Merge tag 'for_linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mst/vhost

[linux-stable.git] / fs / ext2 / inode.c

// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
 *  linux/fs/ext2/inode.c
 *
 * Copyright (C) 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995
 * Remy Card (card@masi.ibp.fr)
 * Laboratoire MASI - Institut Blaise Pascal
 * Universite Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI)
 *
 *  from
 *
 *  linux/fs/minix/inode.c
 *
 *  Copyright (C) 1991, 1992  Linus Torvalds
 *
 *  Goal-directed block allocation by Stephen Tweedie
 *      (sct@dcs.ed.ac.uk), 1993, 1998
 *  Big-endian to little-endian byte-swapping/bitmaps by
 *        David S. Miller (davem@caip.rutgers.edu), 1995
 *  64-bit file support on 64-bit platforms by Jakub Jelinek
 *      (jj@sunsite.ms.mff.cuni.cz)
 *
 *  Assorted race fixes, rewrite of ext2_get_block() by Al Viro, 2000
 */

#include <linux/time.h>
#include <linux/highuid.h>
#include <linux/pagemap.h>
#include <linux/dax.h>
#include <linux/blkdev.h>
#include <linux/quotaops.h>
#include <linux/writeback.h>
#include <linux/buffer_head.h>
#include <linux/mpage.h>
#include <linux/fiemap.h>
#include <linux/iomap.h>
#include <linux/namei.h>
#include <linux/uio.h>
#include "ext2.h"
#include "acl.h"
#include "xattr.h"

static int __ext2_write_inode(struct inode *inode, int do_sync);

/*
 * Test whether an inode is a fast symlink.
 */
static inline int ext2_inode_is_fast_symlink(struct inode *inode)
{
        int ea_blocks = EXT2_I(inode)->i_file_acl ?
                (inode->i_sb->s_blocksize >> 9) : 0;

        return (S_ISLNK(inode->i_mode) &&
                inode->i_blocks - ea_blocks == 0);
}

static void ext2_truncate_blocks(struct inode *inode, loff_t offset);

void ext2_write_failed(struct address_space *mapping, loff_t to)
{
        struct inode *inode = mapping->host;

        if (to > inode->i_size) {
                truncate_pagecache(inode, inode->i_size);
                ext2_truncate_blocks(inode, inode->i_size);
        }
}

/*
 * Called at the last iput() if i_nlink is zero.
 */
void ext2_evict_inode(struct inode * inode)
{
        struct ext2_block_alloc_info *rsv;
        int want_delete = 0;

        if (!inode->i_nlink && !is_bad_inode(inode)) {
                want_delete = 1;
                dquot_initialize(inode);
        } else {
                dquot_drop(inode);
        }

        truncate_inode_pages_final(&inode->i_data);

        if (want_delete) {
                sb_start_intwrite(inode->i_sb);
                /* set dtime */
                EXT2_I(inode)->i_dtime  = ktime_get_real_seconds();
                mark_inode_dirty(inode);
                __ext2_write_inode(inode, inode_needs_sync(inode));
                /* truncate to 0 */
                inode->i_size = 0;
                if (inode->i_blocks)
                        ext2_truncate_blocks(inode, 0);
                ext2_xattr_delete_inode(inode);
        }

        invalidate_inode_buffers(inode);
        clear_inode(inode);

        ext2_discard_reservation(inode);
        rsv = EXT2_I(inode)->i_block_alloc_info;
        EXT2_I(inode)->i_block_alloc_info = NULL;
        if (unlikely(rsv))
                kfree(rsv);

        if (want_delete) {
                ext2_free_inode(inode);
                sb_end_intwrite(inode->i_sb);
        }
}

typedef struct {
        __le32  *p;
        __le32  key;
        struct buffer_head *bh;
} Indirect;

static inline void add_chain(Indirect *p, struct buffer_head *bh, __le32 *v)
{
        p->key = *(p->p = v);
        p->bh = bh;
}

static inline int verify_chain(Indirect *from, Indirect *to)
{
        while (from <= to && from->key == *from->p)
                from++;
        return (from > to);
}

/**
 *      ext2_block_to_path - parse the block number into array of offsets
 *      @inode: inode in question (we are only interested in its superblock)
 *      @i_block: block number to be parsed
 *      @offsets: array to store the offsets in
 *      @boundary: set this non-zero if the referred-to block is likely to be
 *             followed (on disk) by an indirect block.
 *      To store the locations of file's data ext2 uses a data structure common
 *      for UNIX filesystems - tree of pointers anchored in the inode, with
 *      data blocks at leaves and indirect blocks in intermediate nodes.
 *      This function translates the block number into path in that tree -
 *      return value is the path length and @offsets[n] is the offset of
 *      pointer to (n+1)th node in the nth one. If @block is out of range
 *      (negative or too large) warning is printed and zero returned.
 *
 *      Note: function doesn't find node addresses, so no IO is needed. All
 *      we need to know is the capacity of indirect blocks (taken from the
 *      inode->i_sb).
 */

/*
 * Portability note: the last comparison (check that we fit into triple
 * indirect block) is spelled differently, because otherwise on an
 * architecture with 32-bit longs and 8Kb pages we might get into trouble
 * if our filesystem had 8Kb blocks. We might use long long, but that would
 * kill us on x86. Oh, well, at least the sign propagation does not matter -
 * i_block would have to be negative in the very beginning, so we would not
 * get there at all.
 */

static int ext2_block_to_path(struct inode *inode,
                        long i_block, int offsets[4], int *boundary)
{
        int ptrs = EXT2_ADDR_PER_BLOCK(inode->i_sb);
        int ptrs_bits = EXT2_ADDR_PER_BLOCK_BITS(inode->i_sb);
        const long direct_blocks = EXT2_NDIR_BLOCKS,
                indirect_blocks = ptrs,
                double_blocks = (1 << (ptrs_bits * 2));
        int n = 0;
        int final = 0;

        if (i_block < 0) {
                ext2_msg(inode->i_sb, KERN_WARNING,
                        "warning: %s: block < 0", __func__);
        } else if (i_block < direct_blocks) {
                offsets[n++] = i_block;
                final = direct_blocks;
        } else if ( (i_block -= direct_blocks) < indirect_blocks) {
                offsets[n++] = EXT2_IND_BLOCK;
                offsets[n++] = i_block;
                final = ptrs;
        } else if ((i_block -= indirect_blocks) < double_blocks) {
                offsets[n++] = EXT2_DIND_BLOCK;
                offsets[n++] = i_block >> ptrs_bits;
                offsets[n++] = i_block & (ptrs - 1);
                final = ptrs;
        } else if (((i_block -= double_blocks) >> (ptrs_bits * 2)) < ptrs) {
                offsets[n++] = EXT2_TIND_BLOCK;
                offsets[n++] = i_block >> (ptrs_bits * 2);
                offsets[n++] = (i_block >> ptrs_bits) & (ptrs - 1);
                offsets[n++] = i_block & (ptrs - 1);
                final = ptrs;
        } else {
                ext2_msg(inode->i_sb, KERN_WARNING,
                        "warning: %s: block is too big", __func__);
        }
        if (boundary)
                *boundary = final - 1 - (i_block & (ptrs - 1));

