1 ============================================================
2 Extending LLVM: Adding instructions, intrinsics, types, etc.
3 ============================================================
5 Introduction and Warning
6 ========================
9 During the course of using LLVM, you may wish to customize it for your research
10 project or for experimentation. At this point, you may realize that you need to
11 add something to LLVM, whether it be a new fundamental type, a new intrinsic
12 function, or a whole new instruction.
14 When you come to this realization, stop and think. Do you really need to extend
15 LLVM? Is it a new fundamental capability that LLVM does not support at its
16 current incarnation or can it be synthesized from already pre-existing LLVM
17 elements? If you are not sure, ask on the `LLVM-dev
18 <http://lists.llvm.org/mailman/listinfo/llvm-dev>`_ list. The reason is that
19 extending LLVM will get involved as you need to update all the different passes
20 that you intend to use with your extension, and there are ``many`` LLVM analyses
21 and transformations, so it may be quite a bit of work.
23 Adding an `intrinsic function`_ is far easier than adding an
24 instruction, and is transparent to optimization passes. If your added
25 functionality can be expressed as a function call, an intrinsic function is the
26 method of choice for LLVM extension.
28 Before you invest a significant amount of effort into a non-trivial extension,
29 **ask on the list** if what you are looking to do can be done with
30 already-existing infrastructure, or if maybe someone else is already working on
31 it. You will save yourself a lot of time and effort by doing so.
33 .. _intrinsic function:
35 Adding a new intrinsic function
36 ===============================
38 Adding a new intrinsic function to LLVM is much easier than adding a new
39 instruction. Almost all extensions to LLVM should start as an intrinsic
40 function and then be turned into an instruction if warranted.
42 #. ``llvm/docs/LangRef.html``:
44 Document the intrinsic. Decide whether it is code generator specific and
45 what the restrictions are. Talk to other people about it so that you are
46 sure it's a good idea.
48 #. ``llvm/include/llvm/IR/Intrinsics*.td``:
50 Add an entry for your intrinsic. Describe its memory access
51 characteristics for optimization (this controls whether it will be
52 DCE'd, CSE'd, etc). If any arguments need to be immediates, these
53 must be indicated with the ImmArg property. Note that any intrinsic
54 using one of the ``llvm_any*_ty`` types for an argument or return
55 type will be deemed by ``tblgen`` as overloaded and the
56 corresponding suffix will be required on the intrinsic's name.
58 #. ``llvm/lib/Analysis/ConstantFolding.cpp``:
60 If it is possible to constant fold your intrinsic, add support to it in the
61 ``canConstantFoldCallTo`` and ``ConstantFoldCall`` functions.
65 Add test cases for your test cases to the test suite
67 Once the intrinsic has been added to the system, you must add code generator
68 support for it. Generally you must do the following steps:
70 Add support to the .td file for the target(s) of your choice in
71 ``lib/Target/*/*.td``.
73 This is usually a matter of adding a pattern to the .td file that matches the
74 intrinsic, though it may obviously require adding the instructions you want to
75 generate as well. There are lots of examples in the PowerPC and X86 backend
78 Adding a new SelectionDAG node
79 ==============================
81 As with intrinsics, adding a new SelectionDAG node to LLVM is much easier than
82 adding a new instruction. New nodes are often added to help represent
83 instructions common to many targets. These nodes often map to an LLVM
84 instruction (add, sub) or intrinsic (byteswap, population count). In other
85 cases, new nodes have been added to allow many targets to perform a common task
86 (converting between floating point and integer representation) or capture more
87 complicated behavior in a single node (rotate).
89 #. ``include/llvm/CodeGen/ISDOpcodes.h``:
91 Add an enum value for the new SelectionDAG node.
93 #. ``lib/CodeGen/SelectionDAG/SelectionDAG.cpp``:
95 Add code to print the node to ``getOperationName``. If your new node can be
96 evaluated at compile time when given constant arguments (such as an add of a
97 constant with another constant), find the ``getNode`` method that takes the
98 appropriate number of arguments, and add a case for your node to the switch
99 statement that performs constant folding for nodes that take the same number
100 of arguments as your new node.
