1 The kobject Infrastructure
3 Patrick Mochel <mochel@osdl.org>
8 Copyright (c) 2003 Patrick Mochel
9 Copyright (c) 2003 Open Source Development Labs
14 The kobject infrastructure performs basic object management that larger
15 data structures and subsystems can leverage, rather than reimplement
16 similar functionality. This functionality primarily concerns:
18 - Object reference counting.
19 - Maintaining lists (sets) of objects.
21 - Userspace representation.
23 The infrastructure consists of a number of object types to support
24 this functionality. Their programming interfaces are described below
25 in detail, and briefly here:
27 - kobjects a simple object.
28 - kset a set of objects of a certain type.
29 - ktype a set of helpers for objects of a common type.
32 The kobject infrastructure maintains a close relationship with the
33 sysfs filesystem. Each kobject that is registered with the kobject
34 core receives a directory in sysfs. Attributes about the kobject can
35 then be exported. Please see Documentation/filesystems/sysfs.txt for
38 The kobject infrastructure provides a flexible programming interface,
39 and allows kobjects and ksets to be used without being registered
40 (i.e. with no sysfs representation). This is also described later.
48 struct kobject is a simple data type that provides a foundation for
49 more complex object types. It provides a set of basic fields that
50 almost all complex data types share. kobjects are intended to be
51 embedded in larger data structures and replace fields they duplicate.
57 char name[KOBJ_NAME_LEN];
59 struct list_head entry;
60 struct kobject * parent;
62 struct kobj_type * ktype;
63 struct sysfs_dirent * sd;
64 wait_queue_head_t poll;
67 void kobject_init(struct kobject *);
68 int kobject_add(struct kobject *);
69 int kobject_register(struct kobject *);
71 void kobject_del(struct kobject *);
72 void kobject_unregister(struct kobject *);
74 struct kobject * kobject_get(struct kobject *);
75 void kobject_put(struct kobject *);
78 1.3 kobject Programming Interface
80 kobjects may be dynamically added and removed from the kobject core
81 using kobject_register() and kobject_unregister(). Registration
82 includes inserting the kobject in the list of its dominant kset and
83 creating a directory for it in sysfs.
85 Alternatively, one may use a kobject without adding it to its kset's list
86 or exporting it via sysfs, by simply calling kobject_init(). An
87 initialized kobject may later be added to the object hierarchy by
88 calling kobject_add(). An initialized kobject may be used for
91 Note: calling kobject_init() then kobject_add() is functionally
92 equivalent to calling kobject_register().
94 When a kobject is unregistered, it is removed from its kset's list,
95 removed from the sysfs filesystem, and its reference count is decremented.
96 List and sysfs removal happen in kobject_del(), and may be called
97 manually. kobject_put() decrements the reference count, and may also
100 A kobject's reference count may be incremented with kobject_get(),
101 which returns a valid reference to a kobject; and decremented with
102 kobject_put(). An object's reference count may only be incremented if
103 it is already positive.
105 When a kobject's reference count reaches 0, the method struct
106 kobj_type::release() (which the kobject's kset points to) is called.
107 This allows any memory allocated for the object to be freed.
112 It is _imperative_ that you supply a destructor for dynamically
113 allocated kobjects to free them if you are using kobject reference
114 counts. The reference count controls the lifetime of the object.
115 If it goes to 0, then it is assumed that the object will
116 be freed and cannot be used.
118 More importantly, you must free the object there, and not immediately
119 after an unregister call. If someone else is referencing the object
120 (e.g. through a sysfs file), they will obtain a reference to the
121 object, assume it's valid and operate on it. If the object is
122 unregistered and freed in the meantime, the operation will then
123 reference freed memory and go boom.
125 This can be prevented, in the simplest case, by defining a release
126 method and freeing the object from there only. Note that this will not
127 secure reference count/object management models that use a dual
128 reference count or do other wacky things with the reference count
129 (like the networking layer).
134 Each kobject receives a directory in sysfs. This directory is created
135 under the kobject's parent directory.
137 If a kobject does not have a parent when it is registered, its parent
138 becomes its dominant kset.
140 If a kobject does not have a parent nor a dominant kset, its directory
141 is created at the top-level of the sysfs partition.
