2 * linux/mm/compaction.c
4 * Memory compaction for the reduction of external fragmentation. Note that
5 * this heavily depends upon page migration to do all the real heavy
8 * Copyright IBM Corp. 2007-2010 Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
10 #include <linux/swap.h>
11 #include <linux/migrate.h>
12 #include <linux/compaction.h>
13 #include <linux/mm_inline.h>
14 #include <linux/backing-dev.h>
15 #include <linux/sysctl.h>
16 #include <linux/sysfs.h>
19 #define CREATE_TRACE_POINTS
20 #include <trace/events/compaction.h>
23 * compact_control is used to track pages being migrated and the free pages
24 * they are being migrated to during memory compaction. The free_pfn starts
25 * at the end of a zone and migrate_pfn begins at the start. Movable pages
26 * are moved to the end of a zone during a compaction run and the run
27 * completes when free_pfn <= migrate_pfn
29 struct compact_control
{
30 struct list_head freepages
; /* List of free pages to migrate to */
31 struct list_head migratepages
; /* List of pages being migrated */
32 unsigned long nr_freepages
; /* Number of isolated free pages */
33 unsigned long nr_migratepages
; /* Number of pages to migrate */
34 unsigned long free_pfn
; /* isolate_freepages search base */
35 unsigned long migrate_pfn
; /* isolate_migratepages search base */
36 bool sync
; /* Synchronous migration */
38 /* Account for isolated anon and file pages */
39 unsigned long nr_anon
;
40 unsigned long nr_file
;
42 unsigned int order
; /* order a direct compactor needs */
43 int migratetype
; /* MOVABLE, RECLAIMABLE etc */
47 static unsigned long release_freepages(struct list_head
*freelist
)
49 struct page
*page
, *next
;
50 unsigned long count
= 0;
52 list_for_each_entry_safe(page
, next
, freelist
, lru
) {
61 /* Isolate free pages onto a private freelist. Must hold zone->lock */
62 static unsigned long isolate_freepages_block(struct zone
*zone
,
63 unsigned long blockpfn
,
64 struct list_head
*freelist
)
66 unsigned long zone_end_pfn
, end_pfn
;
67 int nr_scanned
= 0, total_isolated
= 0;
70 /* Get the last PFN we should scan for free pages at */
71 zone_end_pfn
= zone
->zone_start_pfn
+ zone
->spanned_pages
;
72 end_pfn
= min(blockpfn
+ pageblock_nr_pages
, zone_end_pfn
);
74 /* Find the first usable PFN in the block to initialse page cursor */
75 for (; blockpfn
< end_pfn
; blockpfn
++) {
76 if (pfn_valid_within(blockpfn
))
79 cursor
= pfn_to_page(blockpfn
);
81 /* Isolate free pages. This assumes the block is valid */
82 for (; blockpfn
< end_pfn
; blockpfn
++, cursor
++) {
84 struct page
*page
= cursor
;
86 if (!pfn_valid_within(blockpfn
))
93 /* Found a free page, break it into order-0 pages */
94 isolated
= split_free_page(page
);
95 total_isolated
+= isolated
;
96 for (i
= 0; i
< isolated
; i
++) {
97 list_add(&page
->lru
, freelist
);
101 /* If a page was split, advance to the end of it */
103 blockpfn
+= isolated
- 1;
104 cursor
+= isolated
- 1;
108 trace_mm_compaction_isolate_freepages(nr_scanned
, total_isolated
);
109 return total_isolated
;
112 /* Returns true if the page is within a block suitable for migration to */
113 static bool suitable_migration_target(struct page
*page
)
116 int migratetype
= get_pageblock_migratetype(page
);
118 /* Don't interfere with memory hot-remove or the min_free_kbytes blocks */
119 if (migratetype
== MIGRATE_ISOLATE
|| migratetype
== MIGRATE_RESERVE
)
122 /* If the page is a large free page, then allow migration */
123 if (PageBuddy(page
) && page_order(page
) >= pageblock_order
)
126 /* If the block is MIGRATE_MOVABLE, allow migration */
127 if (migratetype
== MIGRATE_MOVABLE
)
130 /* Otherwise skip the block */
135 * Based on information in the current compact_control, find blocks
136 * suitable for isolating free pages from and then isolate them.