        return n;
}

/**
 *      ext2_get_branch - read the chain of indirect blocks leading to data
 *      @inode: inode in question
 *      @depth: depth of the chain (1 - direct pointer, etc.)
 *      @offsets: offsets of pointers in inode/indirect blocks
 *      @chain: place to store the result
 *      @err: here we store the error value
 *
 *      Function fills the array of triples <key, p, bh> and returns %NULL
 *      if everything went OK or the pointer to the last filled triple
 *      (incomplete one) otherwise. Upon the return chain[i].key contains
 *      the number of (i+1)-th block in the chain (as it is stored in memory,
 *      i.e. little-endian 32-bit), chain[i].p contains the address of that
 *      number (it points into struct inode for i==0 and into the bh->b_data
 *      for i>0) and chain[i].bh points to the buffer_head of i-th indirect
 *      block for i>0 and NULL for i==0. In other words, it holds the block
 *      numbers of the chain, addresses they were taken from (and where we can
 *      verify that chain did not change) and buffer_heads hosting these
 *      numbers.
 *
 *      Function stops when it stumbles upon zero pointer (absent block)
 *              (pointer to last triple returned, *@err == 0)
 *      or when it gets an IO error reading an indirect block
 *              (ditto, *@err == -EIO)
 *      or when it notices that chain had been changed while it was reading
 *              (ditto, *@err == -EAGAIN)
 *      or when it reads all @depth-1 indirect blocks successfully and finds
 *      the whole chain, all way to the data (returns %NULL, *err == 0).
 */
static Indirect *ext2_get_branch(struct inode *inode,
                                 int depth,
                                 int *offsets,
                                 Indirect chain[4],
                                 int *err)
{
        struct super_block *sb = inode->i_sb;
        Indirect *p = chain;
        struct buffer_head *bh;

        *err = 0;
        /* i_data is not going away, no lock needed */
        add_chain (chain, NULL, EXT2_I(inode)->i_data + *offsets);
        if (!p->key)
                goto no_block;
        while (--depth) {
                bh = sb_bread(sb, le32_to_cpu(p->key));
                if (!bh)
                        goto failure;
                read_lock(&EXT2_I(inode)->i_meta_lock);
                if (!verify_chain(chain, p))
                        goto changed;
                add_chain(++p, bh, (__le32*)bh->b_data + *++offsets);
                read_unlock(&EXT2_I(inode)->i_meta_lock);
                if (!p->key)
                        goto no_block;
        }
        return NULL;

changed:
        read_unlock(&EXT2_I(inode)->i_meta_lock);
        brelse(bh);
        *err = -EAGAIN;
        goto no_block;
failure:
        *err = -EIO;
no_block:
        return p;
}

/**
 *      ext2_find_near - find a place for allocation with sufficient locality
 *      @inode: owner
 *      @ind: descriptor of indirect block.
 *
 *      This function returns the preferred place for block allocation.
 *      It is used when heuristic for sequential allocation fails.
 *      Rules are:
 *        + if there is a block to the left of our position - allocate near it.
 *        + if pointer will live in indirect block - allocate near that block.
 *        + if pointer will live in inode - allocate in the same cylinder group.
 *
 * In the latter case we colour the starting block by the callers PID to
 * prevent it from clashing with concurrent allocations for a different inode
 * in the same block group.   The PID is used here so that functionally related
 * files will be close-by on-disk.
 *
 *      Caller must make sure that @ind is valid and will stay that way.
 */

static ext2_fsblk_t ext2_find_near(struct inode *inode, Indirect *ind)
{
        struct ext2_inode_info *ei = EXT2_I(inode);
        __le32 *start = ind->bh ? (__le32 *) ind->bh->b_data : ei->i_data;
        __le32 *p;
        ext2_fsblk_t bg_start;
        ext2_fsblk_t colour;

        /* Try to find previous block */
        for (p = ind->p - 1; p >= start; p--)
                if (*p)
                        return le32_to_cpu(*p);

        /* No such thing, so let's try location of indirect block */
        if (ind->bh)
                return ind->bh->b_blocknr;

        /*
         * It is going to be referred from inode itself? OK, just put it into
         * the same cylinder group then.
         */
        bg_start = ext2_group_first_block_no(inode->i_sb, ei->i_block_group);
        colour = (current->pid % 16) *
                        (EXT2_BLOCKS_PER_GROUP(inode->i_sb) / 16);
        return bg_start + colour;
}

/**
 *      ext2_find_goal - find a preferred place for allocation.
 *      @inode: owner
 *      @block:  block we want
 *      @partial: pointer to the last triple within a chain
 *
 *      Returns preferred place for a block (the goal).
 */

static inline ext2_fsblk_t ext2_find_goal(struct inode *inode, long block,
                                          Indirect *partial)
{
        struct ext2_block_alloc_info *block_i;

        block_i = EXT2_I(inode)->i_block_alloc_info;

        /*
         * try the heuristic for sequential allocation,
         * failing that at least try to get decent locality.
         */
        if (block_i && (block == block_i->last_alloc_logical_block + 1)
                && (block_i->last_alloc_physical_block != 0)) {
                return block_i->last_alloc_physical_block + 1;
        }

        return ext2_find_near(inode, partial);
}

/**
 *      ext2_blks_to_allocate: Look up the block map and count the number
 *      of direct blocks need to be allocated for the given branch.
 *
 *      @branch: chain of indirect blocks
 *      @k: number of blocks need for indirect blocks
 *      @blks: number of data blocks to be mapped.
 *      @blocks_to_boundary:  the offset in the indirect block
 *
 *      return the number of direct blocks to allocate.
 */
static int
ext2_blks_to_allocate(Indirect * branch, int k, unsigned long blks,
                int blocks_to_boundary)
{
        unsigned long count = 0;

        /*
         * Simple case, [t,d]Indirect block(s) has not allocated yet
         * then it's clear blocks on that path have not allocated
         */
        if (k > 0) {
                /* right now don't hanel cross boundary allocation */
                if (blks < blocks_to_boundary + 1)
                        count += blks;
                else
                        count += blocks_to_boundary + 1;
                return count;
        }

        count++;
        while (count < blks && count <= blocks_to_boundary
                && le32_to_cpu(*(branch[0].p + count)) == 0) {
                count++;
        }
        return count;
}

/**
 * ext2_alloc_blocks: Allocate multiple blocks needed for a branch.
 * @inode: Owner.
 * @goal: Preferred place for allocation.
 * @indirect_blks: The number of blocks needed to allocate for indirect blocks.
 * @blks: The number of blocks need to allocate for direct blocks.
 * @new_blocks: On return it will store the new block numbers for
 *      the indirect blocks(if needed) and the first direct block.
 * @err: Error pointer.
 *
 * Return: Number of blocks allocated.
 */
static int ext2_alloc_blocks(struct inode *inode,
                        ext2_fsblk_t goal, int indirect_blks, int blks,
                        ext2_fsblk_t new_blocks[4], int *err)
{
        int target, i;
        unsigned long count = 0;
        int index = 0;
        ext2_fsblk_t current_block = 0;
        int ret = 0;

        /*
         * Here we try to allocate the requested multiple blocks at once,
         * on a best-effort basis.
         * To build a branch, we should allocate blocks for
         * the indirect blocks(if not allocated yet), and at least
         * the first direct block of this branch.  That's the
         * minimum number of blocks need to allocate(required)
         */
        target = blks + indirect_blks;

        while (1) {
                count = target;
                /* allocating blocks for indirect blocks and direct blocks */
                current_block = ext2_new_blocks(inode, goal, &count, err, 0);
                if (*err)
                        goto failed_out;

                target -= count;
                /* allocate blocks for indirect blocks */
                while (index < indirect_blks && count) {
                        new_blocks[index++] = current_block++;
                        count--;
                }

                if (count > 0)
                        break;
        }

        /* save the new block number for the first direct block */
        new_blocks[index] = current_block;

