2 * raid1.c : Multiple Devices driver for Linux
4 * Copyright (C) 1999, 2000, 2001 Ingo Molnar, Red Hat
6 * Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998 Ingo Molnar, Miguel de Icaza, Gadi Oxman
8 * RAID-1 management functions.
10 * Better read-balancing code written by Mika Kuoppala <miku@iki.fi>, 2000
12 * Fixes to reconstruction by Jakob Østergaard" <jakob@ostenfeld.dk>
13 * Various fixes by Neil Brown <neilb@cse.unsw.edu.au>
15 * Changes by Peter T. Breuer <ptb@it.uc3m.es> 31/1/2003 to support
16 * bitmapped intelligence in resync:
18 * - bitmap marked during normal i/o
19 * - bitmap used to skip nondirty blocks during sync
21 * Additions to bitmap code, (C) 2003-2004 Paul Clements, SteelEye Technology:
22 * - persistent bitmap code
24 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
25 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
26 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
29 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
30 * (for example /usr/src/linux/COPYING); if not, write to the Free
31 * Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
34 #include <linux/slab.h>
35 #include <linux/delay.h>
36 #include <linux/blkdev.h>
37 #include <linux/seq_file.h>
44 #define PRINTK(x...) printk(x)
50 * Number of guaranteed r1bios in case of extreme VM load:
52 #define NR_RAID1_BIOS 256
55 static void unplug_slaves(mddev_t
*mddev
);
57 static void allow_barrier(conf_t
*conf
);
58 static void lower_barrier(conf_t
*conf
);
60 static void * r1bio_pool_alloc(gfp_t gfp_flags
, void *data
)
62 struct pool_info
*pi
= data
;
64 int size
= offsetof(r1bio_t
, bios
[pi
->raid_disks
]);
66 /* allocate a r1bio with room for raid_disks entries in the bios array */
67 r1_bio
= kzalloc(size
, gfp_flags
);
68 if (!r1_bio
&& pi
->mddev
)
69 unplug_slaves(pi
->mddev
);
74 static void r1bio_pool_free(void *r1_bio
, void *data
)
79 #define RESYNC_BLOCK_SIZE (64*1024)
80 //#define RESYNC_BLOCK_SIZE PAGE_SIZE
81 #define RESYNC_SECTORS (RESYNC_BLOCK_SIZE >> 9)
82 #define RESYNC_PAGES ((RESYNC_BLOCK_SIZE + PAGE_SIZE-1) / PAGE_SIZE)
83 #define RESYNC_WINDOW (2048*1024)
85 static void * r1buf_pool_alloc(gfp_t gfp_flags
, void *data
)
87 struct pool_info
*pi
= data
;
93 r1_bio
= r1bio_pool_alloc(gfp_flags
, pi
);
95 unplug_slaves(pi
->mddev
);
100 * Allocate bios : 1 for reading, n-1 for writing
102 for (j
= pi
->raid_disks
; j
-- ; ) {
103 bio
= bio_alloc(gfp_flags
, RESYNC_PAGES
);
106 r1_bio
->bios
[j
] = bio
;
109 * Allocate RESYNC_PAGES data pages and attach them to
111 * If this is a user-requested check/repair, allocate
112 * RESYNC_PAGES for each bio.
114 if (test_bit(MD_RECOVERY_REQUESTED
, &pi
->mddev
->recovery
))
119 bio
= r1_bio
->bios
[j
];
120 for (i
= 0; i
< RESYNC_PAGES
; i
++) {
121 page
= alloc_page(gfp_flags
);
125 bio
->bi_io_vec
[i
].bv_page
= page
;
129 /* If not user-requests, copy the page pointers to all bios */
130 if (!test_bit(MD_RECOVERY_REQUESTED
, &pi
->mddev
->recovery
)) {
131 for (i
=0; i
<RESYNC_PAGES
; i
++)
132 for (j
=1; j
<pi
->raid_disks
; j
++)
133 r1_bio
->bios
[j
]->bi_io_vec
[i
].bv_page
=
134 r1_bio
->bios
[0]->bi_io_vec
[i
].bv_page
;
137 r1_bio
->master_bio
= NULL
;
142 for (j
=0 ; j
< pi
->raid_disks
; j
++)
143 for (i
=0; i
< r1_bio
->bios
[j
]->bi_vcnt
; i
++)
144 put_page(r1_bio
->bios
[j
]->bi_io_vec
[i
].bv_page
);
147 while ( ++j
< pi
->raid_disks
)
148 bio_put(r1_bio
->bios
[j
]);
149 r1bio_pool_free(r1_bio
, data
);
153 static void r1buf_pool_free(void *__r1_bio
, void *data
)
155 struct pool_info
*pi
= data
;
157 r1bio_t
*r1bio
= __r1_bio
;
159 for (i
= 0; i
< RESYNC_PAGES
; i
++)
160 for (j
= pi
->raid_disks
; j
-- ;) {
162 r1bio
->bios
[j
]->bi_io_vec
[i
].bv_page
!=
163 r1bio
->bios
[0]->bi_io_vec
[i
].bv_page
)
164 safe_put_page(r1bio
->bios
[j
]->bi_io_vec
[i
].bv_page
);
166 for (i
=0 ; i
< pi
->raid_disks
; i
++)
167 bio_put(r1bio
->bios
[i
]);
169 r1bio_pool_free(r1bio
, data
);
172 static void put_all_bios(conf_t
*conf
, r1bio_t
*r1_bio
)
176 for (i
= 0; i
< conf
->raid_disks
; i
++) {
177 struct bio
**bio
= r1_bio
->bios
+ i
;
178 if (*bio
&& *bio
!= IO_BLOCKED
)
184 static void free_r1bio(r1bio_t
*r1_bio
)
186 conf_t
*conf
= r1_bio
->mddev
->private;
189 * Wake up any possible resync thread that waits for the device
194 put_all_bios(conf
, r1_bio
);
195 mempool_free(r1_bio
, conf
->r1bio_pool
);
198 static void put_buf(r1bio_t
*r1_bio
)
200 conf_t
*conf
= r1_bio
->mddev
->private;
203 for (i
=0; i
<conf
->raid_disks
; i
++) {
204 struct bio
*bio
= r1_bio
->bios
[i
];
206 rdev_dec_pending(conf
->mirrors
[i
].rdev
, r1_bio
->mddev
);
209 mempool_free(r1_bio
, conf
->r1buf_pool
);
214 static void reschedule_retry(r1bio_t
*r1_bio
)
217 mddev_t
*mddev
= r1_bio
->mddev
;
218 conf_t
*conf
= mddev
->private;
220 spin_lock_irqsave(&conf
->device_lock
, flags
);
221 list_add(&r1_bio
->retry_list
, &conf
->retry_list
);
223 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&conf
->device_lock
, flags
);
225 wake_up(&conf
->wait_barrier
);
226 md_wakeup_thread(mddev
->thread
);
230 * raid_end_bio_io() is called when we have finished servicing a mirrored
231 * operation and are ready to return a success/failure code to the buffer
234 static void raid_end_bio_io(r1bio_t
*r1_bio
)
236 struct bio
*bio
= r1_bio
->master_bio
;
238 /* if nobody has done the final endio yet, do it now */
239 if (!test_and_set_bit(R1BIO_Returned
, &r1_bio
->state
)) {
240 PRINTK(KERN_DEBUG
"raid1: sync end %s on sectors %llu-%llu\n",
241 (bio_data_dir(bio
) == WRITE
) ? "write" : "read",
242 (unsigned long long) bio
->bi_sector
,
243 (unsigned long long) bio
->bi_sector
+
244 (bio
->bi_size
>> 9) - 1);
247 test_bit(R1BIO_Uptodate
, &r1_bio
->state
) ? 0 : -EIO
);
253 * Update disk head position estimator based on IRQ completion info.
255 static inline void update_head_pos(int disk
, r1bio_t
*r1_bio
)
257 conf_t
*conf
= r1_bio
->mddev
->private;
259 conf
->mirrors
[disk
].head_position
=
260 r1_bio
->sector
+ (r1_bio
->sectors
);
263 static void raid1_end_read_request(struct bio
*bio
, int error
)
265 int uptodate
= test_bit(BIO_UPTODATE
, &bio
->bi_flags
);
266 r1bio_t
*r1_bio
= bio
->bi_private
;
268 conf_t
*conf
= r1_bio
->mddev
->private;
270 mirror
= r1_bio
->read_disk
;
272 * this branch is our 'one mirror IO has finished' event handler:
274 update_head_pos(mirror
, r1_bio
);
277 set_bit(R1BIO_Uptodate
, &r1_bio
->state
);
279 /* If all other devices have failed, we want to return
280 * the error upwards rather than fail the last device.