138 static void isolate_freepages(struct zone
*zone
,
139 struct compact_control
*cc
)
142 unsigned long high_pfn
, low_pfn
, pfn
;
144 int nr_freepages
= cc
->nr_freepages
;
145 struct list_head
*freelist
= &cc
->freepages
;
148 low_pfn
= cc
->migrate_pfn
+ pageblock_nr_pages
;
152 * Isolate free pages until enough are available to migrate the
153 * pages on cc->migratepages. We stop searching if the migrate
154 * and free page scanners meet or enough free pages are isolated.
156 for (; pfn
> low_pfn
&& cc
->nr_migratepages
> nr_freepages
;
157 pfn
-= pageblock_nr_pages
) {
158 unsigned long isolated
;
164 * Check for overlapping nodes/zones. It's possible on some
165 * configurations to have a setup like
167 * i.e. it's possible that all pages within a zones range of
168 * pages do not belong to a single zone.
170 page
= pfn_to_page(pfn
);
171 if (page_zone(page
) != zone
)
174 /* Check the block is suitable for migration */
175 if (!suitable_migration_target(page
))
179 * Found a block suitable for isolating free pages from. Now
180 * we disabled interrupts, double check things are ok and
181 * isolate the pages. This is to minimise the time IRQs
185 spin_lock_irqsave(&zone
->lock
, flags
);
186 if (suitable_migration_target(page
)) {
187 isolated
= isolate_freepages_block(zone
, pfn
, freelist
);
188 nr_freepages
+= isolated
;
190 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&zone
->lock
, flags
);
193 * Record the highest PFN we isolated pages from. When next
194 * looking for free pages, the search will restart here as
195 * page migration may have returned some pages to the allocator
198 high_pfn
= max(high_pfn
, pfn
);
201 /* split_free_page does not map the pages */
202 list_for_each_entry(page
, freelist
, lru
) {
203 arch_alloc_page(page
, 0);
204 kernel_map_pages(page
, 1, 1);
207 cc
->free_pfn
= high_pfn
;
208 cc
->nr_freepages
= nr_freepages
;
211 /* Update the number of anon and file isolated pages in the zone */
212 static void acct_isolated(struct zone
*zone
, struct compact_control
*cc
)
215 unsigned int count
[NR_LRU_LISTS
] = { 0, };
217 list_for_each_entry(page
, &cc
->migratepages
, lru
) {
218 int lru
= page_lru_base_type(page
);
222 cc
->nr_anon
= count
[LRU_ACTIVE_ANON
] + count
[LRU_INACTIVE_ANON
];
223 cc
->nr_file
= count
[LRU_ACTIVE_FILE
] + count
[LRU_INACTIVE_FILE
];
224 __mod_zone_page_state(zone
, NR_ISOLATED_ANON
, cc
->nr_anon
);
225 __mod_zone_page_state(zone
, NR_ISOLATED_FILE
, cc
->nr_file
);
228 /* Similar to reclaim, but different enough that they don't share logic */
229 static bool too_many_isolated(struct zone
*zone
)
231 unsigned long active
, inactive
, isolated
;
233 inactive
= zone_page_state(zone
, NR_INACTIVE_FILE
) +
234 zone_page_state(zone
, NR_INACTIVE_ANON
);
235 active
= zone_page_state(zone
, NR_ACTIVE_FILE
) +
236 zone_page_state(zone
, NR_ACTIVE_ANON
);
237 isolated
= zone_page_state(zone
, NR_ISOLATED_FILE
) +
238 zone_page_state(zone
, NR_ISOLATED_ANON
);
240 return isolated
> (inactive
+ active
) / 2;
244 * Isolate all pages that can be migrated from the block pointed to by
245 * the migrate scanner within compact_control.