        /* total number of blocks allocated for direct blocks */
        ret = count;
        *err = 0;
        return ret;
failed_out:
        for (i = 0; i <index; i++)
                ext2_free_blocks(inode, new_blocks[i], 1);
        if (index)
                mark_inode_dirty(inode);
        return ret;
}

/**
 *      ext2_alloc_branch - allocate and set up a chain of blocks.
 *      @inode: owner
 *      @indirect_blks: depth of the chain (number of blocks to allocate)
 *      @blks: number of allocated direct blocks
 *      @goal: preferred place for allocation
 *      @offsets: offsets (in the blocks) to store the pointers to next.
 *      @branch: place to store the chain in.
 *
 *      This function allocates @num blocks, zeroes out all but the last one,
 *      links them into chain and (if we are synchronous) writes them to disk.
 *      In other words, it prepares a branch that can be spliced onto the
 *      inode. It stores the information about that chain in the branch[], in
 *      the same format as ext2_get_branch() would do. We are calling it after
 *      we had read the existing part of chain and partial points to the last
 *      triple of that (one with zero ->key). Upon the exit we have the same
 *      picture as after the successful ext2_get_block(), except that in one
 *      place chain is disconnected - *branch->p is still zero (we did not
 *      set the last link), but branch->key contains the number that should
 *      be placed into *branch->p to fill that gap.
 *
 *      If allocation fails we free all blocks we've allocated (and forget
 *      their buffer_heads) and return the error value the from failed
 *      ext2_alloc_block() (normally -ENOSPC). Otherwise we set the chain
 *      as described above and return 0.
 */

static int ext2_alloc_branch(struct inode *inode,
                        int indirect_blks, int *blks, ext2_fsblk_t goal,
                        int *offsets, Indirect *branch)
{
        int blocksize = inode->i_sb->s_blocksize;
        int i, n = 0;
        int err = 0;
        struct buffer_head *bh;
        int num;
        ext2_fsblk_t new_blocks[4];
        ext2_fsblk_t current_block;

        num = ext2_alloc_blocks(inode, goal, indirect_blks,
                                *blks, new_blocks, &err);
        if (err)
                return err;

        branch[0].key = cpu_to_le32(new_blocks[0]);
        /*
         * metadata blocks and data blocks are allocated.
         */
        for (n = 1; n <= indirect_blks;  n++) {
                /*
                 * Get buffer_head for parent block, zero it out
                 * and set the pointer to new one, then send
                 * parent to disk.
                 */
                bh = sb_getblk(inode->i_sb, new_blocks[n-1]);
                if (unlikely(!bh)) {
                        err = -ENOMEM;
                        goto failed;
                }
                branch[n].bh = bh;
                lock_buffer(bh);
                memset(bh->b_data, 0, blocksize);
                branch[n].p = (__le32 *) bh->b_data + offsets[n];
                branch[n].key = cpu_to_le32(new_blocks[n]);
                *branch[n].p = branch[n].key;
                if ( n == indirect_blks) {
                        current_block = new_blocks[n];
                        /*
                         * End of chain, update the last new metablock of
                         * the chain to point to the new allocated
                         * data blocks numbers
                         */
                        for (i=1; i < num; i++)
                                *(branch[n].p + i) = cpu_to_le32(++current_block);
                }
                set_buffer_uptodate(bh);
                unlock_buffer(bh);
                mark_buffer_dirty_inode(bh, inode);
                /* We used to sync bh here if IS_SYNC(inode).
                 * But we now rely upon generic_write_sync()
                 * and b_inode_buffers.  But not for directories.
                 */
                if (S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode) && IS_DIRSYNC(inode))
                        sync_dirty_buffer(bh);
        }
        *blks = num;
        return err;

failed:
        for (i = 1; i < n; i++)
                bforget(branch[i].bh);
        for (i = 0; i < indirect_blks; i++)
                ext2_free_blocks(inode, new_blocks[i], 1);
        ext2_free_blocks(inode, new_blocks[i], num);
        return err;
}

/**
 * ext2_splice_branch - splice the allocated branch onto inode.
 * @inode: owner
 * @block: (logical) number of block we are adding
 * @where: location of missing link
 * @num:   number of indirect blocks we are adding
 * @blks:  number of direct blocks we are adding
 *
 * This function fills the missing link and does all housekeeping needed in
 * inode (->i_blocks, etc.). In case of success we end up with the full
 * chain to new block and return 0.
 */
static void ext2_splice_branch(struct inode *inode,
                        long block, Indirect *where, int num, int blks)
{
        int i;
        struct ext2_block_alloc_info *block_i;
        ext2_fsblk_t current_block;

        block_i = EXT2_I(inode)->i_block_alloc_info;

        /* XXX LOCKING probably should have i_meta_lock ?*/
        /* That's it */

        *where->p = where->key;

        /*
         * Update the host buffer_head or inode to point to more just allocated
         * direct blocks blocks
         */
        if (num == 0 && blks > 1) {
                current_block = le32_to_cpu(where->key) + 1;
                for (i = 1; i < blks; i++)
                        *(where->p + i ) = cpu_to_le32(current_block++);
        }

        /*
         * update the most recently allocated logical & physical block
         * in i_block_alloc_info, to assist find the proper goal block for next
         * allocation
         */
        if (block_i) {
                block_i->last_alloc_logical_block = block + blks - 1;
                block_i->last_alloc_physical_block =
                                le32_to_cpu(where[num].key) + blks - 1;
        }

        /* We are done with atomic stuff, now do the rest of housekeeping */

        /* had we spliced it onto indirect block? */
        if (where->bh)
                mark_buffer_dirty_inode(where->bh, inode);

        inode_set_ctime_current(inode);
        mark_inode_dirty(inode);
}

/*
 * Allocation strategy is simple: if we have to allocate something, we will
 * have to go the whole way to leaf. So let's do it before attaching anything
 * to tree, set linkage between the newborn blocks, write them if sync is
 * required, recheck the path, free and repeat if check fails, otherwise
 * set the last missing link (that will protect us from any truncate-generated
 * removals - all blocks on the path are immune now) and possibly force the
 * write on the parent block.
 * That has a nice additional property: no special recovery from the failed
 * allocations is needed - we simply release blocks and do not touch anything
 * reachable from inode.
 *
 * `handle' can be NULL if create == 0.
 *
 * return > 0, # of blocks mapped or allocated.
 * return = 0, if plain lookup failed.
 * return < 0, error case.
 */
static int ext2_get_blocks(struct inode *inode,
                           sector_t iblock, unsigned long maxblocks,
                           u32 *bno, bool *new, bool *boundary,
                           int create)
{
        int err;
        int offsets[4];
        Indirect chain[4];
        Indirect *partial;
        ext2_fsblk_t goal;
        int indirect_blks;
        int blocks_to_boundary = 0;
        int depth;
        struct ext2_inode_info *ei = EXT2_I(inode);
        int count = 0;
        ext2_fsblk_t first_block = 0;

        BUG_ON(maxblocks == 0);

        depth = ext2_block_to_path(inode,iblock,offsets,&blocks_to_boundary);

        if (depth == 0)
                return -EIO;

        partial = ext2_get_branch(inode, depth, offsets, chain, &err);
        /* Simplest case - block found, no allocation needed */
        if (!partial) {
                first_block = le32_to_cpu(chain[depth - 1].key);
                count++;
                /*map more blocks*/
                while (count < maxblocks && count <= blocks_to_boundary) {
                        ext2_fsblk_t blk;