281 * Here we redefine "uptodate" to mean "Don't want to retry"
284 spin_lock_irqsave(&conf
->device_lock
, flags
);
285 if (r1_bio
->mddev
->degraded
== conf
->raid_disks
||
286 (r1_bio
->mddev
->degraded
== conf
->raid_disks
-1 &&
287 !test_bit(Faulty
, &conf
->mirrors
[mirror
].rdev
->flags
)))
289 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&conf
->device_lock
, flags
);
293 raid_end_bio_io(r1_bio
);
298 char b
[BDEVNAME_SIZE
];
299 if (printk_ratelimit())
300 printk(KERN_ERR
"md/raid1:%s: %s: rescheduling sector %llu\n",
302 bdevname(conf
->mirrors
[mirror
].rdev
->bdev
,b
), (unsigned long long)r1_bio
->sector
);
303 reschedule_retry(r1_bio
);
306 rdev_dec_pending(conf
->mirrors
[mirror
].rdev
, conf
->mddev
);
309 static void raid1_end_write_request(struct bio
*bio
, int error
)
311 int uptodate
= test_bit(BIO_UPTODATE
, &bio
->bi_flags
);
312 r1bio_t
*r1_bio
= bio
->bi_private
;
313 int mirror
, behind
= test_bit(R1BIO_BehindIO
, &r1_bio
->state
);
314 conf_t
*conf
= r1_bio
->mddev
->private;
315 struct bio
*to_put
= NULL
;
318 for (mirror
= 0; mirror
< conf
->raid_disks
; mirror
++)
319 if (r1_bio
->bios
[mirror
] == bio
)
323 * 'one mirror IO has finished' event handler:
325 r1_bio
->bios
[mirror
] = NULL
;
328 md_error(r1_bio
->mddev
, conf
->mirrors
[mirror
].rdev
);
329 /* an I/O failed, we can't clear the bitmap */
330 set_bit(R1BIO_Degraded
, &r1_bio
->state
);
333 * Set R1BIO_Uptodate in our master bio, so that we
334 * will return a good error code for to the higher
335 * levels even if IO on some other mirrored buffer
338 * The 'master' represents the composite IO operation
339 * to user-side. So if something waits for IO, then it
340 * will wait for the 'master' bio.
342 set_bit(R1BIO_Uptodate
, &r1_bio
->state
);
344 update_head_pos(mirror
, r1_bio
);
347 if (test_bit(WriteMostly
, &conf
->mirrors
[mirror
].rdev
->flags
))
348 atomic_dec(&r1_bio
->behind_remaining
);
351 * In behind mode, we ACK the master bio once the I/O
352 * has safely reached all non-writemostly
353 * disks. Setting the Returned bit ensures that this
354 * gets done only once -- we don't ever want to return
355 * -EIO here, instead we'll wait
357 if (atomic_read(&r1_bio
->behind_remaining
) >= (atomic_read(&r1_bio
->remaining
)-1) &&
358 test_bit(R1BIO_Uptodate
, &r1_bio
->state
)) {
359 /* Maybe we can return now */
360 if (!test_and_set_bit(R1BIO_Returned
, &r1_bio
->state
)) {
361 struct bio
*mbio
= r1_bio
->master_bio
;
362 PRINTK(KERN_DEBUG
"raid1: behind end write sectors %llu-%llu\n",
363 (unsigned long long) mbio
->bi_sector
,
364 (unsigned long long) mbio
->bi_sector
+
365 (mbio
->bi_size
>> 9) - 1);
370 rdev_dec_pending(conf
->mirrors
[mirror
].rdev
, conf
->mddev
);
373 * Let's see if all mirrored write operations have finished
376 if (atomic_dec_and_test(&r1_bio
->remaining
)) {
377 if (test_bit(R1BIO_BehindIO
, &r1_bio
->state
)) {
378 /* free extra copy of the data pages */
379 int i
= bio
->bi_vcnt
;
381 safe_put_page(bio
->bi_io_vec
[i
].bv_page
);
383 /* clear the bitmap if all writes complete successfully */
384 bitmap_endwrite(r1_bio
->mddev
->bitmap
, r1_bio
->sector
,
386 !test_bit(R1BIO_Degraded
, &r1_bio
->state
),
388 md_write_end(r1_bio
->mddev
);
389 raid_end_bio_io(r1_bio
);
398 * This routine returns the disk from which the requested read should
399 * be done. There is a per-array 'next expected sequential IO' sector
400 * number - if this matches on the next IO then we use the last disk.
401 * There is also a per-disk 'last know head position' sector that is
402 * maintained from IRQ contexts, both the normal and the resync IO
403 * completion handlers update this position correctly. If there is no
404 * perfect sequential match then we pick the disk whose head is closest.
406 * If there are 2 mirrors in the same 2 devices, performance degrades
407 * because position is mirror, not device based.
409 * The rdev for the device selected will have nr_pending incremented.
411 static int read_balance(conf_t
*conf
, r1bio_t
*r1_bio
)
413 const sector_t this_sector
= r1_bio
->sector
;
414 int new_disk
= conf
->last_used
, disk
= new_disk
;
416 const int sectors
= r1_bio
->sectors
;
417 sector_t new_distance
, current_distance
;
422 * Check if we can balance. We can balance on the whole
423 * device if no resync is going on, or below the resync window.
424 * We take the first readable disk when above the resync window.
427 if (conf
->mddev
->recovery_cp
< MaxSector
&&
428 (this_sector
+ sectors
>= conf
->next_resync
)) {
429 /* Choose the first operational device, for consistancy */
432 for (rdev
= rcu_dereference(conf
->mirrors
[new_disk
].rdev
);
433 r1_bio
->bios
[new_disk
] == IO_BLOCKED
||
434 !rdev
|| !test_bit(In_sync
, &rdev
->flags
)
435 || test_bit(WriteMostly
, &rdev
->flags
);
436 rdev
= rcu_dereference(conf
->mirrors
[++new_disk
].rdev
)) {
438 if (rdev
&& test_bit(In_sync
, &rdev
->flags
) &&
439 r1_bio
->bios
[new_disk
] != IO_BLOCKED
)
440 wonly_disk
= new_disk
;
442 if (new_disk
== conf
->raid_disks
- 1) {
443 new_disk
= wonly_disk
;
451 /* make sure the disk is operational */
452 for (rdev
= rcu_dereference(conf
->mirrors
[new_disk
].rdev
);
453 r1_bio
->bios
[new_disk
] == IO_BLOCKED
||
454 !rdev
|| !test_bit(In_sync
, &rdev
->flags
) ||
455 test_bit(WriteMostly
, &rdev
->flags
);
456 rdev
= rcu_dereference(conf
->mirrors
[new_disk
].rdev
)) {
458 if (rdev
&& test_bit(In_sync
, &rdev
->flags
) &&
459 r1_bio
->bios
[new_disk
] != IO_BLOCKED
)
460 wonly_disk
= new_disk
;
463 new_disk
= conf
->raid_disks
;
465 if (new_disk
== disk
) {
466 new_disk
= wonly_disk
;
475 /* now disk == new_disk == starting point for search */
478 * Don't change to another disk for sequential reads:
480 if (conf
->next_seq_sect
== this_sector
)
482 if (this_sector
== conf
->mirrors
[new_disk
].head_position
)
485 current_distance
= abs(this_sector
- conf
->mirrors
[disk
].head_position
);
487 /* Find the disk whose head is closest */
491 disk
= conf
->raid_disks
;
494 rdev
= rcu_dereference(conf
->mirrors
[disk
].rdev
);
496 if (!rdev
|| r1_bio
->bios
[disk
] == IO_BLOCKED
||
497 !test_bit(In_sync
, &rdev
->flags
) ||
498 test_bit(WriteMostly
, &rdev
->flags
))
501 if (!atomic_read(&rdev
->nr_pending
)) {
505 new_distance
= abs(this_sector
- conf
->mirrors
[disk
].head_position
);
506 if (new_distance
< current_distance
) {
507 current_distance
= new_distance
;
510 } while (disk
!= conf
->last_used
);
516 rdev
= rcu_dereference(conf
->mirrors
[new_disk
].rdev
);
519 atomic_inc(&rdev
->nr_pending
);
520 if (!test_bit(In_sync
, &rdev
->flags
)) {
521 /* cannot risk returning a device that failed
522 * before we inc'ed nr_pending
524 rdev_dec_pending(rdev
, conf
->mddev
);
527 conf
->next_seq_sect
= this_sector
+ sectors
;
528 conf
->last_used
= new_disk
;
535 static void unplug_slaves(mddev_t
*mddev
)
537 conf_t
*conf
= mddev
->private;
541 for (i
=0; i
<mddev
->raid_disks
; i
++) {
542 mdk_rdev_t
*rdev
= rcu_dereference(conf
->mirrors
[i
].rdev
);
543 if (rdev
&& !test_bit(Faulty
, &rdev
->flags
) && atomic_read(&rdev
->nr_pending
)) {
544 struct request_queue
*r_queue
= bdev_get_queue(rdev
->bdev
);
546 atomic_inc(&rdev
->nr_pending
);
551 rdev_dec_pending(rdev
, mddev
);
558 static void raid1_unplug(struct request_queue
*q
)
560 mddev_t
*mddev
= q
->queuedata
;
562 unplug_slaves(mddev
);
563 md_wakeup_thread(mddev
->thread
);
566 static int raid1_congested(void *data
, int bits
)
568 mddev_t
*mddev
= data
;
569 conf_t
*conf
= mddev
->private;
572 if (mddev_congested(mddev
, bits
))
576 for (i
= 0; i
< mddev
->raid_disks
; i
++) {
577 mdk_rdev_t
*rdev
= rcu_dereference(conf
->mirrors
[i
].rdev
);
578 if (rdev
&& !test_bit(Faulty
, &rdev
->flags
)) {
579 struct request_queue
*q
= bdev_get_queue(rdev
->bdev
);
581 /* Note the '|| 1' - when read_balance prefers
582 * non-congested targets, it can be removed
584 if ((bits
& (1<<BDI_async_congested
)) || 1)
585 ret
|= bdi_congested(&q
->backing_dev_info
, bits
);
587 ret
&= bdi_congested(&q
->backing_dev_info
, bits
);
595 static int flush_pending_writes(conf_t
*conf
)
597 /* Any writes that have been queued but are awaiting
598 * bitmap updates get flushed here.