247 static unsigned long isolate_migratepages(struct zone
*zone
,
248 struct compact_control
*cc
)
250 unsigned long low_pfn
, end_pfn
;
251 unsigned long last_pageblock_nr
= 0, pageblock_nr
;
252 unsigned long nr_scanned
= 0, nr_isolated
= 0;
253 struct list_head
*migratelist
= &cc
->migratepages
;
255 /* Do not scan outside zone boundaries */
256 low_pfn
= max(cc
->migrate_pfn
, zone
->zone_start_pfn
);
258 /* Only scan within a pageblock boundary */
259 end_pfn
= ALIGN(low_pfn
+ pageblock_nr_pages
, pageblock_nr_pages
);
261 /* Do not cross the free scanner or scan within a memory hole */
262 if (end_pfn
> cc
->free_pfn
|| !pfn_valid(low_pfn
)) {
263 cc
->migrate_pfn
= end_pfn
;
268 * Ensure that there are not too many pages isolated from the LRU
269 * list by either parallel reclaimers or compaction. If there are,
270 * delay for some time until fewer pages are isolated
272 while (unlikely(too_many_isolated(zone
))) {
273 congestion_wait(BLK_RW_ASYNC
, HZ
/10);
275 if (fatal_signal_pending(current
))
279 /* Time to isolate some pages for migration */
280 spin_lock_irq(&zone
->lru_lock
);
281 for (; low_pfn
< end_pfn
; low_pfn
++) {
283 if (!pfn_valid_within(low_pfn
))
287 /* Get the page and skip if free */
288 page
= pfn_to_page(low_pfn
);
293 * For async migration, also only scan in MOVABLE blocks. Async
294 * migration is optimistic to see if the minimum amount of work
295 * satisfies the allocation
297 pageblock_nr
= low_pfn
>> pageblock_order
;
298 if (!cc
->sync
&& last_pageblock_nr
!= pageblock_nr
&&
299 get_pageblock_migratetype(page
) != MIGRATE_MOVABLE
) {
300 low_pfn
+= pageblock_nr_pages
;
301 low_pfn
= ALIGN(low_pfn
, pageblock_nr_pages
) - 1;
302 last_pageblock_nr
= pageblock_nr
;
310 * PageLRU is set, and lru_lock excludes isolation,
311 * splitting and collapsing (collapsing has already
312 * happened if PageLRU is set).
314 if (PageTransHuge(page
)) {
315 low_pfn
+= (1 << compound_order(page
)) - 1;
319 /* Try isolate the page */
320 if (__isolate_lru_page(page
, ISOLATE_BOTH
, 0) != 0)
323 VM_BUG_ON(PageTransCompound(page
));
325 /* Successfully isolated */
326 del_page_from_lru_list(zone
, page
, page_lru(page
));
327 list_add(&page
->lru
, migratelist
);
328 cc
->nr_migratepages
++;
331 /* Avoid isolating too much */
332 if (cc
->nr_migratepages
== COMPACT_CLUSTER_MAX
)
336 acct_isolated(zone
, cc
);
338 spin_unlock_irq(&zone
->lru_lock
);
339 cc
->migrate_pfn
= low_pfn
;
341 trace_mm_compaction_isolate_migratepages(nr_scanned
, nr_isolated
);
343 return cc
->nr_migratepages
;
347 * This is a migrate-callback that "allocates" freepages by taking pages
348 * from the isolated freelists in the block we are migrating to.
350 static struct page
*compaction_alloc(struct page
*migratepage
,
354 struct compact_control
*cc
= (struct compact_control
*)data
;
355 struct page
*freepage
;
357 /* Isolate free pages if necessary */
358 if (list_empty(&cc
->freepages
)) {
359 isolate_freepages(cc
->zone
, cc
);
361 if (list_empty(&cc
->freepages
))
365 freepage
= list_entry(cc
->freepages
.next
, struct page
, lru
);
366 list_del(&freepage
->lru
);
373 * We cannot control nr_migratepages and nr_freepages fully when migration is
374 * running as migrate_pages() has no knowledge of compact_control. When
375 * migration is complete, we count the number of pages on the lists by hand.
377 static void update_nr_listpages(struct compact_control
*cc
)
379 int nr_migratepages
= 0;
380 int nr_freepages
= 0;
383 list_for_each_entry(page
, &cc
->migratepages
, lru
)
385 list_for_each_entry(page
, &cc
->freepages
, lru
)
388 cc
->nr_migratepages
= nr_migratepages
;
389 cc
->nr_freepages
= nr_freepages
;
392 static int compact_finished(struct zone
*zone
,
393 struct compact_control
*cc
)
396 unsigned long watermark
;
398 if (fatal_signal_pending(current
))
399 return COMPACT_PARTIAL
;
401 /* Compaction run completes if the migrate and free scanner meet */
402 if (cc
->free_pfn
<= cc
->migrate_pfn
)
403 return COMPACT_COMPLETE
;
405 /* Compaction run is not finished if the watermark is not met */
406 watermark
= low_wmark_pages(zone
);
407 watermark
+= (1 << cc
->order
);
409 if (!zone_watermark_ok(zone
, cc
->order
, watermark
, 0, 0))
410 return COMPACT_CONTINUE
;
413 * order == -1 is expected when compacting via
414 * /proc/sys/vm/compact_memory
417 return COMPACT_CONTINUE
;
419 /* Direct compactor: Is a suitable page free? */
420 for (order
= cc
->order
; order
< MAX_ORDER
; order
++) {
421 /* Job done if page is free of the right migratetype */
422 if (!list_empty(&zone
->free_area
[order
].free_list
[cc
->migratetype
]))
423 return COMPACT_PARTIAL
;
425 /* Job done if allocation would set block type */
426 if (order
>= pageblock_order
&& zone
->free_area
[order
].nr_free
)
427 return COMPACT_PARTIAL
;
430 return COMPACT_CONTINUE
;
434 * compaction_suitable: Is this suitable to run compaction on this zone now?
