1 The PPC KVM paravirtual interface
2 =================================
4 The basic execution principle by which KVM on PowerPC works is to run all kernel
5 space code in PR=1 which is user space. This way we trap all privileged
6 instructions and can emulate them accordingly.
8 Unfortunately that is also the downfall. There are quite some privileged
9 instructions that needlessly return us to the hypervisor even though they
10 could be handled differently.
12 This is what the PPC PV interface helps with. It takes privileged instructions
13 and transforms them into unprivileged ones with some help from the hypervisor.
14 This cuts down virtualization costs by about 50% on some of my benchmarks.
16 The code for that interface can be found in arch/powerpc/kernel/kvm*
18 Querying for existence
19 ======================
21 To find out if we're running on KVM or not, we leverage the device tree. When
22 Linux is running on KVM, a node /hypervisor exists. That node contains a
23 compatible property with the value "linux,kvm".
25 Once you determined you're running under a PV capable KVM, you can now use
26 hypercalls as described below.
31 Inside the device tree's /hypervisor node there's a property called
32 'hypercall-instructions'. This property contains at most 4 opcodes that make
33 up the hypercall. To call a hypercall, just call these instructions.
35 The parameters are as follows:
40 r3 1st parameter Return code
41 r4 2nd parameter 1st output value
42 r5 3rd parameter 2nd output value
43 r6 4th parameter 3rd output value
44 r7 5th parameter 4th output value
45 r8 6th parameter 5th output value
46 r9 7th parameter 6th output value
47 r10 8th parameter 7th output value
48 r11 hypercall number 8th output value
51 Hypercall definitions are shared in generic code, so the same hypercall numbers
52 apply for x86 and powerpc alike with the exception that each KVM hypercall
53 also needs to be ORed with the KVM vendor code which is (42 << 16).
55 Return codes can be as follows:
60 12 Hypercall not implemented
66 To enable communication between the hypervisor and guest there is a new shared
67 page that contains parts of supervisor visible register state. The guest can
68 map this shared page using the KVM hypercall KVM_HC_PPC_MAP_MAGIC_PAGE.
70 With this hypercall issued the guest always gets the magic page mapped at the
71 desired location. The first parameter indicates the effective address when the
72 MMU is enabled. The second parameter indicates the address in real mode, if
73 applicable to the target. For now, we always map the page to -4096. This way we
74 can access it using absolute load and store functions. The following
75 instruction reads the first field of the magic page:
79 The interface is designed to be extensible should there be need later to add
80 additional registers to the magic page. If you add fields to the magic page,
81 also define a new hypercall feature to indicate that the host can give you more
82 registers. Only if the host supports the additional features, make use of them.
84 The magic page has the following layout as described in
85 arch/powerpc/include/asm/kvm_para.h:
87 struct kvm_vcpu_arch_shared {
91 __u64 critical; /* Guest may not get interrupts if == r1 */
101 __u32 int_pending; /* Tells the guest if we have an interrupt */
104 Additions to the page must only occur at the end. Struct fields are always 32
105 or 64 bit aligned, depending on them being 32 or 64 bit wide respectively.
110 When mapping the magic page using the KVM hypercall KVM_HC_PPC_MAP_MAGIC_PAGE,
111 a second return value is passed to the guest. This second return value contains
112 a bitmap of available features inside the magic page.
114 The following enhancements to the magic page are currently available:
116 KVM_MAGIC_FEAT_SR Maps SR registers r/w in the magic page
118 For enhanced features in the magic page, please check for the existence of the
119 feature before using them!
124 The MSR contains bits that require hypervisor intervention and bits that do
125 not require direct hypervisor intervention because they only get interpreted
126 when entering the guest or don't have any impact on the hypervisor's behavior.
128 The following bits are safe to be set inside the guest:
135 If any other bit changes in the MSR, please still use mtmsr(d).
140 The "ld" and "std" instructions are transormed to "lwz" and "stw" instructions
141 respectively on 32 bit systems with an added offset of 4 to accommodate for big
144 The following is a list of mapping the Linux kernel performs when running as
145 guest. Implementing any of those mappings is optional, as the instruction traps
146 also act on the shared page. So calling privileged instructions still works as
152 mfmsr rX ld rX, magic_page->msr
153 mfsprg rX, 0 ld rX, magic_page->sprg0
154 mfsprg rX, 1 ld rX, magic_page->sprg1
155 mfsprg rX, 2 ld rX, magic_page->sprg2
156 mfsprg rX, 3 ld rX, magic_page->sprg3
157 mfsrr0 rX ld rX, magic_page->srr0
158 mfsrr1 rX ld rX, magic_page->srr1
159 mfdar rX ld rX, magic_page->dar
160 mfdsisr rX lwz rX, magic_page->dsisr
162 mtmsr rX std rX, magic_page->msr
163 mtsprg 0, rX std rX, magic_page->sprg0
164 mtsprg 1, rX std rX, magic_page->sprg1
165 mtsprg 2, rX std rX, magic_page->sprg2
166 mtsprg 3, rX std rX, magic_page->sprg3
167 mtsrr0 rX std rX, magic_page->srr0
168 mtsrr1 rX std rX, magic_page->srr1
169 mtdar rX std rX, magic_page->dar
170 mtdsisr rX stw rX, magic_page->dsisr
174 mtmsrd rX, 0 b <special mtmsr section>
175 mtmsr rX b <special mtmsr section>
177 mtmsrd rX, 1 b <special mtmsrd section>
180 mtsrin rX, rY b <special mtsrin section>
183 wrteei [0|1] b <special wrteei section>
186 Some instructions require more logic to determine what's going on than a load
187 or store instruction can deliver. To enable patching of those, we keep some
188 RAM around where we can live translate instructions to. What happens is the
191 1) copy emulation code to memory
192 2) patch that code to fit the emulated instruction
193 3) patch that code to return to the original pc + 4
194 4) patch the original instruction to branch to the new code
196 That way we can inject an arbitrary amount of code as replacement for a single
197 instruction. This allows us to check for pending interrupts when setting EE=1