599 * We return 1 if any requests were actually submitted.
603 spin_lock_irq(&conf
->device_lock
);
605 if (conf
->pending_bio_list
.head
) {
607 bio
= bio_list_get(&conf
->pending_bio_list
);
608 blk_remove_plug(conf
->mddev
->queue
);
609 spin_unlock_irq(&conf
->device_lock
);
610 /* flush any pending bitmap writes to
611 * disk before proceeding w/ I/O */
612 bitmap_unplug(conf
->mddev
->bitmap
);
614 while (bio
) { /* submit pending writes */
615 struct bio
*next
= bio
->bi_next
;
617 generic_make_request(bio
);
622 spin_unlock_irq(&conf
->device_lock
);
627 * Sometimes we need to suspend IO while we do something else,
628 * either some resync/recovery, or reconfigure the array.
629 * To do this we raise a 'barrier'.
630 * The 'barrier' is a counter that can be raised multiple times
631 * to count how many activities are happening which preclude
633 * We can only raise the barrier if there is no pending IO.
634 * i.e. if nr_pending == 0.
635 * We choose only to raise the barrier if no-one is waiting for the
636 * barrier to go down. This means that as soon as an IO request
637 * is ready, no other operations which require a barrier will start
638 * until the IO request has had a chance.
640 * So: regular IO calls 'wait_barrier'. When that returns there
641 * is no backgroup IO happening, It must arrange to call
642 * allow_barrier when it has finished its IO.
643 * backgroup IO calls must call raise_barrier. Once that returns
644 * there is no normal IO happeing. It must arrange to call
645 * lower_barrier when the particular background IO completes.
647 #define RESYNC_DEPTH 32
649 static void raise_barrier(conf_t
*conf
)
651 spin_lock_irq(&conf
->resync_lock
);
653 /* Wait until no block IO is waiting */
654 wait_event_lock_irq(conf
->wait_barrier
, !conf
->nr_waiting
,
656 raid1_unplug(conf
->mddev
->queue
));
658 /* block any new IO from starting */
661 /* No wait for all pending IO to complete */
662 wait_event_lock_irq(conf
->wait_barrier
,
663 !conf
->nr_pending
&& conf
->barrier
< RESYNC_DEPTH
,
665 raid1_unplug(conf
->mddev
->queue
));
667 spin_unlock_irq(&conf
->resync_lock
);
670 static void lower_barrier(conf_t
*conf
)
673 BUG_ON(conf
->barrier
<= 0);
674 spin_lock_irqsave(&conf
->resync_lock
, flags
);
676 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&conf
->resync_lock
, flags
);
677 wake_up(&conf
->wait_barrier
);
680 static void wait_barrier(conf_t
*conf
)
682 spin_lock_irq(&conf
->resync_lock
);
685 wait_event_lock_irq(conf
->wait_barrier
, !conf
->barrier
,
687 raid1_unplug(conf
->mddev
->queue
));
691 spin_unlock_irq(&conf
->resync_lock
);
694 static void allow_barrier(conf_t
*conf
)
697 spin_lock_irqsave(&conf
->resync_lock
, flags
);
699 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&conf
->resync_lock
, flags
);
700 wake_up(&conf
->wait_barrier
);
703 static void freeze_array(conf_t
*conf
)
705 /* stop syncio and normal IO and wait for everything to
707 * We increment barrier and nr_waiting, and then
708 * wait until nr_pending match nr_queued+1
709 * This is called in the context of one normal IO request
710 * that has failed. Thus any sync request that might be pending
711 * will be blocked by nr_pending, and we need to wait for
712 * pending IO requests to complete or be queued for re-try.
713 * Thus the number queued (nr_queued) plus this request (1)
714 * must match the number of pending IOs (nr_pending) before
717 spin_lock_irq(&conf
->resync_lock
);
720 wait_event_lock_irq(conf
->wait_barrier
,
721 conf
->nr_pending
== conf
->nr_queued
+1,
723 ({ flush_pending_writes(conf
);
724 raid1_unplug(conf
->mddev
->queue
); }));
725 spin_unlock_irq(&conf
->resync_lock
);
727 static void unfreeze_array(conf_t
*conf
)
729 /* reverse the effect of the freeze */
730 spin_lock_irq(&conf
->resync_lock
);
733 wake_up(&conf
->wait_barrier
);
734 spin_unlock_irq(&conf
->resync_lock
);
738 /* duplicate the data pages for behind I/O */
739 static struct page
**alloc_behind_pages(struct bio
*bio
)
742 struct bio_vec
*bvec
;
743 struct page
**pages
= kzalloc(bio
->bi_vcnt
* sizeof(struct page
*),
745 if (unlikely(!pages
))
748 bio_for_each_segment(bvec
, bio
, i
) {
749 pages
[i
] = alloc_page(GFP_NOIO
);
750 if (unlikely(!pages
[i
]))
752 memcpy(kmap(pages
[i
]) + bvec
->bv_offset
,
753 kmap(bvec
->bv_page
) + bvec
->bv_offset
, bvec
->bv_len
);
755 kunmap(bvec
->bv_page
);
762 for (i
= 0; i
< bio
->bi_vcnt
&& pages
[i
]; i
++)
765 PRINTK("%dB behind alloc failed, doing sync I/O\n", bio
->bi_size
);
769 static int make_request(mddev_t
*mddev
, struct bio
* bio
)
771 conf_t
*conf
= mddev
->private;
772 mirror_info_t
*mirror
;
774 struct bio
*read_bio
;
775 int i
, targets
= 0, disks
;
776 struct bitmap
*bitmap
;
779 struct page
**behind_pages
= NULL
;
780 const int rw
= bio_data_dir(bio
);
781 const unsigned long do_sync
= (bio
->bi_rw
& REQ_SYNC
);
782 const unsigned long do_flush_fua
= (bio
->bi_rw
& (REQ_FLUSH
| REQ_FUA
));
783 mdk_rdev_t
*blocked_rdev
;
786 * Register the new request and wait if the reconstruction
787 * thread has put up a bar for new requests.
788 * Continue immediately if no resync is active currently.
791 md_write_start(mddev
, bio
); /* wait on superblock update early */
793 if (bio_data_dir(bio
) == WRITE
&&
794 bio
->bi_sector
+ bio
->bi_size
/512 > mddev
->suspend_lo
&&
795 bio
->bi_sector
< mddev
->suspend_hi
) {
796 /* As the suspend_* range is controlled by
797 * userspace, we want an interruptible
802 flush_signals(current
);
803 prepare_to_wait(&conf
->wait_barrier
,
804 &w
, TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE
);
805 if (bio
->bi_sector
+ bio
->bi_size
/512 <= mddev
->suspend_lo
||
806 bio
->bi_sector
>= mddev
->suspend_hi
)
810 finish_wait(&conf
->wait_barrier
, &w
);
815 bitmap
= mddev
->bitmap
;
818 * make_request() can abort the operation when READA is being
819 * used and no empty request is available.