                        if (!verify_chain(chain, chain + depth - 1)) {
                                /*
                                 * Indirect block might be removed by
                                 * truncate while we were reading it.
                                 * Handling of that case: forget what we've
                                 * got now, go to reread.
                                 */
                                err = -EAGAIN;
                                count = 0;
                                partial = chain + depth - 1;
                                break;
                        }
                        blk = le32_to_cpu(*(chain[depth-1].p + count));
                        if (blk == first_block + count)
                                count++;
                        else
                                break;
                }
                if (err != -EAGAIN)
                        goto got_it;
        }

        /* Next simple case - plain lookup or failed read of indirect block */
        if (!create || err == -EIO)
                goto cleanup;

        mutex_lock(&ei->truncate_mutex);
        /*
         * If the indirect block is missing while we are reading
         * the chain(ext2_get_branch() returns -EAGAIN err), or
         * if the chain has been changed after we grab the semaphore,
         * (either because another process truncated this branch, or
         * another get_block allocated this branch) re-grab the chain to see if
         * the request block has been allocated or not.
         *
         * Since we already block the truncate/other get_block
         * at this point, we will have the current copy of the chain when we
         * splice the branch into the tree.
         */
        if (err == -EAGAIN || !verify_chain(chain, partial)) {
                while (partial > chain) {
                        brelse(partial->bh);
                        partial--;
                }
                partial = ext2_get_branch(inode, depth, offsets, chain, &err);
                if (!partial) {
                        count++;
                        mutex_unlock(&ei->truncate_mutex);
                        goto got_it;
                }

                if (err) {
                        mutex_unlock(&ei->truncate_mutex);
                        goto cleanup;
                }
        }

        /*
         * Okay, we need to do block allocation.  Lazily initialize the block
         * allocation info here if necessary
        */
        if (S_ISREG(inode->i_mode) && (!ei->i_block_alloc_info))
                ext2_init_block_alloc_info(inode);

        goal = ext2_find_goal(inode, iblock, partial);

        /* the number of blocks need to allocate for [d,t]indirect blocks */
        indirect_blks = (chain + depth) - partial - 1;
        /*
         * Next look up the indirect map to count the total number of
         * direct blocks to allocate for this branch.
         */
        count = ext2_blks_to_allocate(partial, indirect_blks,
                                        maxblocks, blocks_to_boundary);
        /*
         * XXX ???? Block out ext2_truncate while we alter the tree
         */
        err = ext2_alloc_branch(inode, indirect_blks, &count, goal,
                                offsets + (partial - chain), partial);

        if (err) {
                mutex_unlock(&ei->truncate_mutex);
                goto cleanup;
        }

        if (IS_DAX(inode)) {
                /*
                 * We must unmap blocks before zeroing so that writeback cannot
                 * overwrite zeros with stale data from block device page cache.
                 */
                clean_bdev_aliases(inode->i_sb->s_bdev,
                                   le32_to_cpu(chain[depth-1].key),
                                   count);
                /*
                 * block must be initialised before we put it in the tree
                 * so that it's not found by another thread before it's
                 * initialised
                 */
                err = sb_issue_zeroout(inode->i_sb,
                                le32_to_cpu(chain[depth-1].key), count,
                                GFP_KERNEL);
                if (err) {
                        mutex_unlock(&ei->truncate_mutex);
                        goto cleanup;
                }
        }
        *new = true;

        ext2_splice_branch(inode, iblock, partial, indirect_blks, count);
        mutex_unlock(&ei->truncate_mutex);
got_it:
        if (count > blocks_to_boundary)
                *boundary = true;
        err = count;
        /* Clean up and exit */
        partial = chain + depth - 1;    /* the whole chain */
cleanup:
        while (partial > chain) {
                brelse(partial->bh);
                partial--;
        }
        if (err > 0)
                *bno = le32_to_cpu(chain[depth-1].key);
        return err;
}

int ext2_get_block(struct inode *inode, sector_t iblock,
                struct buffer_head *bh_result, int create)
{
        unsigned max_blocks = bh_result->b_size >> inode->i_blkbits;
        bool new = false, boundary = false;
        u32 bno;
        int ret;

        ret = ext2_get_blocks(inode, iblock, max_blocks, &bno, &new, &boundary,
                        create);
        if (ret <= 0)
                return ret;

        map_bh(bh_result, inode->i_sb, bno);
        bh_result->b_size = (ret << inode->i_blkbits);
        if (new)
                set_buffer_new(bh_result);
        if (boundary)
                set_buffer_boundary(bh_result);
        return 0;

}

static int ext2_iomap_begin(struct inode *inode, loff_t offset, loff_t length,
                unsigned flags, struct iomap *iomap, struct iomap *srcmap)
{
        unsigned int blkbits = inode->i_blkbits;
        unsigned long first_block = offset >> blkbits;
        unsigned long max_blocks = (length + (1 << blkbits) - 1) >> blkbits;
        struct ext2_sb_info *sbi = EXT2_SB(inode->i_sb);
        bool new = false, boundary = false;
        u32 bno;
        int ret;
        bool create = flags & IOMAP_WRITE;

        /*
         * For writes that could fill holes inside i_size on a
         * DIO_SKIP_HOLES filesystem we forbid block creations: only
         * overwrites are permitted.
         */
        if ((flags & IOMAP_DIRECT) &&
            (first_block << blkbits) < i_size_read(inode))
                create = 0;

        /*
         * Writes that span EOF might trigger an IO size update on completion,
         * so consider them to be dirty for the purposes of O_DSYNC even if
         * there is no other metadata changes pending or have been made here.
         */
        if ((flags & IOMAP_WRITE) && offset + length > i_size_read(inode))
                iomap->flags |= IOMAP_F_DIRTY;

        ret = ext2_get_blocks(inode, first_block, max_blocks,
                        &bno, &new, &boundary, create);
        if (ret < 0)
                return ret;

        iomap->flags = 0;
        iomap->offset = (u64)first_block << blkbits;
        if (flags & IOMAP_DAX)
                iomap->dax_dev = sbi->s_daxdev;
        else
                iomap->bdev = inode->i_sb->s_bdev;

        if (ret == 0) {
                /*
                 * Switch to buffered-io for writing to holes in a non-extent
                 * based filesystem to avoid stale data exposure problem.
                 */
                if (!create && (flags & IOMAP_WRITE) && (flags & IOMAP_DIRECT))
                        return -ENOTBLK;
                iomap->type = IOMAP_HOLE;
                iomap->addr = IOMAP_NULL_ADDR;
                iomap->length = 1 << blkbits;
        } else {
                iomap->type = IOMAP_MAPPED;
                iomap->addr = (u64)bno << blkbits;
                if (flags & IOMAP_DAX)
                        iomap->addr += sbi->s_dax_part_off;
                iomap->length = (u64)ret << blkbits;
                iomap->flags |= IOMAP_F_MERGED;
        }

        if (new)
                iomap->flags |= IOMAP_F_NEW;
        return 0;
}

static int
ext2_iomap_end(struct inode *inode, loff_t offset, loff_t length,
                ssize_t written, unsigned flags, struct iomap *iomap)
{
        /*
         * Switch to buffered-io in case of any error.
         * Blocks allocated can be used by the buffered-io path.
         */
        if ((flags & IOMAP_DIRECT) && (flags & IOMAP_WRITE) && written == 0)
                return -ENOTBLK;