436 * COMPACT_SKIPPED - If there are too few free pages for compaction
437 * COMPACT_PARTIAL - If the allocation would succeed without compaction
438 * COMPACT_CONTINUE - If compaction should run now
440 unsigned long compaction_suitable(struct zone
*zone
, int order
)
443 unsigned long watermark
;
446 * Watermarks for order-0 must be met for compaction. Note the 2UL.
447 * This is because during migration, copies of pages need to be
448 * allocated and for a short time, the footprint is higher
450 watermark
= low_wmark_pages(zone
) + (2UL << order
);
451 if (!zone_watermark_ok(zone
, 0, watermark
, 0, 0))
452 return COMPACT_SKIPPED
;
455 * order == -1 is expected when compacting via
456 * /proc/sys/vm/compact_memory
459 return COMPACT_CONTINUE
;
462 * fragmentation index determines if allocation failures are due to
463 * low memory or external fragmentation
465 * index of -1 implies allocations might succeed dependingon watermarks
466 * index towards 0 implies failure is due to lack of memory
467 * index towards 1000 implies failure is due to fragmentation
469 * Only compact if a failure would be due to fragmentation.
471 fragindex
= fragmentation_index(zone
, order
);
472 if (fragindex
>= 0 && fragindex
<= sysctl_extfrag_threshold
)
473 return COMPACT_SKIPPED
;
475 if (fragindex
== -1 && zone_watermark_ok(zone
, order
, watermark
, 0, 0))
476 return COMPACT_PARTIAL
;
478 return COMPACT_CONTINUE
;
481 static int compact_zone(struct zone
*zone
, struct compact_control
*cc
)
485 ret
= compaction_suitable(zone
, cc
->order
);
487 case COMPACT_PARTIAL
:
488 case COMPACT_SKIPPED
:
489 /* Compaction is likely to fail */
491 case COMPACT_CONTINUE
:
492 /* Fall through to compaction */
496 /* Setup to move all movable pages to the end of the zone */
497 cc
->migrate_pfn
= zone
->zone_start_pfn
;
498 cc
->free_pfn
= cc
->migrate_pfn
+ zone
->spanned_pages
;
499 cc
->free_pfn
&= ~(pageblock_nr_pages
-1);
501 migrate_prep_local();
503 while ((ret
= compact_finished(zone
, cc
)) == COMPACT_CONTINUE
) {
504 unsigned long nr_migrate
, nr_remaining
;
507 if (!isolate_migratepages(zone
, cc
))
510 nr_migrate
= cc
->nr_migratepages
;
511 err
= migrate_pages(&cc
->migratepages
, compaction_alloc
,
512 (unsigned long)cc
, false,
514 update_nr_listpages(cc
);
515 nr_remaining
= cc
->nr_migratepages
;
517 count_vm_event(COMPACTBLOCKS
);
518 count_vm_events(COMPACTPAGES
, nr_migrate
- nr_remaining
);
520 count_vm_events(COMPACTPAGEFAILED
, nr_remaining
);
521 trace_mm_compaction_migratepages(nr_migrate
- nr_remaining
,
524 /* Release LRU pages not migrated */
526 putback_lru_pages(&cc
->migratepages
);
527 cc
->nr_migratepages
= 0;
532 /* Release free pages and check accounting */
533 cc
->nr_freepages
-= release_freepages(&cc
->freepages
);
534 VM_BUG_ON(cc
->nr_freepages
!= 0);
539 unsigned long compact_zone_order(struct zone
*zone
,
540 int order
, gfp_t gfp_mask
,
543 struct compact_control cc
= {
545 .nr_migratepages
= 0,
547 .migratetype
= allocflags_to_migratetype(gfp_mask
),
551 INIT_LIST_HEAD(&cc
.freepages
);
552 INIT_LIST_HEAD(&cc
.migratepages
);
554 return compact_zone(zone
, &cc
);
557 int sysctl_extfrag_threshold
= 500;
560 * try_to_compact_pages - Direct compact to satisfy a high-order allocation
561 * @zonelist: The zonelist used for the current allocation
562 * @order: The order of the current allocation
563 * @gfp_mask: The GFP mask of the current allocation
564 * @nodemask: The allowed nodes to allocate from
565 * @sync: Whether migration is synchronous or not
567 * This is the main entry point for direct page compaction.