822 r1_bio
= mempool_alloc(conf
->r1bio_pool
, GFP_NOIO
);
824 r1_bio
->master_bio
= bio
;
825 r1_bio
->sectors
= bio
->bi_size
>> 9;
827 r1_bio
->mddev
= mddev
;
828 r1_bio
->sector
= bio
->bi_sector
;
832 * read balancing logic:
834 int rdisk
= read_balance(conf
, r1_bio
);
837 /* couldn't find anywhere to read from */
838 raid_end_bio_io(r1_bio
);
841 mirror
= conf
->mirrors
+ rdisk
;
843 if (test_bit(WriteMostly
, &mirror
->rdev
->flags
) &&
845 /* Reading from a write-mostly device must
846 * take care not to over-take any writes
849 wait_event(bitmap
->behind_wait
,
850 atomic_read(&bitmap
->behind_writes
) == 0);
852 r1_bio
->read_disk
= rdisk
;
854 read_bio
= bio_clone(bio
, GFP_NOIO
);
856 r1_bio
->bios
[rdisk
] = read_bio
;
858 read_bio
->bi_sector
= r1_bio
->sector
+ mirror
->rdev
->data_offset
;
859 read_bio
->bi_bdev
= mirror
->rdev
->bdev
;
860 read_bio
->bi_end_io
= raid1_end_read_request
;
861 read_bio
->bi_rw
= READ
| do_sync
;
862 read_bio
->bi_private
= r1_bio
;
864 generic_make_request(read_bio
);
871 /* first select target devices under spinlock and
872 * inc refcount on their rdev. Record them by setting
875 disks
= conf
->raid_disks
;
877 { static int first
=1;
878 if (first
) printk("First Write sector %llu disks %d\n",
879 (unsigned long long)r1_bio
->sector
, disks
);
886 for (i
= 0; i
< disks
; i
++) {
887 mdk_rdev_t
*rdev
= rcu_dereference(conf
->mirrors
[i
].rdev
);
888 if (rdev
&& unlikely(test_bit(Blocked
, &rdev
->flags
))) {
889 atomic_inc(&rdev
->nr_pending
);
893 if (rdev
&& !test_bit(Faulty
, &rdev
->flags
)) {
894 atomic_inc(&rdev
->nr_pending
);
895 if (test_bit(Faulty
, &rdev
->flags
)) {
896 rdev_dec_pending(rdev
, mddev
);
897 r1_bio
->bios
[i
] = NULL
;
899 r1_bio
->bios
[i
] = bio
;
903 r1_bio
->bios
[i
] = NULL
;
907 if (unlikely(blocked_rdev
)) {
908 /* Wait for this device to become unblocked */
911 for (j
= 0; j
< i
; j
++)
913 rdev_dec_pending(conf
->mirrors
[j
].rdev
, mddev
);
916 md_wait_for_blocked_rdev(blocked_rdev
, mddev
);
921 BUG_ON(targets
== 0); /* we never fail the last device */
923 if (targets
< conf
->raid_disks
) {
924 /* array is degraded, we will not clear the bitmap
925 * on I/O completion (see raid1_end_write_request) */
926 set_bit(R1BIO_Degraded
, &r1_bio
->state
);
930 * Not if there are too many, or cannot allocate memory,
931 * or a reader on WriteMostly is waiting for behind writes
934 (atomic_read(&bitmap
->behind_writes
)
935 < mddev
->bitmap_info
.max_write_behind
) &&
936 !waitqueue_active(&bitmap
->behind_wait
) &&
937 (behind_pages
= alloc_behind_pages(bio
)) != NULL
)
938 set_bit(R1BIO_BehindIO
, &r1_bio
->state
);
940 atomic_set(&r1_bio
->remaining
, 0);
941 atomic_set(&r1_bio
->behind_remaining
, 0);
944 for (i
= 0; i
< disks
; i
++) {
946 if (!r1_bio
->bios
[i
])
949 mbio
= bio_clone(bio
, GFP_NOIO
);
950 r1_bio
->bios
[i
] = mbio
;
952 mbio
->bi_sector
= r1_bio
->sector
+ conf
->mirrors
[i
].rdev
->data_offset
;
953 mbio
->bi_bdev
= conf
->mirrors
[i
].rdev
->bdev
;
954 mbio
->bi_end_io
= raid1_end_write_request
;
955 mbio
->bi_rw
= WRITE
| do_flush_fua
| do_sync
;
956 mbio
->bi_private
= r1_bio
;
959 struct bio_vec
*bvec
;
962 /* Yes, I really want the '__' version so that
963 * we clear any unused pointer in the io_vec, rather
964 * than leave them unchanged. This is important
965 * because when we come to free the pages, we won't
966 * know the originial bi_idx, so we just free
969 __bio_for_each_segment(bvec
, mbio
, j
, 0)
970 bvec
->bv_page
= behind_pages
[j
];
971 if (test_bit(WriteMostly
, &conf
->mirrors
[i
].rdev
->flags
))
972 atomic_inc(&r1_bio
->behind_remaining
);
975 atomic_inc(&r1_bio
->remaining
);
977 bio_list_add(&bl
, mbio
);
979 kfree(behind_pages
); /* the behind pages are attached to the bios now */
981 bitmap_startwrite(bitmap
, bio
->bi_sector
, r1_bio
->sectors
,
982 test_bit(R1BIO_BehindIO
, &r1_bio
->state
));
983 spin_lock_irqsave(&conf
->device_lock
, flags
);
984 bio_list_merge(&conf
->pending_bio_list
, &bl
);
987 blk_plug_device(mddev
->queue
);
988 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&conf
->device_lock
, flags
);
990 /* In case raid1d snuck into freeze_array */
991 wake_up(&conf
->wait_barrier
);
994 md_wakeup_thread(mddev
->thread
);
996 while ((bio
= bio_list_pop(&bl
)) != NULL
)
997 generic_make_request(bio
);
1003 static void status(struct seq_file
*seq
, mddev_t
*mddev
)
1005 conf_t
*conf
= mddev
->private;
1008 seq_printf(seq
, " [%d/%d] [", conf
->raid_disks
,
1009 conf
->raid_disks
- mddev
->degraded
);
1011 for (i
= 0; i
< conf
->raid_disks
; i
++) {
1012 mdk_rdev_t
*rdev
= rcu_dereference(conf
->mirrors
[i
].rdev
);
1013 seq_printf(seq
, "%s",
1014 rdev
&& test_bit(In_sync
, &rdev
->flags
) ? "U" : "_");
1017 seq_printf(seq
, "]");
1021 static void error(mddev_t
*mddev
, mdk_rdev_t
*rdev
)
1023 char b
[BDEVNAME_SIZE
];
1024 conf_t
*conf
= mddev
->private;
1027 * If it is not operational, then we have already marked it as dead
1028 * else if it is the last working disks, ignore the error, let the
1029 * next level up know.
1030 * else mark the drive as failed
1032 if (test_bit(In_sync
, &rdev
->flags
)
1033 && (conf
->raid_disks
- mddev
->degraded
) == 1) {
1035 * Don't fail the drive, act as though we were just a
1036 * normal single drive.
1037 * However don't try a recovery from this drive as
1038 * it is very likely to fail.
1040 mddev
->recovery_disabled
= 1;
1043 if (test_and_clear_bit(In_sync
, &rdev
->flags
)) {
1044 unsigned long flags
;
1045 spin_lock_irqsave(&conf
->device_lock
, flags
);
1047 set_bit(Faulty
, &rdev
->flags
);
1048 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&conf
->device_lock
, flags
);
1050 * if recovery is running, make sure it aborts.
1052 set_bit(MD_RECOVERY_INTR
, &mddev
->recovery
);
1054 set_bit(Faulty
, &rdev
->flags
);
1055 set_bit(MD_CHANGE_DEVS
, &mddev
->flags
);
1056 printk(KERN_ALERT
"md/raid1:%s: Disk failure on %s, disabling device.\n"
1057 KERN_ALERT
"md/raid1:%s: Operation continuing on %d devices.\n",
1058 mdname(mddev
), bdevname(rdev
->bdev
, b
),
1059 mdname(mddev
), conf
->raid_disks
- mddev
->degraded
);
1062 static void print_conf(conf_t
*conf
)
1066 printk(KERN_DEBUG
"RAID1 conf printout:\n");
1068 printk(KERN_DEBUG
"(!conf)\n");
1071 printk(KERN_DEBUG
" --- wd:%d rd:%d\n", conf
->raid_disks
- conf
->mddev
->degraded
,
1075 for (i
= 0; i
< conf
->raid_disks
; i
++) {
1076 char b
[BDEVNAME_SIZE
];
1077 mdk_rdev_t
*rdev
= rcu_dereference(conf
->mirrors
[i
].rdev
);
1079 printk(KERN_DEBUG
" disk %d, wo:%d, o:%d, dev:%s\n",
1080 i
, !test_bit(In_sync
, &rdev
->flags
),
1081 !test_bit(Faulty
, &rdev
->flags
),
1082 bdevname(rdev
->bdev
,b
));
1087 static void close_sync(conf_t
*conf
)
1090 allow_barrier(conf
);
1092 mempool_destroy(conf
->r1buf_pool
);
1093 conf
->r1buf_pool
= NULL
;
1096 static int raid1_spare_active(mddev_t
*mddev
)
1099 conf_t
*conf
= mddev
->private;
1101 unsigned long flags
;
1104 * Find all failed disks within the RAID1 configuration
1105 * and mark them readable.
1106 * Called under mddev lock, so rcu protection not needed.
1108 for (i
= 0; i
< conf
->raid_disks
; i
++) {
1109 mdk_rdev_t
*rdev
= conf
->mirrors
[i
].rdev
;
1111 && !test_bit(Faulty
, &rdev
->flags
)
1112 && !test_and_set_bit(In_sync
, &rdev
->flags
)) {
1114 sysfs_notify_dirent(rdev
->sysfs_state
);
1117 spin_lock_irqsave(&conf
->device_lock
, flags
);
1118 mddev
->degraded
-= count
;
1119 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&conf
->device_lock
, flags
);
1126 static int raid1_add_disk(mddev_t
*mddev
, mdk_rdev_t
*rdev
)
1128 conf_t
*conf
= mddev
->private;
1133 int last
= mddev
->raid_disks
- 1;
1135 if (rdev
->raid_disk
>= 0)
1136 first
= last
= rdev
->raid_disk
;
1138 for (mirror
= first
; mirror
<= last
; mirror
++)
1139 if ( !(p
=conf
->mirrors
+mirror
)->rdev
) {
1141 disk_stack_limits(mddev
->gendisk
, rdev
->bdev
,
1142 rdev
->data_offset
<< 9);
1143 /* as we don't honour merge_bvec_fn, we must
1144 * never risk violating it, so limit
1145 * ->max_segments to one lying with a single
1146 * page, as a one page request is never in
1149 if (rdev
->bdev
->bd_disk
->queue
->merge_bvec_fn
) {
1150 blk_queue_max_segments(mddev
->queue
, 1);
1151 blk_queue_segment_boundary(mddev
->queue
,
1152 PAGE_CACHE_SIZE
- 1);
1155 p
->head_position
= 0;
1156 rdev
->raid_disk
= mirror
;
1158 /* As all devices are equivalent, we don't need a full recovery
1159 * if this was recently any drive of the array
1161 if (rdev
->saved_raid_disk
< 0)
1163 rcu_assign_pointer(p
->rdev
, rdev
);
1166 md_integrity_add_rdev(rdev
, mddev
);
1171 static int raid1_remove_disk(mddev_t
*mddev
, int number
)
1173 conf_t
*conf
= mddev
->private;
1176 mirror_info_t
*p
= conf
->mirrors
+ number
;
1181 if (test_bit(In_sync
, &rdev
->flags
) ||
1182 atomic_read(&rdev
->nr_pending
)) {
1186 /* Only remove non-faulty devices is recovery
1189 if (!test_bit(Faulty
, &rdev
->flags
) &&
1190 mddev
->degraded
< conf
->raid_disks
) {
1196 if (atomic_read(&rdev
->nr_pending
)) {
1197 /* lost the race, try later */
1202 md_integrity_register(mddev
);
1211 static void end_sync_read(struct bio
*bio
, int error
)
1213 r1bio_t
*r1_bio
= bio
->bi_private
;
1216 for (i
=r1_bio
->mddev
->raid_disks
; i
--; )
1217 if (r1_bio
->bios
[i
] == bio
)
1220 update_head_pos(i
, r1_bio
);
1222 * we have read a block, now it needs to be re-written,
1223 * or re-read if the read failed.