        if (iomap->type == IOMAP_MAPPED &&
            written < length &&
            (flags & IOMAP_WRITE))
                ext2_write_failed(inode->i_mapping, offset + length);
        return 0;
}

const struct iomap_ops ext2_iomap_ops = {
        .iomap_begin            = ext2_iomap_begin,
        .iomap_end              = ext2_iomap_end,
};

int ext2_fiemap(struct inode *inode, struct fiemap_extent_info *fieinfo,
                u64 start, u64 len)
{
        int ret;

        inode_lock(inode);
        len = min_t(u64, len, i_size_read(inode));
        ret = iomap_fiemap(inode, fieinfo, start, len, &ext2_iomap_ops);
        inode_unlock(inode);

        return ret;
}

static int ext2_read_folio(struct file *file, struct folio *folio)
{
        return mpage_read_folio(folio, ext2_get_block);
}

static void ext2_readahead(struct readahead_control *rac)
{
        mpage_readahead(rac, ext2_get_block);
}

static int
ext2_write_begin(struct file *file, struct address_space *mapping,
                loff_t pos, unsigned len, struct folio **foliop, void **fsdata)
{
        int ret;

        ret = block_write_begin(mapping, pos, len, foliop, ext2_get_block);
        if (ret < 0)
                ext2_write_failed(mapping, pos + len);
        return ret;
}

static int ext2_write_end(struct file *file, struct address_space *mapping,
                        loff_t pos, unsigned len, unsigned copied,
                        struct folio *folio, void *fsdata)
{
        int ret;

        ret = generic_write_end(file, mapping, pos, len, copied, folio, fsdata);
        if (ret < len)
                ext2_write_failed(mapping, pos + len);
        return ret;
}

static sector_t ext2_bmap(struct address_space *mapping, sector_t block)
{
        return generic_block_bmap(mapping,block,ext2_get_block);
}

static int
ext2_writepages(struct address_space *mapping, struct writeback_control *wbc)
{
        return mpage_writepages(mapping, wbc, ext2_get_block);
}

static int
ext2_dax_writepages(struct address_space *mapping, struct writeback_control *wbc)
{
        struct ext2_sb_info *sbi = EXT2_SB(mapping->host->i_sb);

        return dax_writeback_mapping_range(mapping, sbi->s_daxdev, wbc);
}

const struct address_space_operations ext2_aops = {
        .dirty_folio            = block_dirty_folio,
        .invalidate_folio       = block_invalidate_folio,
        .read_folio             = ext2_read_folio,
        .readahead              = ext2_readahead,
        .write_begin            = ext2_write_begin,
        .write_end              = ext2_write_end,
        .bmap                   = ext2_bmap,
        .writepages             = ext2_writepages,
        .migrate_folio          = buffer_migrate_folio,
        .is_partially_uptodate  = block_is_partially_uptodate,
        .error_remove_folio     = generic_error_remove_folio,
};

static const struct address_space_operations ext2_dax_aops = {
        .writepages             = ext2_dax_writepages,
        .dirty_folio            = noop_dirty_folio,
};

/*
 * Probably it should be a library function... search for first non-zero word
 * or memcmp with zero_page, whatever is better for particular architecture.
 * Linus?
 */
static inline int all_zeroes(__le32 *p, __le32 *q)
{
        while (p < q)
                if (*p++)
                        return 0;
        return 1;
}

/**
 *      ext2_find_shared - find the indirect blocks for partial truncation.
 *      @inode:   inode in question
 *      @depth:   depth of the affected branch
 *      @offsets: offsets of pointers in that branch (see ext2_block_to_path)
 *      @chain:   place to store the pointers to partial indirect blocks
 *      @top:     place to the (detached) top of branch
 *
 *      This is a helper function used by ext2_truncate().
 *
 *      When we do truncate() we may have to clean the ends of several indirect
 *      blocks but leave the blocks themselves alive. Block is partially
 *      truncated if some data below the new i_size is referred from it (and
 *      it is on the path to the first completely truncated data block, indeed).
 *      We have to free the top of that path along with everything to the right
 *      of the path. Since no allocation past the truncation point is possible
 *      until ext2_truncate() finishes, we may safely do the latter, but top
 *      of branch may require special attention - pageout below the truncation
 *      point might try to populate it.
 *
 *      We atomically detach the top of branch from the tree, store the block
 *      number of its root in *@top, pointers to buffer_heads of partially
 *      truncated blocks - in @chain[].bh and pointers to their last elements
 *      that should not be removed - in @chain[].p. Return value is the pointer
 *      to last filled element of @chain.
 *
 *      The work left to caller to do the actual freeing of subtrees:
 *              a) free the subtree starting from *@top
 *              b) free the subtrees whose roots are stored in
 *                      (@chain[i].p+1 .. end of @chain[i].bh->b_data)
 *              c) free the subtrees growing from the inode past the @chain[0].p
 *                      (no partially truncated stuff there).
 */

static Indirect *ext2_find_shared(struct inode *inode,
                                int depth,
                                int offsets[4],
                                Indirect chain[4],
                                __le32 *top)
{
        Indirect *partial, *p;
        int k, err;

        *top = 0;
        for (k = depth; k > 1 && !offsets[k-1]; k--)
                ;
        partial = ext2_get_branch(inode, k, offsets, chain, &err);
        if (!partial)
                partial = chain + k-1;
        /*
         * If the branch acquired continuation since we've looked at it -
         * fine, it should all survive and (new) top doesn't belong to us.
         */
        write_lock(&EXT2_I(inode)->i_meta_lock);
        if (!partial->key && *partial->p) {
                write_unlock(&EXT2_I(inode)->i_meta_lock);
                goto no_top;
        }
        for (p=partial; p>chain && all_zeroes((__le32*)p->bh->b_data,p->p); p--)
                ;
        /*
         * OK, we've found the last block that must survive. The rest of our
         * branch should be detached before unlocking. However, if that rest
         * of branch is all ours and does not grow immediately from the inode
         * it's easier to cheat and just decrement partial->p.
         */
        if (p == chain + k - 1 && p > chain) {
                p->p--;
        } else {
                *top = *p->p;
                *p->p = 0;
        }
        write_unlock(&EXT2_I(inode)->i_meta_lock);

        while(partial > p)
        {
                brelse(partial->bh);
                partial--;
        }
no_top:
        return partial;
}

/**
 *      ext2_free_data - free a list of data blocks
 *      @inode: inode we are dealing with
 *      @p:     array of block numbers
 *      @q:     points immediately past the end of array
 *
 *      We are freeing all blocks referred from that array (numbers are
 *      stored as little-endian 32-bit) and updating @inode->i_blocks
 *      appropriately.
 */
static inline void ext2_free_data(struct inode *inode, __le32 *p, __le32 *q)
{
        ext2_fsblk_t block_to_free = 0, count = 0;
        ext2_fsblk_t nr;

        for ( ; p < q ; p++) {
                nr = le32_to_cpu(*p);
                if (nr) {
                        *p = 0;
                        /* accumulate blocks to free if they're contiguous */
                        if (count == 0)
                                goto free_this;
                        else if (block_to_free == nr - count)
                                count++;
                        else {
                                ext2_free_blocks (inode, block_to_free, count);
                                mark_inode_dirty(inode);
                        free_this:
                                block_to_free = nr;
                                count = 1;
                        }
                }
        }
        if (count > 0) {
                ext2_free_blocks (inode, block_to_free, count);
                mark_inode_dirty(inode);
        }
}