569 unsigned long try_to_compact_pages(struct zonelist
*zonelist
,
570 int order
, gfp_t gfp_mask
, nodemask_t
*nodemask
,
573 enum zone_type high_zoneidx
= gfp_zone(gfp_mask
);
574 int may_enter_fs
= gfp_mask
& __GFP_FS
;
575 int may_perform_io
= gfp_mask
& __GFP_IO
;
578 int rc
= COMPACT_SKIPPED
;
581 * Check whether it is worth even starting compaction. The order check is
582 * made because an assumption is made that the page allocator can satisfy
583 * the "cheaper" orders without taking special steps
585 if (!order
|| !may_enter_fs
|| !may_perform_io
)
588 count_vm_event(COMPACTSTALL
);
590 /* Compact each zone in the list */
591 for_each_zone_zonelist_nodemask(zone
, z
, zonelist
, high_zoneidx
,
595 status
= compact_zone_order(zone
, order
, gfp_mask
, sync
);
596 rc
= max(status
, rc
);
598 /* If a normal allocation would succeed, stop compacting */
599 if (zone_watermark_ok(zone
, order
, low_wmark_pages(zone
), 0, 0))
607 /* Compact all zones within a node */
608 static int compact_node(int nid
)
614 if (nid
< 0 || nid
>= nr_node_ids
|| !node_online(nid
))
616 pgdat
= NODE_DATA(nid
);
618 /* Flush pending updates to the LRU lists */
621 for (zoneid
= 0; zoneid
< MAX_NR_ZONES
; zoneid
++) {
622 struct compact_control cc
= {
624 .nr_migratepages
= 0,
628 zone
= &pgdat
->node_zones
[zoneid
];
629 if (!populated_zone(zone
))
633 INIT_LIST_HEAD(&cc
.freepages
);
634 INIT_LIST_HEAD(&cc
.migratepages
);
636 compact_zone(zone
, &cc
);
638 VM_BUG_ON(!list_empty(&cc
.freepages
));
639 VM_BUG_ON(!list_empty(&cc
.migratepages
));
645 /* Compact all nodes in the system */
646 static int compact_nodes(void)
650 for_each_online_node(nid
)
653 return COMPACT_COMPLETE
;
656 /* The written value is actually unused, all memory is compacted */
657 int sysctl_compact_memory
;
659 /* This is the entry point for compacting all nodes via /proc/sys/vm */
660 int sysctl_compaction_handler(struct ctl_table
*table
, int write
,
661 void __user
*buffer
, size_t *length
, loff_t
*ppos
)
664 return compact_nodes();
669 int sysctl_extfrag_handler(struct ctl_table
*table
, int write
,
670 void __user
*buffer
, size_t *length
, loff_t
*ppos
)
672 proc_dointvec_minmax(table
, write
, buffer
, length
, ppos
);
677 #if defined(CONFIG_SYSFS) && defined(CONFIG_NUMA)
678 ssize_t
sysfs_compact_node(struct sys_device
*dev
,
679 struct sysdev_attribute
*attr
,
680 const char *buf
, size_t count
)
682 compact_node(dev
->id
);
686 static SYSDEV_ATTR(compact
, S_IWUSR
, NULL
, sysfs_compact_node
);
688 int compaction_register_node(struct node
*node
)
690 return sysdev_create_file(&node
->sysdev
, &attr_compact
);
693 void compaction_unregister_node(struct node
*node
)
695 return sysdev_remove_file(&node
->sysdev
, &attr_compact
);
697 #endif /* CONFIG_SYSFS && CONFIG_NUMA */