1224 * We don't do much here, just schedule handling by raid1d
1226 if (test_bit(BIO_UPTODATE
, &bio
->bi_flags
))
1227 set_bit(R1BIO_Uptodate
, &r1_bio
->state
);
1229 if (atomic_dec_and_test(&r1_bio
->remaining
))
1230 reschedule_retry(r1_bio
);
1233 static void end_sync_write(struct bio
*bio
, int error
)
1235 int uptodate
= test_bit(BIO_UPTODATE
, &bio
->bi_flags
);
1236 r1bio_t
*r1_bio
= bio
->bi_private
;
1237 mddev_t
*mddev
= r1_bio
->mddev
;
1238 conf_t
*conf
= mddev
->private;
1242 for (i
= 0; i
< conf
->raid_disks
; i
++)
1243 if (r1_bio
->bios
[i
] == bio
) {
1248 sector_t sync_blocks
= 0;
1249 sector_t s
= r1_bio
->sector
;
1250 long sectors_to_go
= r1_bio
->sectors
;
1251 /* make sure these bits doesn't get cleared. */
1253 bitmap_end_sync(mddev
->bitmap
, s
,
1256 sectors_to_go
-= sync_blocks
;
1257 } while (sectors_to_go
> 0);
1258 md_error(mddev
, conf
->mirrors
[mirror
].rdev
);
1261 update_head_pos(mirror
, r1_bio
);
1263 if (atomic_dec_and_test(&r1_bio
->remaining
)) {
1264 sector_t s
= r1_bio
->sectors
;
1266 md_done_sync(mddev
, s
, uptodate
);
1270 static void sync_request_write(mddev_t
*mddev
, r1bio_t
*r1_bio
)
1272 conf_t
*conf
= mddev
->private;
1274 int disks
= conf
->raid_disks
;
1275 struct bio
*bio
, *wbio
;
1277 bio
= r1_bio
->bios
[r1_bio
->read_disk
];
1280 if (test_bit(MD_RECOVERY_REQUESTED
, &mddev
->recovery
)) {
1281 /* We have read all readable devices. If we haven't
1282 * got the block, then there is no hope left.
1283 * If we have, then we want to do a comparison
1284 * and skip the write if everything is the same.
1285 * If any blocks failed to read, then we need to
1286 * attempt an over-write
1289 if (!test_bit(R1BIO_Uptodate
, &r1_bio
->state
)) {
1290 for (i
=0; i
<mddev
->raid_disks
; i
++)
1291 if (r1_bio
->bios
[i
]->bi_end_io
== end_sync_read
)
1292 md_error(mddev
, conf
->mirrors
[i
].rdev
);
1294 md_done_sync(mddev
, r1_bio
->sectors
, 1);
1298 for (primary
=0; primary
<mddev
->raid_disks
; primary
++)
1299 if (r1_bio
->bios
[primary
]->bi_end_io
== end_sync_read
&&
1300 test_bit(BIO_UPTODATE
, &r1_bio
->bios
[primary
]->bi_flags
)) {
1301 r1_bio
->bios
[primary
]->bi_end_io
= NULL
;
1302 rdev_dec_pending(conf
->mirrors
[primary
].rdev
, mddev
);
1305 r1_bio
->read_disk
= primary
;
1306 for (i
=0; i
<mddev
->raid_disks
; i
++)
1307 if (r1_bio
->bios
[i
]->bi_end_io
== end_sync_read
) {
1309 int vcnt
= r1_bio
->sectors
>> (PAGE_SHIFT
- 9);
1310 struct bio
*pbio
= r1_bio
->bios
[primary
];
1311 struct bio
*sbio
= r1_bio
->bios
[i
];
1313 if (test_bit(BIO_UPTODATE
, &sbio
->bi_flags
)) {
1314 for (j
= vcnt
; j
-- ; ) {
1316 p
= pbio
->bi_io_vec
[j
].bv_page
;
1317 s
= sbio
->bi_io_vec
[j
].bv_page
;
1318 if (memcmp(page_address(p
),
1326 mddev
->resync_mismatches
+= r1_bio
->sectors
;
1327 if (j
< 0 || (test_bit(MD_RECOVERY_CHECK
, &mddev
->recovery
)
1328 && test_bit(BIO_UPTODATE
, &sbio
->bi_flags
))) {
1329 sbio
->bi_end_io
= NULL
;
1330 rdev_dec_pending(conf
->mirrors
[i
].rdev
, mddev
);
1332 /* fixup the bio for reuse */
1334 sbio
->bi_vcnt
= vcnt
;
1335 sbio
->bi_size
= r1_bio
->sectors
<< 9;
1337 sbio
->bi_phys_segments
= 0;
1338 sbio
->bi_flags
&= ~(BIO_POOL_MASK
- 1);
1339 sbio
->bi_flags
|= 1 << BIO_UPTODATE
;
1340 sbio
->bi_next
= NULL
;
1341 sbio
->bi_sector
= r1_bio
->sector
+
1342 conf
->mirrors
[i
].rdev
->data_offset
;
1343 sbio
->bi_bdev
= conf
->mirrors
[i
].rdev
->bdev
;
1344 size
= sbio
->bi_size
;
1345 for (j
= 0; j
< vcnt
; j
++) {
1347 bi
= &sbio
->bi_io_vec
[j
];
1349 if (size
> PAGE_SIZE
)
1350 bi
->bv_len
= PAGE_SIZE
;
1354 memcpy(page_address(bi
->bv_page
),
1355 page_address(pbio
->bi_io_vec
[j
].bv_page
),
1362 if (!test_bit(R1BIO_Uptodate
, &r1_bio
->state
)) {
1363 /* ouch - failed to read all of that.
1364 * Try some synchronous reads of other devices to get
1365 * good data, much like with normal read errors. Only
1366 * read into the pages we already have so we don't
1367 * need to re-issue the read request.
1368 * We don't need to freeze the array, because being in an
1369 * active sync request, there is no normal IO, and
1370 * no overlapping syncs.
1372 sector_t sect
= r1_bio
->sector
;
1373 int sectors
= r1_bio
->sectors
;
1378 int d
= r1_bio
->read_disk
;
1382 if (s
> (PAGE_SIZE
>>9))
1385 if (r1_bio
->bios
[d
]->bi_end_io
== end_sync_read
) {
1386 /* No rcu protection needed here devices
1387 * can only be removed when no resync is
1388 * active, and resync is currently active
1390 rdev
= conf
->mirrors
[d
].rdev
;
1391 if (sync_page_io(rdev
->bdev
,
1392 sect
+ rdev
->data_offset
,
1394 bio
->bi_io_vec
[idx
].bv_page
,
1401 if (d
== conf
->raid_disks
)
1403 } while (!success
&& d
!= r1_bio
->read_disk
);
1407 /* write it back and re-read */
1408 set_bit(R1BIO_Uptodate
, &r1_bio
->state
);
1409 while (d
!= r1_bio
->read_disk
) {
1411 d
= conf
->raid_disks
;
1413 if (r1_bio
->bios
[d
]->bi_end_io
!= end_sync_read
)
1415 rdev
= conf
->mirrors
[d
].rdev
;
1416 atomic_add(s
, &rdev
->corrected_errors
);
1417 if (sync_page_io(rdev
->bdev
,
1418 sect
+ rdev
->data_offset
,
1420 bio
->bi_io_vec
[idx
].bv_page
,
1422 md_error(mddev
, rdev
);
1425 while (d
!= r1_bio
->read_disk
) {
1427 d
= conf
->raid_disks
;
1429 if (r1_bio
->bios
[d
]->bi_end_io
!= end_sync_read
)
1431 rdev
= conf
->mirrors
[d
].rdev
;
1432 if (sync_page_io(rdev
->bdev
,
1433 sect
+ rdev
->data_offset
,
1435 bio
->bi_io_vec
[idx
].bv_page
,
1437 md_error(mddev
, rdev
);
1440 char b
[BDEVNAME_SIZE
];
1441 /* Cannot read from anywhere, array is toast */
1442 md_error(mddev
, conf
->mirrors
[r1_bio
->read_disk
].rdev
);
1443 printk(KERN_ALERT
"md/raid1:%s: %s: unrecoverable I/O read error"
1444 " for block %llu\n",
1446 bdevname(bio
->bi_bdev
, b
),
1447 (unsigned long long)r1_bio
->sector
);
1448 md_done_sync(mddev
, r1_bio
->sectors
, 0);
1461 atomic_set(&r1_bio
->remaining
, 1);
1462 for (i
= 0; i
< disks
; i
++) {
1463 wbio
= r1_bio
->bios
[i
];
1464 if (wbio
->bi_end_io
== NULL
||
1465 (wbio
->bi_end_io
== end_sync_read
&&
1466 (i
== r1_bio
->read_disk
||
1467 !test_bit(MD_RECOVERY_SYNC
, &mddev
->recovery
))))
1470 wbio
->bi_rw
= WRITE
;
1471 wbio
->bi_end_io
= end_sync_write
;
1472 atomic_inc(&r1_bio
->remaining
);
1473 md_sync_acct(conf
->mirrors
[i
].rdev
->bdev
, wbio
->bi_size
>> 9);
1475 generic_make_request(wbio
);
1478 if (atomic_dec_and_test(&r1_bio
->remaining
)) {
1479 /* if we're here, all write(s) have completed, so clean up */
1480 md_done_sync(mddev
, r1_bio
->sectors
, 1);
1486 * This is a kernel thread which:
1488 * 1. Retries failed read operations on working mirrors.
