite_rectangles_intersect_mask_extents (&extents,
                                                                     &box);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;
    }

    if (surface->paginated_mode == CAIRO_PAGINATED_MODE_ANALYZE) {
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_analyze_operation (surface, op, source, &extents.bounded);
        goto cleanup;
    } else if (surface->paginated_mode == CAIRO_PAGINATED_MODE_FALLBACK) {
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_start_fallback (surface);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;
    }

    assert (_cairo_pdf_surface_operation_supported (surface, op, source, &extents.bounded));

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_set_clip (surface, &extents);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto cleanup;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_select_operator (surface, op);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto cleanup;

    if (_can_paint_pattern (source)) {
        status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "q\n");
        status =  _cairo_pdf_operators_clip (&surface->pdf_operators,
                                             path,
                                             fill_rule);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;

        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_paint_pattern (surface,
                                                   op,
                                                   source,
                                                   &extents.bounded,
                                                   FALSE);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "Q\n");
        status = _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);
        goto cleanup;
    }

    pattern_res.id = 0;
    gstate_res.id = 0;
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_pdf_pattern (surface, source, op,
                                                 &extents.bounded,
                                                 &pattern_res, &gstate_res);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto cleanup;

    if (gstate_res.id != 0) {
        group = _cairo_pdf_surface_create_smask_group (surface, &extents.bounded);
        if (unlikely (group == NULL)) {
            status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
            goto cleanup;
        }

        group->operation = PDF_FILL;
        status = _cairo_pattern_create_copy (&group->source, source);
        if (unlikely (status)) {
            _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
            goto cleanup;
        }
        group->source_res = pattern_res;
        status = _cairo_path_fixed_init_copy (&group->path, path);
        if (unlikely (status)) {
            _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
            goto cleanup;
        }

        group->fill_rule = fill_rule;
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask_group (surface, group);
        if (unlikely (status)) {
            _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
            goto cleanup;
        }

        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask (surface, gstate_res);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;

        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_xobject (surface, group->group_res);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;

        status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "q /s%d gs /x%d Do Q\n",
                                     gstate_res.id,
                                     group->group_res.id);
    } else {
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_select_pattern (surface, source, pattern_res, FALSE);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;

        status = _cairo_pdf_operators_fill (&surface->pdf_operators,
                                            path,
                                            fill_rule);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;

        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_unselect_pattern (surface);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;
    }

    _cairo_composite_rectangles_fini (&extents);
    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);

cleanup:
    _cairo_composite_rectangles_fini (&extents);
    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_fill_stroke (void                    *abstract_surface,
                                cairo_operator_t         fill_op,
                                const cairo_pattern_t   *fill_source,
                                cairo_fill_rule_t        fill_rule,
                                double                   fill_tolerance,
                                cairo_antialias_t        fill_antialias,
                                const cairo_path_fixed_t*path,
                                cairo_operator_t         stroke_op,
                                const cairo_pattern_t   *stroke_source,
                                const cairo_stroke_style_t *stroke_style,
                                const cairo_matrix_t    *stroke_ctm,
                                const cairo_matrix_t    *stroke_ctm_inverse,
                                double                   stroke_tolerance,
                                cairo_antialias_t        stroke_antialias,
                                const cairo_clip_t      *clip)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = abstract_surface;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t fill_pattern_res, stroke_pattern_res, gstate_res;
    cairo_composite_rectangles_t extents;

    /* During analysis we return unsupported and let the _fill and
     * _stroke functions that are on the fallback path do the analysis
     * for us. During render we may still encounter unsupported
     * combinations of fill/stroke patterns. However we can return
     * unsupported anytime to let the _fill and _stroke functions take
     * over.
     */
    if (surface->paginated_mode == CAIRO_PAGINATED_MODE_ANALYZE)
        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    /* PDF rendering of fill-stroke is not the same as cairo when
     * either the fill or stroke is not opaque.
     */
    if ( !_cairo_pattern_is_opaque (fill_source, NULL) ||
         !_cairo_pattern_is_opaque (stroke_source, NULL))
    {
        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
    }

    if (fill_op != stroke_op)
        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    /* Compute the operation extents using the stroke which will naturally
     * be larger than the fill extents.
     */
    status = _cairo_composite_rectangles_init_for_stroke (&extents,
                                                          &surface->base,
                                                          stroke_op, stroke_source,
                                                          path, stroke_style, stroke_ctm,
                                                          clip);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    /* use the more accurate extents */
    if (extents.is_bounded) {
        cairo_rectangle_int_t mask;
        cairo_box_t box;

        status = _cairo_path_fixed_stroke_extents (path, stroke_style,
                                                   stroke_ctm, stroke_ctm_inverse,
                                                   stroke_tolerance,
                                                   &mask);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;