102 #. ``lib/CodeGen/SelectionDAG/LegalizeDAG.cpp``:
104 Add code to `legalize, promote, and expand
105 <CodeGenerator.html#selectiondag_legalize>`_ the node as necessary. At a
106 minimum, you will need to add a case statement for your node in
107 ``LegalizeOp`` which calls LegalizeOp on the node's operands, and returns a
108 new node if any of the operands changed as a result of being legalized. It
109 is likely that not all targets supported by the SelectionDAG framework will
110 natively support the new node. In this case, you must also add code in your
111 node's case statement in ``LegalizeOp`` to Expand your node into simpler,
112 legal operations. The case for ``ISD::UREM`` for expanding a remainder into
113 a divide, multiply, and a subtract is a good example.
115 #. ``lib/CodeGen/SelectionDAG/LegalizeDAG.cpp``:
117 If targets may support the new node being added only at certain sizes, you
118 will also need to add code to your node's case statement in ``LegalizeOp``
119 to Promote your node's operands to a larger size, and perform the correct
120 operation. You will also need to add code to ``PromoteOp`` to do this as
121 well. For a good example, see ``ISD::BSWAP``, which promotes its operand to
122 a wider size, performs the byteswap, and then shifts the correct bytes right
123 to emulate the narrower byteswap in the wider type.
125 #. ``lib/CodeGen/SelectionDAG/LegalizeDAG.cpp``:
127 Add a case for your node in ``ExpandOp`` to teach the legalizer how to
128 perform the action represented by the new node on a value that has been split
129 into high and low halves. This case will be used to support your node with a
130 64 bit operand on a 32 bit target.
132 #. ``lib/CodeGen/SelectionDAG/DAGCombiner.cpp``:
134 If your node can be combined with itself, or other existing nodes in a
135 peephole-like fashion, add a visit function for it, and call that function
136 from. There are several good examples for simple combines you can do;
137 ``visitFABS`` and ``visitSRL`` are good starting places.
139 #. ``lib/Target/PowerPC/PPCISelLowering.cpp``:
141 Each target has an implementation of the ``TargetLowering`` class, usually in
142 its own file (although some targets include it in the same file as the
143 DAGToDAGISel). The default behavior for a target is to assume that your new
144 node is legal for all types that are legal for that target. If this target
145 does not natively support your node, then tell the target to either Promote
146 it (if it is supported at a larger type) or Expand it. This will cause the
147 code you wrote in ``LegalizeOp`` above to decompose your new node into other
148 legal nodes for this target.
150 #. ``lib/Target/TargetSelectionDAG.td``:
152 Most current targets supported by LLVM generate code using the DAGToDAG
153 method, where SelectionDAG nodes are pattern matched to target-specific
154 nodes, which represent individual instructions. In order for the targets to
155 match an instruction to your new node, you must add a def for that node to
156 the list in this file, with the appropriate type constraints. Look at
157 ``add``, ``bswap``, and ``fadd`` for examples.
159 #. ``lib/Target/PowerPC/PPCInstrInfo.td``:
161 Each target has a tablegen file that describes the target's instruction set.
162 For targets that use the DAGToDAG instruction selection framework, add a
163 pattern for your new node that uses one or more target nodes. Documentation
164 for this is a bit sparse right now, but there are several decent examples.
165 See the patterns for ``rotl`` in ``PPCInstrInfo.td``.
167 #. TODO: document complex patterns.
169 #. ``llvm/test/CodeGen/*``:
171 Add test cases for your new node to the test suite.
172 ``llvm/test/CodeGen/X86/bswap.ll`` is a good example.
174 Adding a new instruction
175 ========================
179 Adding instructions changes the bitcode format, and it will take some effort
180 to maintain compatibility with the previous version. Only add an instruction
181 if it is absolutely necessary.