/**
 *      ext2_free_branches - free an array of branches
 *      @inode: inode we are dealing with
 *      @p:     array of block numbers
 *      @q:     pointer immediately past the end of array
 *      @depth: depth of the branches to free
 *
 *      We are freeing all blocks referred from these branches (numbers are
 *      stored as little-endian 32-bit) and updating @inode->i_blocks
 *      appropriately.
 */
static void ext2_free_branches(struct inode *inode, __le32 *p, __le32 *q, int depth)
{
        struct buffer_head * bh;
        ext2_fsblk_t nr;

        if (depth--) {
                int addr_per_block = EXT2_ADDR_PER_BLOCK(inode->i_sb);
                for ( ; p < q ; p++) {
                        nr = le32_to_cpu(*p);
                        if (!nr)
                                continue;
                        *p = 0;
                        bh = sb_bread(inode->i_sb, nr);
                        /*
                         * A read failure? Report error and clear slot
                         * (should be rare).
                         */ 
                        if (!bh) {
                                ext2_error(inode->i_sb, "ext2_free_branches",
                                        "Read failure, inode=%ld, block=%ld",
                                        inode->i_ino, nr);
                                continue;
                        }
                        ext2_free_branches(inode,
                                           (__le32*)bh->b_data,
                                           (__le32*)bh->b_data + addr_per_block,
                                           depth);
                        bforget(bh);
                        ext2_free_blocks(inode, nr, 1);
                        mark_inode_dirty(inode);
                }
        } else
                ext2_free_data(inode, p, q);
}

/* mapping->invalidate_lock must be held when calling this function */
static void __ext2_truncate_blocks(struct inode *inode, loff_t offset)
{
        __le32 *i_data = EXT2_I(inode)->i_data;
        struct ext2_inode_info *ei = EXT2_I(inode);
        int addr_per_block = EXT2_ADDR_PER_BLOCK(inode->i_sb);
        int offsets[4];
        Indirect chain[4];
        Indirect *partial;
        __le32 nr = 0;
        int n;
        long iblock;
        unsigned blocksize;
        blocksize = inode->i_sb->s_blocksize;
        iblock = (offset + blocksize-1) >> EXT2_BLOCK_SIZE_BITS(inode->i_sb);

#ifdef CONFIG_FS_DAX
        WARN_ON(!rwsem_is_locked(&inode->i_mapping->invalidate_lock));
#endif

        n = ext2_block_to_path(inode, iblock, offsets, NULL);
        if (n == 0)
                return;

        /*
         * From here we block out all ext2_get_block() callers who want to
         * modify the block allocation tree.
         */
        mutex_lock(&ei->truncate_mutex);

        if (n == 1) {
                ext2_free_data(inode, i_data+offsets[0],
                                        i_data + EXT2_NDIR_BLOCKS);
                goto do_indirects;
        }

        partial = ext2_find_shared(inode, n, offsets, chain, &nr);
        /* Kill the top of shared branch (already detached) */
        if (nr) {
                if (partial == chain)
                        mark_inode_dirty(inode);
                else
                        mark_buffer_dirty_inode(partial->bh, inode);
                ext2_free_branches(inode, &nr, &nr+1, (chain+n-1) - partial);
        }
        /* Clear the ends of indirect blocks on the shared branch */
        while (partial > chain) {
                ext2_free_branches(inode,
                                   partial->p + 1,
                                   (__le32*)partial->bh->b_data+addr_per_block,
                                   (chain+n-1) - partial);
                mark_buffer_dirty_inode(partial->bh, inode);
                brelse (partial->bh);
                partial--;
        }
do_indirects:
        /* Kill the remaining (whole) subtrees */
        switch (offsets[0]) {
                default:
                        nr = i_data[EXT2_IND_BLOCK];
                        if (nr) {
                                i_data[EXT2_IND_BLOCK] = 0;
                                mark_inode_dirty(inode);
                                ext2_free_branches(inode, &nr, &nr+1, 1);
                        }
                        fallthrough;
                case EXT2_IND_BLOCK:
                        nr = i_data[EXT2_DIND_BLOCK];
                        if (nr) {
                                i_data[EXT2_DIND_BLOCK] = 0;
                                mark_inode_dirty(inode);
                                ext2_free_branches(inode, &nr, &nr+1, 2);
                        }
                        fallthrough;
                case EXT2_DIND_BLOCK:
                        nr = i_data[EXT2_TIND_BLOCK];
                        if (nr) {
                                i_data[EXT2_TIND_BLOCK] = 0;
                                mark_inode_dirty(inode);
                                ext2_free_branches(inode, &nr, &nr+1, 3);
                        }
                        break;
                case EXT2_TIND_BLOCK:
                        ;
        }

        ext2_discard_reservation(inode);

        mutex_unlock(&ei->truncate_mutex);
}

static void ext2_truncate_blocks(struct inode *inode, loff_t offset)
{
        if (!(S_ISREG(inode->i_mode) || S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode) ||
            S_ISLNK(inode->i_mode)))
                return;
        if (ext2_inode_is_fast_symlink(inode))
                return;

        filemap_invalidate_lock(inode->i_mapping);
        __ext2_truncate_blocks(inode, offset);
        filemap_invalidate_unlock(inode->i_mapping);
}

static int ext2_setsize(struct inode *inode, loff_t newsize)
{
        int error;

        if (!(S_ISREG(inode->i_mode) || S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode) ||
            S_ISLNK(inode->i_mode)))
                return -EINVAL;
        if (ext2_inode_is_fast_symlink(inode))
                return -EINVAL;
        if (IS_APPEND(inode) || IS_IMMUTABLE(inode))
                return -EPERM;

        inode_dio_wait(inode);

        if (IS_DAX(inode))
                error = dax_truncate_page(inode, newsize, NULL,
                                          &ext2_iomap_ops);
        else
                error = block_truncate_page(inode->i_mapping,
                                newsize, ext2_get_block);
        if (error)
                return error;

        filemap_invalidate_lock(inode->i_mapping);
        truncate_setsize(inode, newsize);
        __ext2_truncate_blocks(inode, newsize);
        filemap_invalidate_unlock(inode->i_mapping);

        inode_set_mtime_to_ts(inode, inode_set_ctime_current(inode));
        if (inode_needs_sync(inode)) {
                sync_mapping_buffers(inode->i_mapping);
                sync_inode_metadata(inode, 1);
        } else {
                mark_inode_dirty(inode);
        }

        return 0;
}

static struct ext2_inode *ext2_get_inode(struct super_block *sb, ino_t ino,
                                        struct buffer_head **p)
{
        struct buffer_head * bh;
        unsigned long block_group;
        unsigned long block;
        unsigned long offset;
        struct ext2_group_desc * gdp;

        *p = NULL;
        if ((ino != EXT2_ROOT_INO && ino < EXT2_FIRST_INO(sb)) ||
            ino > le32_to_cpu(EXT2_SB(sb)->s_es->s_inodes_count))
                goto Einval;

        block_group = (ino - 1) / EXT2_INODES_PER_GROUP(sb);
        gdp = ext2_get_group_desc(sb, block_group, NULL);
        if (!gdp)
                goto Egdp;
        /*
         * Figure out the offset within the block group inode table
         */
        offset = ((ino - 1) % EXT2_INODES_PER_GROUP(sb)) * EXT2_INODE_SIZE(sb);
        block = le32_to_cpu(gdp->bg_inode_table) +
                (offset >> EXT2_BLOCK_SIZE_BITS(sb));
        if (!(bh = sb_bread(sb, block)))
                goto Eio;