1489 * 2. Updates the raid superblock when problems encounter.
1490 * 3. Performs writes following reads for array syncronising.
1493 static void fix_read_error(conf_t
*conf
, int read_disk
,
1494 sector_t sect
, int sectors
)
1496 mddev_t
*mddev
= conf
->mddev
;
1504 if (s
> (PAGE_SIZE
>>9))
1508 /* Note: no rcu protection needed here
1509 * as this is synchronous in the raid1d thread
1510 * which is the thread that might remove
1511 * a device. If raid1d ever becomes multi-threaded....
1513 rdev
= conf
->mirrors
[d
].rdev
;
1515 test_bit(In_sync
, &rdev
->flags
) &&
1516 sync_page_io(rdev
->bdev
,
1517 sect
+ rdev
->data_offset
,
1519 conf
->tmppage
, READ
))
1523 if (d
== conf
->raid_disks
)
1526 } while (!success
&& d
!= read_disk
);
1529 /* Cannot read from anywhere -- bye bye array */
1530 md_error(mddev
, conf
->mirrors
[read_disk
].rdev
);
1533 /* write it back and re-read */
1535 while (d
!= read_disk
) {
1537 d
= conf
->raid_disks
;
1539 rdev
= conf
->mirrors
[d
].rdev
;
1541 test_bit(In_sync
, &rdev
->flags
)) {
1542 if (sync_page_io(rdev
->bdev
,
1543 sect
+ rdev
->data_offset
,
1544 s
<<9, conf
->tmppage
, WRITE
)
1546 /* Well, this device is dead */
1547 md_error(mddev
, rdev
);
1551 while (d
!= read_disk
) {
1552 char b
[BDEVNAME_SIZE
];
1554 d
= conf
->raid_disks
;
1556 rdev
= conf
->mirrors
[d
].rdev
;
1558 test_bit(In_sync
, &rdev
->flags
)) {
1559 if (sync_page_io(rdev
->bdev
,
1560 sect
+ rdev
->data_offset
,
1561 s
<<9, conf
->tmppage
, READ
)
1563 /* Well, this device is dead */
1564 md_error(mddev
, rdev
);
1566 atomic_add(s
, &rdev
->corrected_errors
);
1568 "md/raid1:%s: read error corrected "
1569 "(%d sectors at %llu on %s)\n",
1571 (unsigned long long)(sect
+
1573 bdevname(rdev
->bdev
, b
));
1582 static void raid1d(mddev_t
*mddev
)
1586 unsigned long flags
;
1587 conf_t
*conf
= mddev
->private;
1588 struct list_head
*head
= &conf
->retry_list
;
1592 md_check_recovery(mddev
);
1595 char b
[BDEVNAME_SIZE
];
1597 unplug
+= flush_pending_writes(conf
);
1599 spin_lock_irqsave(&conf
->device_lock
, flags
);
1600 if (list_empty(head
)) {
1601 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&conf
->device_lock
, flags
);
1604 r1_bio
= list_entry(head
->prev
, r1bio_t
, retry_list
);
1605 list_del(head
->prev
);
1607 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&conf
->device_lock
, flags
);
1609 mddev
= r1_bio
->mddev
;
1610 conf
= mddev
->private;
1611 if (test_bit(R1BIO_IsSync
, &r1_bio
->state
)) {
1612 sync_request_write(mddev
, r1_bio
);
1617 /* we got a read error. Maybe the drive is bad. Maybe just
1618 * the block and we can fix it.
1619 * We freeze all other IO, and try reading the block from
1620 * other devices. When we find one, we re-write
1621 * and check it that fixes the read error.
1622 * This is all done synchronously while the array is
1625 if (mddev
->ro
== 0) {
1627 fix_read_error(conf
, r1_bio
->read_disk
,
1630 unfreeze_array(conf
);
1633 conf
->mirrors
[r1_bio
->read_disk
].rdev
);
1635 bio
= r1_bio
->bios
[r1_bio
->read_disk
];
1636 if ((disk
=read_balance(conf
, r1_bio
)) == -1) {
1637 printk(KERN_ALERT
"md/raid1:%s: %s: unrecoverable I/O"
1638 " read error for block %llu\n",
1640 bdevname(bio
->bi_bdev
,b
),
1641 (unsigned long long)r1_bio
->sector
);
1642 raid_end_bio_io(r1_bio
);
1644 const unsigned long do_sync
= r1_bio
->master_bio
->bi_rw
& REQ_SYNC
;
1645 r1_bio
->bios
[r1_bio
->read_disk
] =
1646 mddev
->ro
? IO_BLOCKED
: NULL
;
1647 r1_bio
->read_disk
= disk
;
1649 bio
= bio_clone(r1_bio
->master_bio
, GFP_NOIO
);
1650 r1_bio
->bios
[r1_bio
->read_disk
] = bio
;
1651 rdev
= conf
->mirrors
[disk
].rdev
;
1652 if (printk_ratelimit())
1653 printk(KERN_ERR
"md/raid1:%s: redirecting sector %llu to"
1654 " other mirror: %s\n",
1656 (unsigned long long)r1_bio
->sector
,
1657 bdevname(rdev
->bdev
,b
));
1658 bio
->bi_sector
= r1_bio
->sector
+ rdev
->data_offset
;
1659 bio
->bi_bdev
= rdev
->bdev
;
1660 bio
->bi_end_io
= raid1_end_read_request
;
1661 bio
->bi_rw
= READ
| do_sync
;
1662 bio
->bi_private
= r1_bio
;
1664 generic_make_request(bio
);
1670 unplug_slaves(mddev
);
1674 static int init_resync(conf_t
*conf
)
1678 buffs
= RESYNC_WINDOW
/ RESYNC_BLOCK_SIZE
;
1679 BUG_ON(conf
->r1buf_pool
);
1680 conf
->r1buf_pool
= mempool_create(buffs
, r1buf_pool_alloc
, r1buf_pool_free
,
1682 if (!conf
->r1buf_pool
)
1684 conf
->next_resync
= 0;
1689 * perform a "sync" on one "block"
1691 * We need to make sure that no normal I/O request - particularly write
1692 * requests - conflict with active sync requests.
1694 * This is achieved by tracking pending requests and a 'barrier' concept
1695 * that can be installed to exclude normal IO requests.
1698 static sector_t
sync_request(mddev_t
*mddev
, sector_t sector_nr
, int *skipped
, int go_faster
)
1700 conf_t
*conf
= mddev
->private;
1703 sector_t max_sector
, nr_sectors
;
1707 int write_targets
= 0, read_targets
= 0;
1708 sector_t sync_blocks
;
1709 int still_degraded
= 0;
1711 if (!conf
->r1buf_pool
)
1712 if (init_resync(conf
))
1715 max_sector
= mddev
->dev_sectors
;
1716 if (sector_nr
>= max_sector
) {
1717 /* If we aborted, we need to abort the
1718 * sync on the 'current' bitmap chunk (there will
1719 * only be one in raid1 resync.
1720 * We can find the current addess in mddev->curr_resync
1722 if (mddev
->curr_resync
< max_sector
) /* aborted */
1723 bitmap_end_sync(mddev
->bitmap
, mddev
->curr_resync
,
1725 else /* completed sync */
1728 bitmap_close_sync(mddev
->bitmap
);
1733 if (mddev
->bitmap
== NULL
&&
1734 mddev
->recovery_cp
== MaxSector
&&
1735 !test_bit(MD_RECOVERY_REQUESTED
, &mddev
->recovery
) &&
1736 conf
->fullsync
== 0) {
1738 return max_sector
- sector_nr
;
1740 /* before building a request, check if we can skip these blocks..
1741 * This call the bitmap_start_sync doesn't actually record anything
1743 if (!bitmap_start_sync(mddev
->bitmap
, sector_nr
, &sync_blocks
, 1) &&
1744 !conf
->fullsync
&& !test_bit(MD_RECOVERY_REQUESTED
, &mddev
->recovery
)) {
1745 /* We can skip this block, and probably several more */
1750 * If there is non-resync activity waiting for a turn,
1751 * and resync is going fast enough,
1752 * then let it though before starting on this new sync request.