149 A kset is a set of kobjects that are embedded in the same type.
153 struct kobj_type * ktype;
154 struct list_head list;
156 struct kset_uevent_ops * uevent_ops;
160 void kset_init(struct kset * k);
161 int kset_add(struct kset * k);
162 int kset_register(struct kset * k);
163 void kset_unregister(struct kset * k);
165 struct kset * kset_get(struct kset * k);
166 void kset_put(struct kset * k);
168 struct kobject * kset_find_obj(struct kset *, char *);
171 The type that the kobjects are embedded in is described by the ktype
174 A kset contains a kobject itself, meaning that it may be registered in
175 the kobject hierarchy and exported via sysfs. More importantly, the
176 kset may be embedded in a larger data type, and may be part of another
177 kset (of that object type).
179 For example, a block device is an object (struct gendisk) that is
180 contained in a set of block devices. It may also contain a set of
181 partitions (struct hd_struct) that have been found on the device. The
182 following code snippet illustrates how to express this properly.
184 struct gendisk * disk;
186 disk->kset.kobj.kset = &block_kset;
187 disk->kset.ktype = &partition_ktype;
188 kset_register(&disk->kset);
190 - The kset that the disk's embedded object belongs to is the
191 block_kset, and is pointed to by disk->kset.kobj.kset.
193 - The type of objects on the disk's _subordinate_ list are partitions,
194 and is set in disk->kset.ktype.
196 - The kset is then registered, which handles initializing and adding
197 the embedded kobject to the hierarchy.
200 2.2 kset Programming Interface
202 All kset functions, except kset_find_obj(), eventually forward the
203 calls to their embedded kobjects after performing kset-specific
204 operations. ksets offer a similar programming model to kobjects: they
205 may be used after they are initialized, without registering them in
208 kset_find_obj() may be used to locate a kobject with a particular
209 name. The kobject, if found, is returned.
211 There are also some helper functions which names point to the formerly
212 existing "struct subsystem", whose functions have been taken over by
216 decl_subsys(name,type,uevent_ops)
218 Declares a kset named '<name>_subsys' of type <type> with
219 uevent_ops <uevent_ops>. For example,
221 decl_subsys(devices, &ktype_device, &device_uevent_ops);
223 is equivalent to doing:
225 struct kset devices_subsys = {
229 .ktype = &ktype_devices,
230 .uevent_ops = &device_uevent_ops,
234 The objects that are registered with a subsystem that use the
235 subsystem's default list must have their kset ptr set properly. These
236 objects may have embedded kobjects or ksets. The
237 following helpers make setting the kset easier:
240 kobj_set_kset_s(obj,subsys)
242 - Assumes that obj->kobj exists, and is a struct kobject.
243 - Sets the kset of that kobject to the kset <subsys>.
246 kset_set_kset_s(obj,subsys)
248 - Assumes that obj->kset exists, and is a struct kset.
249 - Sets the kset of the embedded kobject to the kset <subsys>.
251 subsys_set_kset(obj,subsys)
253 - Assumes obj->subsys exists, and is a struct subsystem.
254 - Sets obj->subsys.kset.kobj.kset to the subsystem's embedded kset.
256 void subsystem_init(struct kset *s);
257 int subsystem_register(struct kset *s);
258 void subsystem_unregister(struct kset *s);
259 struct kset *subsys_get(struct kset *s);
260 void kset_put(struct kset *s);
262 These are just wrappers around the respective kset_* functions.
266 ksets are represented in sysfs when their embedded kobjects are
267 registered. They follow the same rules of parenting, with one
268 exception. If a kset does not have a parent, nor is its embedded
269 kobject part of another kset, the kset's parent becomes its dominant
272 If the kset does not have a parent, its directory is created at the
273 sysfs root. This should only happen when the kset registered is
274 embedded in a subsystem itself.
282 void (*release)(struct kobject *);
283 struct sysfs_ops * sysfs_ops;
284 struct attribute ** default_attrs;
288 Object types require specific functions for converting between the
289 generic object and the more complex type. struct kobj_type provides
290 the object-specific fields, which include:
292 - release: Called when the kobject's reference count reaches 0. This
293 should convert the object to the more complex type and free it.
295 - sysfs_ops: Provides conversion functions for sysfs access. Please
296 see the sysfs documentation for more information.
298 - default_attrs: Default attributes to be exported via sysfs when the
299 object is registered.Note that the last attribute has to be
300 initialized to NULL ! You can find a complete implementation
304 Instances of struct kobj_type are not registered; only referenced by
305 the kset. A kobj_type may be referenced by an arbitrary number of
306 ksets, as there may be disparate sets of identical objects.