        *p = bh;
        offset &= (EXT2_BLOCK_SIZE(sb) - 1);
        return (struct ext2_inode *) (bh->b_data + offset);

Einval:
        ext2_error(sb, "ext2_get_inode", "bad inode number: %lu",
                   (unsigned long) ino);
        return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
Eio:
        ext2_error(sb, "ext2_get_inode",
                   "unable to read inode block - inode=%lu, block=%lu",
                   (unsigned long) ino, block);
Egdp:
        return ERR_PTR(-EIO);
}

void ext2_set_inode_flags(struct inode *inode)
{
        unsigned int flags = EXT2_I(inode)->i_flags;

        inode->i_flags &= ~(S_SYNC | S_APPEND | S_IMMUTABLE | S_NOATIME |
                                S_DIRSYNC | S_DAX);
        if (flags & EXT2_SYNC_FL)
                inode->i_flags |= S_SYNC;
        if (flags & EXT2_APPEND_FL)
                inode->i_flags |= S_APPEND;
        if (flags & EXT2_IMMUTABLE_FL)
                inode->i_flags |= S_IMMUTABLE;
        if (flags & EXT2_NOATIME_FL)
                inode->i_flags |= S_NOATIME;
        if (flags & EXT2_DIRSYNC_FL)
                inode->i_flags |= S_DIRSYNC;
        if (test_opt(inode->i_sb, DAX) && S_ISREG(inode->i_mode))
                inode->i_flags |= S_DAX;
}

void ext2_set_file_ops(struct inode *inode)
{
        inode->i_op = &ext2_file_inode_operations;
        inode->i_fop = &ext2_file_operations;
        if (IS_DAX(inode))
                inode->i_mapping->a_ops = &ext2_dax_aops;
        else
                inode->i_mapping->a_ops = &ext2_aops;
}

struct inode *ext2_iget (struct super_block *sb, unsigned long ino)
{
        struct ext2_inode_info *ei;
        struct buffer_head * bh = NULL;
        struct ext2_inode *raw_inode;
        struct inode *inode;
        long ret = -EIO;
        int n;
        uid_t i_uid;
        gid_t i_gid;

        inode = iget_locked(sb, ino);
        if (!inode)
                return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
        if (!(inode->i_state & I_NEW))
                return inode;

        ei = EXT2_I(inode);
        ei->i_block_alloc_info = NULL;

        raw_inode = ext2_get_inode(inode->i_sb, ino, &bh);
        if (IS_ERR(raw_inode)) {
                ret = PTR_ERR(raw_inode);
                goto bad_inode;
        }

        inode->i_mode = le16_to_cpu(raw_inode->i_mode);
        i_uid = (uid_t)le16_to_cpu(raw_inode->i_uid_low);
        i_gid = (gid_t)le16_to_cpu(raw_inode->i_gid_low);
        if (!(test_opt (inode->i_sb, NO_UID32))) {
                i_uid |= le16_to_cpu(raw_inode->i_uid_high) << 16;
                i_gid |= le16_to_cpu(raw_inode->i_gid_high) << 16;
        }
        i_uid_write(inode, i_uid);
        i_gid_write(inode, i_gid);
        set_nlink(inode, le16_to_cpu(raw_inode->i_links_count));
        inode->i_size = le32_to_cpu(raw_inode->i_size);
        inode_set_atime(inode, (signed)le32_to_cpu(raw_inode->i_atime), 0);
        inode_set_ctime(inode, (signed)le32_to_cpu(raw_inode->i_ctime), 0);
        inode_set_mtime(inode, (signed)le32_to_cpu(raw_inode->i_mtime), 0);
        ei->i_dtime = le32_to_cpu(raw_inode->i_dtime);
        /* We now have enough fields to check if the inode was active or not.
         * This is needed because nfsd might try to access dead inodes
         * the test is that same one that e2fsck uses
         * NeilBrown 1999oct15
         */
        if (inode->i_nlink == 0 && (inode->i_mode == 0 || ei->i_dtime)) {
                /* this inode is deleted */
                ret = -ESTALE;
                goto bad_inode;
        }
        inode->i_blocks = le32_to_cpu(raw_inode->i_blocks);
        ei->i_flags = le32_to_cpu(raw_inode->i_flags);
        ext2_set_inode_flags(inode);
        ei->i_faddr = le32_to_cpu(raw_inode->i_faddr);
        ei->i_frag_no = raw_inode->i_frag;
        ei->i_frag_size = raw_inode->i_fsize;
        ei->i_file_acl = le32_to_cpu(raw_inode->i_file_acl);
        ei->i_dir_acl = 0;

        if (ei->i_file_acl &&
            !ext2_data_block_valid(EXT2_SB(sb), ei->i_file_acl, 1)) {
                ext2_error(sb, "ext2_iget", "bad extended attribute block %u",
                           ei->i_file_acl);
                ret = -EFSCORRUPTED;
                goto bad_inode;
        }

        if (S_ISREG(inode->i_mode))
                inode->i_size |= ((__u64)le32_to_cpu(raw_inode->i_size_high)) << 32;
        else
                ei->i_dir_acl = le32_to_cpu(raw_inode->i_dir_acl);
        if (i_size_read(inode) < 0) {
                ret = -EFSCORRUPTED;
                goto bad_inode;
        }
        ei->i_dtime = 0;
        inode->i_generation = le32_to_cpu(raw_inode->i_generation);
        ei->i_state = 0;
        ei->i_block_group = (ino - 1) / EXT2_INODES_PER_GROUP(inode->i_sb);
        ei->i_dir_start_lookup = 0;

        /*
         * NOTE! The in-memory inode i_data array is in little-endian order
         * even on big-endian machines: we do NOT byteswap the block numbers!
         */
        for (n = 0; n < EXT2_N_BLOCKS; n++)
                ei->i_data[n] = raw_inode->i_block[n];

        if (S_ISREG(inode->i_mode)) {
                ext2_set_file_ops(inode);
        } else if (S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode)) {
                inode->i_op = &ext2_dir_inode_operations;
                inode->i_fop = &ext2_dir_operations;
                inode->i_mapping->a_ops = &ext2_aops;
        } else if (S_ISLNK(inode->i_mode)) {
                if (ext2_inode_is_fast_symlink(inode)) {
                        inode->i_link = (char *)ei->i_data;
                        inode->i_op = &ext2_fast_symlink_inode_operations;
                        nd_terminate_link(ei->i_data, inode->i_size,
                                sizeof(ei->i_data) - 1);
                } else {
                        inode->i_op = &ext2_symlink_inode_operations;
                        inode_nohighmem(inode);
                        inode->i_mapping->a_ops = &ext2_aops;
                }
        } else {
                inode->i_op = &ext2_special_inode_operations;
                if (raw_inode->i_block[0])
                        init_special_inode(inode, inode->i_mode,
                           old_decode_dev(le32_to_cpu(raw_inode->i_block[0])));
                else 
                        init_special_inode(inode, inode->i_mode,
                           new_decode_dev(le32_to_cpu(raw_inode->i_block[1])));
        }
        brelse (bh);
        unlock_new_inode(inode);
        return inode;
        
bad_inode:
        brelse(bh);
        iget_failed(inode);
        return ERR_PTR(ret);
}

static int __ext2_write_inode(struct inode *inode, int do_sync)
{
        struct ext2_inode_info *ei = EXT2_I(inode);
        struct super_block *sb = inode->i_sb;
        ino_t ino = inode->i_ino;
        uid_t uid = i_uid_read(inode);
        gid_t gid = i_gid_read(inode);
        struct buffer_head * bh;
        struct ext2_inode * raw_inode = ext2_get_inode(sb, ino, &bh);
        int n;
        int err = 0;

        if (IS_ERR(raw_inode))
                return -EIO;