        _cairo_box_from_rectangle (&box, &mask);
        status = _cairo_composite_rectangles_intersect_mask_extents (&extents,
                                                                     &box);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_set_clip (surface, &extents);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto cleanup;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_select_operator (surface, fill_op);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto cleanup;

    /* use the more accurate extents */
    if (extents.is_bounded) {
        cairo_rectangle_int_t mask;
        cairo_box_t box;

        _cairo_path_fixed_fill_extents (path,
                                        fill_rule,
                                        fill_tolerance,
                                        &mask);

        _cairo_box_from_rectangle (&box, &mask);
        status = _cairo_composite_rectangles_intersect_mask_extents (&extents,
                                                                     &box);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;
    }

    fill_pattern_res.id = 0;
    gstate_res.id = 0;
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_pdf_pattern (surface, fill_source,
                                                 fill_op,
                                                 &extents.bounded,
                                                 &fill_pattern_res,
                                                 &gstate_res);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto cleanup;

    assert (gstate_res.id == 0);

    stroke_pattern_res.id = 0;
    gstate_res.id = 0;
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_pdf_pattern (surface,
                                                 stroke_source,
                                                 stroke_op,
                                                 &extents.bounded,
                                                 &stroke_pattern_res,
                                                 &gstate_res);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto cleanup;

    assert (gstate_res.id == 0);

    /* As PDF has separate graphics state for fill and stroke we can
     * select both at the same time */
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_select_pattern (surface, fill_source,
                                                fill_pattern_res, FALSE);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto cleanup;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_select_pattern (surface, stroke_source,
                                                stroke_pattern_res, TRUE);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto cleanup;

    status = _cairo_pdf_operators_fill_stroke (&surface->pdf_operators,
                                               path,
                                               fill_rule,
                                               stroke_style,
                                               stroke_ctm,
                                               stroke_ctm_inverse);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto cleanup;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_unselect_pattern (surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto cleanup;

    _cairo_composite_rectangles_fini (&extents);
    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);

cleanup:
    _cairo_composite_rectangles_fini (&extents);
    return status;
}

static cairo_bool_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_has_show_text_glyphs (void                   *abstract_surface)
{
    return TRUE;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_show_text_glyphs (void                       *abstract_surface,
                                     cairo_operator_t            op,
                                     const cairo_pattern_t      *source,
                                     const char                 *utf8,
                                     int                         utf8_len,
                                     cairo_glyph_t              *glyphs,
                                     int                         num_glyphs,
                                     const cairo_text_cluster_t *clusters,
                                     int                         num_clusters,
                                     cairo_text_cluster_flags_t  cluster_flags,
                                     cairo_scaled_font_t        *scaled_font,
                                     const cairo_clip_t         *clip)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = abstract_surface;
    cairo_pdf_smask_group_t *group;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t pattern_res, gstate_res;
    cairo_composite_rectangles_t extents;
    cairo_bool_t overlap;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    status = _cairo_composite_rectangles_init_for_glyphs (&extents,
                                                          &surface->base,
                                                          op, source,
                                                          scaled_font,
                                                          glyphs, num_glyphs,
                                                          clip,
                                                          &overlap);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    if (surface->paginated_mode == CAIRO_PAGINATED_MODE_ANALYZE) {
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_analyze_operation (surface, op, source, &extents.bounded);
        goto cleanup;
    }

    assert (_cairo_pdf_surface_operation_supported (surface, op, source, &extents.bounded));

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_set_clip (surface, &extents);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto cleanup;

    pattern_res.id = 0;
    gstate_res.id = 0;
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_pdf_pattern (surface, source, op,
                                                 &extents.bounded,
                                                 &pattern_res, &gstate_res);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto cleanup;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_select_operator (surface, op);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto cleanup;

    if (gstate_res.id != 0) {
        group = _cairo_pdf_surface_create_smask_group (surface, &extents.bounded);
        if (unlikely (group == NULL)) {
            status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
            goto cleanup;
        }

        group->operation = PDF_SHOW_GLYPHS;
        status = _cairo_pattern_create_copy (&group->source, source);
        if (unlikely (status)) {
            _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
            goto cleanup;
        }
        group->source_res = pattern_res;