1754 if (!go_faster
&& conf
->nr_waiting
)
1755 msleep_interruptible(1000);
1757 bitmap_cond_end_sync(mddev
->bitmap
, sector_nr
);
1758 raise_barrier(conf
);
1760 conf
->next_resync
= sector_nr
;
1762 r1_bio
= mempool_alloc(conf
->r1buf_pool
, GFP_NOIO
);
1765 * If we get a correctably read error during resync or recovery,
1766 * we might want to read from a different device. So we
1767 * flag all drives that could conceivably be read from for READ,
1768 * and any others (which will be non-In_sync devices) for WRITE.
1769 * If a read fails, we try reading from something else for which READ
1773 r1_bio
->mddev
= mddev
;
1774 r1_bio
->sector
= sector_nr
;
1776 set_bit(R1BIO_IsSync
, &r1_bio
->state
);
1778 for (i
=0; i
< conf
->raid_disks
; i
++) {
1780 bio
= r1_bio
->bios
[i
];
1782 /* take from bio_init */
1783 bio
->bi_next
= NULL
;
1784 bio
->bi_flags
&= ~(BIO_POOL_MASK
-1);
1785 bio
->bi_flags
|= 1 << BIO_UPTODATE
;
1786 bio
->bi_comp_cpu
= -1;
1790 bio
->bi_phys_segments
= 0;
1792 bio
->bi_end_io
= NULL
;
1793 bio
->bi_private
= NULL
;
1795 rdev
= rcu_dereference(conf
->mirrors
[i
].rdev
);
1797 test_bit(Faulty
, &rdev
->flags
)) {
1800 } else if (!test_bit(In_sync
, &rdev
->flags
)) {
1802 bio
->bi_end_io
= end_sync_write
;
1805 /* may need to read from here */
1807 bio
->bi_end_io
= end_sync_read
;
1808 if (test_bit(WriteMostly
, &rdev
->flags
)) {
1817 atomic_inc(&rdev
->nr_pending
);
1818 bio
->bi_sector
= sector_nr
+ rdev
->data_offset
;
1819 bio
->bi_bdev
= rdev
->bdev
;
1820 bio
->bi_private
= r1_bio
;
1825 r1_bio
->read_disk
= disk
;
1827 if (test_bit(MD_RECOVERY_SYNC
, &mddev
->recovery
) && read_targets
> 0)
1828 /* extra read targets are also write targets */
1829 write_targets
+= read_targets
-1;
1831 if (write_targets
== 0 || read_targets
== 0) {
1832 /* There is nowhere to write, so all non-sync
1833 * drives must be failed - so we are finished
1835 sector_t rv
= max_sector
- sector_nr
;
1841 if (max_sector
> mddev
->resync_max
)
1842 max_sector
= mddev
->resync_max
; /* Don't do IO beyond here */
1847 int len
= PAGE_SIZE
;
1848 if (sector_nr
+ (len
>>9) > max_sector
)
1849 len
= (max_sector
- sector_nr
) << 9;
1852 if (sync_blocks
== 0) {
1853 if (!bitmap_start_sync(mddev
->bitmap
, sector_nr
,
1854 &sync_blocks
, still_degraded
) &&
1856 !test_bit(MD_RECOVERY_REQUESTED
, &mddev
->recovery
))
1858 BUG_ON(sync_blocks
< (PAGE_SIZE
>>9));
1859 if ((len
>> 9) > sync_blocks
)
1860 len
= sync_blocks
<<9;
1863 for (i
=0 ; i
< conf
->raid_disks
; i
++) {
1864 bio
= r1_bio
->bios
[i
];
1865 if (bio
->bi_end_io
) {
1866 page
= bio
->bi_io_vec
[bio
->bi_vcnt
].bv_page
;
1867 if (bio_add_page(bio
, page
, len
, 0) == 0) {
1869 bio
->bi_io_vec
[bio
->bi_vcnt
].bv_page
= page
;
1872 bio
= r1_bio
->bios
[i
];
1873 if (bio
->bi_end_io
==NULL
)
1875 /* remove last page from this bio */
1877 bio
->bi_size
-= len
;
1878 bio
->bi_flags
&= ~(1<< BIO_SEG_VALID
);
1884 nr_sectors
+= len
>>9;
1885 sector_nr
+= len
>>9;
1886 sync_blocks
-= (len
>>9);
1887 } while (r1_bio
->bios
[disk
]->bi_vcnt
< RESYNC_PAGES
);
1889 r1_bio
->sectors
= nr_sectors
;
1891 /* For a user-requested sync, we read all readable devices and do a
1894 if (test_bit(MD_RECOVERY_REQUESTED
, &mddev
->recovery
)) {
1895 atomic_set(&r1_bio
->remaining
, read_targets
);
1896 for (i
=0; i
<conf
->raid_disks
; i
++) {
1897 bio
= r1_bio
->bios
[i
];
1898 if (bio
->bi_end_io
== end_sync_read
) {
1899 md_sync_acct(bio
->bi_bdev
, nr_sectors
);
1900 generic_make_request(bio
);
1904 atomic_set(&r1_bio
->remaining
, 1);
1905 bio
= r1_bio
->bios
[r1_bio
->read_disk
];
1906 md_sync_acct(bio
->bi_bdev
, nr_sectors
);
1907 generic_make_request(bio
);
1913 static sector_t
raid1_size(mddev_t
*mddev
, sector_t sectors
, int raid_disks
)
1918 return mddev
->dev_sectors
;
1921 static conf_t
*setup_conf(mddev_t
*mddev
)
1925 mirror_info_t
*disk
;
1929 conf
= kzalloc(sizeof(conf_t
), GFP_KERNEL
);
1933 conf
->mirrors
= kzalloc(sizeof(struct mirror_info
)*mddev
->raid_disks
,
1938 conf
->tmppage
= alloc_page(GFP_KERNEL
);
1942 conf
->poolinfo
= kzalloc(sizeof(*conf
->poolinfo
), GFP_KERNEL
);
1943 if (!conf
->poolinfo
)
1945 conf
->poolinfo
->raid_disks
= mddev
->raid_disks
;
1946 conf
->r1bio_pool
= mempool_create(NR_RAID1_BIOS
, r1bio_pool_alloc
,
1949 if (!conf
->r1bio_pool
)
1952 conf
->poolinfo
->mddev
= mddev
;
1954 spin_lock_init(&conf
->device_lock
);
1955 list_for_each_entry(rdev
, &mddev
->disks
, same_set
) {
1956 int disk_idx
= rdev
->raid_disk
;
1957 if (disk_idx
>= mddev
->raid_disks
1960 disk
= conf
->mirrors
+ disk_idx
;
1964 disk
->head_position
= 0;
1966 conf
->raid_disks
= mddev
->raid_disks
;
1967 conf
->mddev
= mddev
;
1968 INIT_LIST_HEAD(&conf
->retry_list
);
1970 spin_lock_init(&conf
->resync_lock
);
1971 init_waitqueue_head(&conf
->wait_barrier
);
1973 bio_list_init(&conf
->pending_bio_list
);
1974 bio_list_init(&conf
->flushing_bio_list
);
1976 conf
->last_used
= -1;
1977 for (i
= 0; i
< conf
->raid_disks
; i
++) {
1979 disk
= conf
->mirrors
+ i
;
1982 !test_bit(In_sync
, &disk
->rdev
->flags
)) {
1983 disk
->head_position
= 0;
1986 } else if (conf
->last_used
< 0)
1988 * The first working device is used as a
1989 * starting point to read balancing.
1991 conf
->last_used
= i
;
1995 if (conf
->last_used
< 0) {
1996 printk(KERN_ERR
"md/raid1:%s: no operational mirrors\n",
2001 conf
->thread
= md_register_thread(raid1d
, mddev
, NULL
);
2002 if (!conf
->thread
) {
2004 "md/raid1:%s: couldn't allocate thread\n",
2013 if (conf
->r1bio_pool
)
2014 mempool_destroy(conf
->r1bio_pool
);
2015 kfree(conf
->mirrors
);
2016 safe_put_page(conf
->tmppage
);
2017 kfree(conf
->poolinfo
);
2020 return ERR_PTR(err
);
2023 static int run(mddev_t
*mddev
)
2029 if (mddev
->level
!= 1) {
2030 printk(KERN_ERR
"md/raid1:%s: raid level not set to mirroring (%d)\n",
2031 mdname(mddev
), mddev
->level
);
2034 if (mddev
->reshape_position
!= MaxSector
) {
2035 printk(KERN_ERR
"md/raid1:%s: reshape_position set but not supported\n",
2040 * copy the already verified devices into our private RAID1
2041 * bookkeeping area. [whatever we allocate in run(),
2042 * should be freed in stop()]
2044 if (mddev
->private == NULL
)
2045 conf
= setup_conf(mddev
);
2047 conf
= mddev
->private;
2050 return PTR_ERR(conf
);
2052 mddev
->queue
->queue_lock
= &conf
->device_lock
;
2053 list_for_each_entry(rdev
, &mddev
->disks
, same_set
) {
2054 disk_stack_limits(mddev
->gendisk
, rdev
->bdev
,
2055 rdev
->data_offset
<< 9);
2056 /* as we don't honour merge_bvec_fn, we must never risk
2057 * violating it, so limit ->max_segments to 1 lying within
2058 * a single page, as a one page request is never in violation.