        /* For fields not tracking in the in-memory inode,
         * initialise them to zero for new inodes. */
        if (ei->i_state & EXT2_STATE_NEW)
                memset(raw_inode, 0, EXT2_SB(sb)->s_inode_size);

        raw_inode->i_mode = cpu_to_le16(inode->i_mode);
        if (!(test_opt(sb, NO_UID32))) {
                raw_inode->i_uid_low = cpu_to_le16(low_16_bits(uid));
                raw_inode->i_gid_low = cpu_to_le16(low_16_bits(gid));
/*
 * Fix up interoperability with old kernels. Otherwise, old inodes get
 * re-used with the upper 16 bits of the uid/gid intact
 */
                if (!ei->i_dtime) {
                        raw_inode->i_uid_high = cpu_to_le16(high_16_bits(uid));
                        raw_inode->i_gid_high = cpu_to_le16(high_16_bits(gid));
                } else {
                        raw_inode->i_uid_high = 0;
                        raw_inode->i_gid_high = 0;
                }
        } else {
                raw_inode->i_uid_low = cpu_to_le16(fs_high2lowuid(uid));
                raw_inode->i_gid_low = cpu_to_le16(fs_high2lowgid(gid));
                raw_inode->i_uid_high = 0;
                raw_inode->i_gid_high = 0;
        }
        raw_inode->i_links_count = cpu_to_le16(inode->i_nlink);
        raw_inode->i_size = cpu_to_le32(inode->i_size);
        raw_inode->i_atime = cpu_to_le32(inode_get_atime_sec(inode));
        raw_inode->i_ctime = cpu_to_le32(inode_get_ctime_sec(inode));
        raw_inode->i_mtime = cpu_to_le32(inode_get_mtime_sec(inode));

        raw_inode->i_blocks = cpu_to_le32(inode->i_blocks);
        raw_inode->i_dtime = cpu_to_le32(ei->i_dtime);
        raw_inode->i_flags = cpu_to_le32(ei->i_flags);
        raw_inode->i_faddr = cpu_to_le32(ei->i_faddr);
        raw_inode->i_frag = ei->i_frag_no;
        raw_inode->i_fsize = ei->i_frag_size;
        raw_inode->i_file_acl = cpu_to_le32(ei->i_file_acl);
        if (!S_ISREG(inode->i_mode))
                raw_inode->i_dir_acl = cpu_to_le32(ei->i_dir_acl);
        else {
                raw_inode->i_size_high = cpu_to_le32(inode->i_size >> 32);
                if (inode->i_size > 0x7fffffffULL) {
                        if (!EXT2_HAS_RO_COMPAT_FEATURE(sb,
                                        EXT2_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_LARGE_FILE) ||
                            EXT2_SB(sb)->s_es->s_rev_level ==
                                        cpu_to_le32(EXT2_GOOD_OLD_REV)) {
                               /* If this is the first large file
                                * created, add a flag to the superblock.
                                */
                                spin_lock(&EXT2_SB(sb)->s_lock);
                                ext2_update_dynamic_rev(sb);
                                EXT2_SET_RO_COMPAT_FEATURE(sb,
                                        EXT2_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_LARGE_FILE);
                                spin_unlock(&EXT2_SB(sb)->s_lock);
                                ext2_sync_super(sb, EXT2_SB(sb)->s_es, 1);
                        }
                }
        }
        
        raw_inode->i_generation = cpu_to_le32(inode->i_generation);
        if (S_ISCHR(inode->i_mode) || S_ISBLK(inode->i_mode)) {
                if (old_valid_dev(inode->i_rdev)) {
                        raw_inode->i_block[0] =
                                cpu_to_le32(old_encode_dev(inode->i_rdev));
                        raw_inode->i_block[1] = 0;
                } else {
                        raw_inode->i_block[0] = 0;
                        raw_inode->i_block[1] =
                                cpu_to_le32(new_encode_dev(inode->i_rdev));
                        raw_inode->i_block[2] = 0;
                }
        } else for (n = 0; n < EXT2_N_BLOCKS; n++)
                raw_inode->i_block[n] = ei->i_data[n];
        mark_buffer_dirty(bh);
        if (do_sync) {
                sync_dirty_buffer(bh);
                if (buffer_req(bh) && !buffer_uptodate(bh)) {
                        printk ("IO error syncing ext2 inode [%s:%08lx]\n",
                                sb->s_id, (unsigned long) ino);
                        err = -EIO;
                }
        }
        ei->i_state &= ~EXT2_STATE_NEW;
        brelse (bh);
        return err;
}

int ext2_write_inode(struct inode *inode, struct writeback_control *wbc)
{
        return __ext2_write_inode(inode, wbc->sync_mode == WB_SYNC_ALL);
}

int ext2_getattr(struct mnt_idmap *idmap, const struct path *path,
                 struct kstat *stat, u32 request_mask, unsigned int query_flags)
{
        struct inode *inode = d_inode(path->dentry);
        struct ext2_inode_info *ei = EXT2_I(inode);
        unsigned int flags;

        flags = ei->i_flags & EXT2_FL_USER_VISIBLE;
        if (flags & EXT2_APPEND_FL)
                stat->attributes |= STATX_ATTR_APPEND;
        if (flags & EXT2_COMPR_FL)
                stat->attributes |= STATX_ATTR_COMPRESSED;
        if (flags & EXT2_IMMUTABLE_FL)
                stat->attributes |= STATX_ATTR_IMMUTABLE;
        if (flags & EXT2_NODUMP_FL)
                stat->attributes |= STATX_ATTR_NODUMP;
        stat->attributes_mask |= (STATX_ATTR_APPEND |
                        STATX_ATTR_COMPRESSED |
                        STATX_ATTR_ENCRYPTED |
                        STATX_ATTR_IMMUTABLE |
                        STATX_ATTR_NODUMP);

        generic_fillattr(&nop_mnt_idmap, request_mask, inode, stat);
        return 0;
}

int ext2_setattr(struct mnt_idmap *idmap, struct dentry *dentry,
                 struct iattr *iattr)
{
        struct inode *inode = d_inode(dentry);
        int error;

        error = setattr_prepare(&nop_mnt_idmap, dentry, iattr);
        if (error)
                return error;

        if (is_quota_modification(&nop_mnt_idmap, inode, iattr)) {
                error = dquot_initialize(inode);
                if (error)
                        return error;
        }
        if (i_uid_needs_update(&nop_mnt_idmap, iattr, inode) ||
            i_gid_needs_update(&nop_mnt_idmap, iattr, inode)) {
                error = dquot_transfer(&nop_mnt_idmap, inode, iattr);
                if (error)
                        return error;
        }
        if (iattr->ia_valid & ATTR_SIZE && iattr->ia_size != inode->i_size) {
                error = ext2_setsize(inode, iattr->ia_size);
                if (error)
                        return error;
        }
        setattr_copy(&nop_mnt_idmap, inode, iattr);
        if (iattr->ia_valid & ATTR_MODE)
                error = posix_acl_chmod(&nop_mnt_idmap, dentry, inode->i_mode);
        mark_inode_dirty(inode);

        return error;
}