        if (utf8_len) {
            group->utf8 = malloc (utf8_len);
            if (unlikely (group->utf8 == NULL)) {
                _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
                status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
                goto cleanup;
            }
            memcpy (group->utf8, utf8, utf8_len);
        }
        group->utf8_len = utf8_len;

        if (num_glyphs) {
            group->glyphs = _cairo_malloc_ab (num_glyphs, sizeof (cairo_glyph_t));
            if (unlikely (group->glyphs == NULL)) {
                _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
                status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
                goto cleanup;
            }
            memcpy (group->glyphs, glyphs, sizeof (cairo_glyph_t) * num_glyphs);
        }
        group->num_glyphs = num_glyphs;

        if (num_clusters) {
            group->clusters = _cairo_malloc_ab (num_clusters, sizeof (cairo_text_cluster_t));
            if (unlikely (group->clusters == NULL)) {
                _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
                status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
                goto cleanup;
            }
            memcpy (group->clusters, clusters, sizeof (cairo_text_cluster_t) * num_clusters);
        }
        group->num_clusters = num_clusters;

        group->scaled_font = cairo_scaled_font_reference (scaled_font);
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask_group (surface, group);
        if (unlikely (status)) {
            _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
            goto cleanup;
        }

        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask (surface, gstate_res);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;

        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_xobject (surface, group->group_res);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;

        status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;

        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "q /s%d gs /x%d Do Q\n",
                                     gstate_res.id,
                                     group->group_res.id);
    } else {
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_select_pattern (surface, source, pattern_res, FALSE);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;

        /* Each call to show_glyphs() with a transclucent pattern must
         * be in a separate text object otherwise overlapping text
         * from separate calls to show_glyphs will not composite with
         * each other. */
        if (! _cairo_pattern_is_opaque (source, &extents.bounded)) {
            status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
            if (unlikely (status))
                goto cleanup;
        }

        status = _cairo_pdf_operators_show_text_glyphs (&surface->pdf_operators,
                                                        utf8, utf8_len,
                                                        glyphs, num_glyphs,
                                                        clusters, num_clusters,
                                                        cluster_flags,
                                                        scaled_font);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;

        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_unselect_pattern (surface);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto cleanup;
    }

    _cairo_composite_rectangles_fini (&extents);
    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);

cleanup:
    _cairo_composite_rectangles_fini (&extents);
    return status;
}

static const char **
_cairo_pdf_surface_get_supported_mime_types (void                *abstract_surface)
{
    return _cairo_pdf_supported_mime_types;
}

static void
_cairo_pdf_surface_set_paginated_mode (void                     *abstract_surface,
                                       cairo_paginated_mode_t    paginated_mode)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = abstract_surface;

    surface->paginated_mode = paginated_mode;
}

static const cairo_surface_backend_t cairo_pdf_surface_backend = {
    CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_PDF,
    _cairo_pdf_surface_finish,

    _cairo_default_context_create,

    NULL, /* create similar: handled by wrapper */
    NULL, /* create similar image */
    NULL, /* map to image */
    NULL, /* unmap image */

    _cairo_surface_default_source,
    NULL, /* acquire_source_image */
    NULL, /* release_source_image */
    NULL, /* snapshot */

    NULL,  /* _cairo_pdf_surface_copy_page */
    _cairo_pdf_surface_show_page,

    _cairo_pdf_surface_get_extents,
    _cairo_pdf_surface_get_font_options,

    NULL, /* flush */
    NULL, /* mark_dirty_rectangle */

    /* Here are the drawing functions */
    _cairo_pdf_surface_paint,
    _cairo_pdf_surface_mask,
    _cairo_pdf_surface_stroke,
    _cairo_pdf_surface_fill,
    _cairo_pdf_surface_fill_stroke,
    NULL, /* show_glyphs */
    _cairo_pdf_surface_has_show_text_glyphs,
    _cairo_pdf_surface_show_text_glyphs,
    _cairo_pdf_surface_get_supported_mime_types,
};

static const cairo_paginated_surface_backend_t
cairo_pdf_surface_paginated_backend = {
    _cairo_pdf_surface_start_page,
    _cairo_pdf_surface_set_paginated_mode,
    NULL, /* set_bounding_box */
    _cairo_pdf_surface_has_fallback_images,
    _cairo_pdf_surface_supports_fine_grained_fallbacks,
};