183 #. ``llvm/include/llvm/IR/Instruction.def``:
185 add a number for your instruction and an enum name
187 #. ``llvm/include/llvm/IR/Instructions.h``:
189 add a definition for the class that will represent your instruction
191 #. ``llvm/include/llvm/IR/InstVisitor.h``:
193 add a prototype for a visitor to your new instruction type
195 #. ``llvm/lib/AsmParser/LLLexer.cpp``:
197 add a new token to parse your instruction from assembly text file
199 #. ``llvm/lib/AsmParser/LLParser.cpp``:
201 add the grammar on how your instruction can be read and what it will
202 construct as a result
204 #. ``llvm/lib/Bitcode/Reader/BitcodeReader.cpp``:
206 add a case for your instruction and how it will be parsed from bitcode
208 #. ``llvm/lib/Bitcode/Writer/BitcodeWriter.cpp``:
210 add a case for your instruction and how it will be parsed from bitcode
212 #. ``llvm/lib/IR/Instruction.cpp``:
214 add a case for how your instruction will be printed out to assembly
216 #. ``llvm/lib/IR/Instructions.cpp``:
218 implement the class you defined in ``llvm/include/llvm/Instructions.h``
220 #. Test your instruction
222 #. ``llvm/lib/Target/*``:
224 add support for your instruction to code generators, or add a lowering pass.
228 add your test cases to the test suite.
230 Also, you need to implement (or modify) any analyses or passes that you want to
231 understand this new instruction.
238 Adding new types changes the bitcode format, and will break compatibility with
239 currently-existing LLVM installations. Only add new types if it is absolutely
242 Adding a fundamental type
243 -------------------------
245 #. ``llvm/include/llvm/IR/Type.h``:
247 add enum for the new type; add static ``Type*`` for this type
249 #. ``llvm/lib/IR/Type.cpp`` and ``llvm/lib/IR/ValueTypes.cpp``:
251 add mapping from ``TypeID`` => ``Type*``; initialize the static ``Type*``
253 #. ``llvm/llvm/llvm-c/Core.cpp``:
255 add enum ``LLVMTypeKind`` and modify
256 ``LLVMTypeKind LLVMGetTypeKind(LLVMTypeRef Ty)`` for the new type
258 #. ``llvm/lib/AsmParser/LLLexer.cpp``:
260 add ability to parse in the type from text assembly
262 #. ``llvm/lib/AsmParser/LLParser.cpp``:
264 add a token for that type
266 #. ``llvm/lib/Bitcode/Writer/BitcodeWriter.cpp``:
268 modify ``static void WriteTypeTable(const ValueEnumerator &VE,
269 BitstreamWriter &Stream)`` to serialize your type
271 #. ``llvm/lib/Bitcode/Reader/BitcodeReader.cpp``:
273 modify ``bool BitcodeReader::ParseTypeType()`` to read your data type
275 #. ``include/llvm/Bitcode/LLVMBitCodes.h``:
277 add enum ``TypeCodes`` for the new type
279 Adding a derived type
280 ---------------------
282 #. ``llvm/include/llvm/IR/Type.h``:
284 add enum for the new type; add a forward declaration of the type also
286 #. ``llvm/include/llvm/IR/DerivedTypes.h``:
288 add new class to represent new class in the hierarchy; add forward
289 declaration to the TypeMap value type
291 #. ``llvm/lib/IR/Type.cpp`` and ``llvm/lib/IR/ValueTypes.cpp``:
293 add support for derived type, notably `enum TypeID` and `is`, `get` methods.
295 #. ``llvm/llvm/llvm-c/Core.cpp``:
297 add enum ``LLVMTypeKind`` and modify
298 `LLVMTypeKind LLVMGetTypeKind(LLVMTypeRef Ty)` for the new type
300 #. ``llvm/lib/AsmParser/LLLexer.cpp``:
302 modify ``lltok::Kind LLLexer::LexIdentifier()`` to add ability to
303 parse in the type from text assembly
305 #. ``llvm/lib/Bitcode/Writer/BitcodeWriter.cpp``:
307 modify ``static void WriteTypeTable(const ValueEnumerator &VE,
308 BitstreamWriter &Stream)`` to serialize your type
310 #. ``llvm/lib/Bitcode/Reader/BitcodeReader.cpp``:
312 modify ``bool BitcodeReader::ParseTypeType()`` to read your data type
314 #. ``include/llvm/Bitcode/LLVMBitCodes.h``:
316 add enum ``TypeCodes`` for the new type
318 #. ``llvm/lib/IR/AsmWriter.cpp``:
320 modify ``void TypePrinting::print(Type *Ty, raw_ostream &OS)``
321 to output the new derived type