2060 if (rdev
->bdev
->bd_disk
->queue
->merge_bvec_fn
) {
2061 blk_queue_max_segments(mddev
->queue
, 1);
2062 blk_queue_segment_boundary(mddev
->queue
,
2063 PAGE_CACHE_SIZE
- 1);
2067 mddev
->degraded
= 0;
2068 for (i
=0; i
< conf
->raid_disks
; i
++)
2069 if (conf
->mirrors
[i
].rdev
== NULL
||
2070 !test_bit(In_sync
, &conf
->mirrors
[i
].rdev
->flags
) ||
2071 test_bit(Faulty
, &conf
->mirrors
[i
].rdev
->flags
))
2074 if (conf
->raid_disks
- mddev
->degraded
== 1)
2075 mddev
->recovery_cp
= MaxSector
;
2077 if (mddev
->recovery_cp
!= MaxSector
)
2078 printk(KERN_NOTICE
"md/raid1:%s: not clean"
2079 " -- starting background reconstruction\n",
2082 "md/raid1:%s: active with %d out of %d mirrors\n",
2083 mdname(mddev
), mddev
->raid_disks
- mddev
->degraded
,
2087 * Ok, everything is just fine now
2089 mddev
->thread
= conf
->thread
;
2090 conf
->thread
= NULL
;
2091 mddev
->private = conf
;
2093 md_set_array_sectors(mddev
, raid1_size(mddev
, 0, 0));
2095 mddev
->queue
->unplug_fn
= raid1_unplug
;
2096 mddev
->queue
->backing_dev_info
.congested_fn
= raid1_congested
;
2097 mddev
->queue
->backing_dev_info
.congested_data
= mddev
;
2098 md_integrity_register(mddev
);
2102 static int stop(mddev_t
*mddev
)
2104 conf_t
*conf
= mddev
->private;
2105 struct bitmap
*bitmap
= mddev
->bitmap
;
2107 /* wait for behind writes to complete */
2108 if (bitmap
&& atomic_read(&bitmap
->behind_writes
) > 0) {
2109 printk(KERN_INFO
"md/raid1:%s: behind writes in progress - waiting to stop.\n",
2111 /* need to kick something here to make sure I/O goes? */
2112 wait_event(bitmap
->behind_wait
,
2113 atomic_read(&bitmap
->behind_writes
) == 0);
2116 raise_barrier(conf
);
2117 lower_barrier(conf
);
2119 md_unregister_thread(mddev
->thread
);
2120 mddev
->thread
= NULL
;
2121 blk_sync_queue(mddev
->queue
); /* the unplug fn references 'conf'*/
2122 if (conf
->r1bio_pool
)
2123 mempool_destroy(conf
->r1bio_pool
);
2124 kfree(conf
->mirrors
);
2125 kfree(conf
->poolinfo
);
2127 mddev
->private = NULL
;
2131 static int raid1_resize(mddev_t
*mddev
, sector_t sectors
)
2133 /* no resync is happening, and there is enough space
2134 * on all devices, so we can resize.
2135 * We need to make sure resync covers any new space.
2136 * If the array is shrinking we should possibly wait until
2137 * any io in the removed space completes, but it hardly seems
2140 md_set_array_sectors(mddev
, raid1_size(mddev
, sectors
, 0));
2141 if (mddev
->array_sectors
> raid1_size(mddev
, sectors
, 0))
2143 set_capacity(mddev
->gendisk
, mddev
->array_sectors
);
2144 revalidate_disk(mddev
->gendisk
);
2145 if (sectors
> mddev
->dev_sectors
&&
2146 mddev
->recovery_cp
== MaxSector
) {
2147 mddev
->recovery_cp
= mddev
->dev_sectors
;
2148 set_bit(MD_RECOVERY_NEEDED
, &mddev
->recovery
);
2150 mddev
->dev_sectors
= sectors
;
2151 mddev
->resync_max_sectors
= sectors
;
2155 static int raid1_reshape(mddev_t
*mddev
)
2158 * 1/ resize the r1bio_pool
2159 * 2/ resize conf->mirrors
2161 * We allocate a new r1bio_pool if we can.
2162 * Then raise a device barrier and wait until all IO stops.
2163 * Then resize conf->mirrors and swap in the new r1bio pool.
2165 * At the same time, we "pack" the devices so that all the missing
2166 * devices have the higher raid_disk numbers.
2168 mempool_t
*newpool
, *oldpool
;
2169 struct pool_info
*newpoolinfo
;
2170 mirror_info_t
*newmirrors
;
2171 conf_t
*conf
= mddev
->private;
2172 int cnt
, raid_disks
;
2173 unsigned long flags
;
2176 /* Cannot change chunk_size, layout, or level */
2177 if (mddev
->chunk_sectors
!= mddev
->new_chunk_sectors
||
2178 mddev
->layout
!= mddev
->new_layout
||
2179 mddev
->level
!= mddev
->new_level
) {
2180 mddev
->new_chunk_sectors
= mddev
->chunk_sectors
;
2181 mddev
->new_layout
= mddev
->layout
;
2182 mddev
->new_level
= mddev
->level
;
2186 err
= md_allow_write(mddev
);
2190 raid_disks
= mddev
->raid_disks
+ mddev
->delta_disks
;
2192 if (raid_disks
< conf
->raid_disks
) {
2194 for (d
= 0; d
< conf
->raid_disks
; d
++)
2195 if (conf
->mirrors
[d
].rdev
)
2197 if (cnt
> raid_disks
)
2201 newpoolinfo
= kmalloc(sizeof(*newpoolinfo
), GFP_KERNEL
);
2204 newpoolinfo
->mddev
= mddev
;
2205 newpoolinfo
->raid_disks
= raid_disks
;
2207 newpool
= mempool_create(NR_RAID1_BIOS
, r1bio_pool_alloc
,
2208 r1bio_pool_free
, newpoolinfo
);
2213 newmirrors
= kzalloc(sizeof(struct mirror_info
) * raid_disks
, GFP_KERNEL
);
2216 mempool_destroy(newpool
);
2220 raise_barrier(conf
);
2222 /* ok, everything is stopped */
2223 oldpool
= conf
->r1bio_pool
;
2224 conf
->r1bio_pool
= newpool
;
2226 for (d
= d2
= 0; d
< conf
->raid_disks
; d
++) {
2227 mdk_rdev_t
*rdev
= conf
->mirrors
[d
].rdev
;
2228 if (rdev
&& rdev
->raid_disk
!= d2
) {
2230 sprintf(nm
, "rd%d", rdev
->raid_disk
);
2231 sysfs_remove_link(&mddev
->kobj
, nm
);
2232 rdev
->raid_disk
= d2
;
2233 sprintf(nm
, "rd%d", rdev
->raid_disk
);
2234 sysfs_remove_link(&mddev
->kobj
, nm
);
2235 if (sysfs_create_link(&mddev
->kobj
,
2238 "md/raid1:%s: cannot register "
2243 newmirrors
[d2
++].rdev
= rdev
;
2245 kfree(conf
->mirrors
);
2246 conf
->mirrors
= newmirrors
;
2247 kfree(conf
->poolinfo
);
2248 conf
->poolinfo
= newpoolinfo
;
2250 spin_lock_irqsave(&conf
->device_lock
, flags
);
2251 mddev
->degraded
+= (raid_disks
- conf
->raid_disks
);
2252 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&conf
->device_lock
, flags
);
2253 conf
->raid_disks
= mddev
->raid_disks
= raid_disks
;
2254 mddev
->delta_disks
= 0;
2256 conf
->last_used
= 0; /* just make sure it is in-range */
2257 lower_barrier(conf
);
2259 set_bit(MD_RECOVERY_NEEDED
, &mddev
->recovery
);
2260 md_wakeup_thread(mddev
->thread
);
2262 mempool_destroy(oldpool
);
2266 static void raid1_quiesce(mddev_t
*mddev
, int state
)
2268 conf_t
*conf
= mddev
->private;
2271 case 2: /* wake for suspend */
2272 wake_up(&conf
->wait_barrier
);
2275 raise_barrier(conf
);
2278 lower_barrier(conf
);
2283 static void *raid1_takeover(mddev_t
*mddev
)
2285 /* raid1 can take over:
2286 * raid5 with 2 devices, any layout or chunk size
2288 if (mddev
->level
== 5 && mddev
->raid_disks
== 2) {
2290 mddev
->new_level
= 1;
2291 mddev
->new_layout
= 0;
2292 mddev
->new_chunk_sectors
= 0;
2293 conf
= setup_conf(mddev
);
2298 return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL
);
2301 static struct mdk_personality raid1_personality
=
2305 .owner
= THIS_MODULE
,
2306 .make_request
= make_request
,
2310 .error_handler
= error
,
2311 .hot_add_disk
= raid1_add_disk
,
2312 .hot_remove_disk
= raid1_remove_disk
,
2313 .spare_active
= raid1_spare_active
,
2314 .sync_request
= sync_request
,
2315 .resize
= raid1_resize
,
2317 .check_reshape
= raid1_reshape
,
2318 .quiesce
= raid1_quiesce
,
2319 .takeover
= raid1_takeover
,
2322 static int __init
raid_init(void)
2324 return register_md_personality(&raid1_personality
);
2327 static void raid_exit(void)
2329 unregister_md_personality(&raid1_personality
);
2332 module_init(raid_init
);
2333 module_exit(raid_exit
);
2334 MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
2335 MODULE_DESCRIPTION("RAID1 (mirroring) personality for MD");
2336 MODULE_ALIAS("md-personality-3"); /* RAID1 */
2337 MODULE_ALIAS("md-raid1");
2338 MODULE_ALIAS("md-level-1");