1 This is a small guide for those who want to write kernel drivers for I2C
2 or SMBus devices, using Linux as the protocol host/master (not slave).
4 To set up a driver, you need to do several things. Some are optional, and
5 some things can be done slightly or completely different. Use this as a
6 guide, not as a rule book!
12 Try to keep the kernel namespace as clean as possible. The best way to
13 do this is to use a unique prefix for all global symbols. This is
14 especially important for exported symbols, but it is a good idea to do
15 it for non-exported symbols too. We will use the prefix `foo_' in this
22 Usually, you will implement a single driver structure, and instantiate
23 all clients from it. Remember, a driver structure contains general access
24 routines, and should be zero-initialized except for fields with data you
25 provide. A client structure holds device-specific information like the
26 driver model device node, and its I2C address.
28 static struct i2c_device_id foo_idtable[] = {
29 { "foo", my_id_for_foo },
30 { "bar", my_id_for_bar },
34 MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(i2c, foo_idtable);
36 static struct i2c_driver foo_driver = {
44 /* if device autodetection is needed: */
45 .class = I2C_CLASS_SOMETHING,
47 .address_data = &addr_data,
49 .shutdown = foo_shutdown, /* optional */
50 .suspend = foo_suspend, /* optional */
51 .resume = foo_resume, /* optional */
52 .command = foo_command, /* optional, deprecated */
55 The name field is the driver name, and must not contain spaces. It
56 should match the module name (if the driver can be compiled as a module),
57 although you can use MODULE_ALIAS (passing "foo" in this example) to add
58 another name for the module. If the driver name doesn't match the module
59 name, the module won't be automatically loaded (hotplug/coldplug).
61 All other fields are for call-back functions which will be explained
68 Each client structure has a special `data' field that can point to any
69 structure at all. You should use this to keep device-specific data.
72 void i2c_set_clientdata(struct i2c_client *client, void *data);
74 /* retrieve the value */
75 void *i2c_get_clientdata(const struct i2c_client *client);
81 Let's say we have a valid client structure. At some time, we will need
82 to gather information from the client, or write new information to the
85 I have found it useful to define foo_read and foo_write functions for this.
86 For some cases, it will be easier to call the i2c functions directly,
87 but many chips have some kind of register-value idea that can easily
90 The below functions are simple examples, and should not be copied
93 int foo_read_value(struct i2c_client *client, u8 reg)
95 if (reg < 0x10) /* byte-sized register */
96 return i2c_smbus_read_byte_data(client, reg);
97 else /* word-sized register */
98 return i2c_smbus_read_word_data(client, reg);
101 int foo_write_value(struct i2c_client *client, u8 reg, u16 value)
103 if (reg == 0x10) /* Impossible to write - driver error! */
105 else if (reg < 0x10) /* byte-sized register */
106 return i2c_smbus_write_byte_data(client, reg, value);
107 else /* word-sized register */
108 return i2c_smbus_write_word_data(client, reg, value);
112 Probing and attaching
113 =====================
115 The Linux I2C stack was originally written to support access to hardware
116 monitoring chips on PC motherboards, and thus used to embed some assumptions
117 that were more appropriate to SMBus (and PCs) than to I2C. One of these
118 assumptions was that most adapters and devices drivers support the SMBUS_QUICK
119 protocol to probe device presence. Another was that devices and their drivers
120 can be sufficiently configured using only such probe primitives.
122 As Linux and its I2C stack became more widely used in embedded systems
123 and complex components such as DVB adapters, those assumptions became more
124 problematic. Drivers for I2C devices that issue interrupts need more (and
125 different) configuration information, as do drivers handling chip variants
126 that can't be distinguished by protocol probing, or which need some board
127 specific information to operate correctly.
129 Accordingly, the I2C stack now has two models for associating I2C devices
130 with their drivers: the original "legacy" model, and a newer one that's
131 fully compatible with the Linux 2.6 driver model. These models do not mix,
132 since the "legacy" model requires drivers to create "i2c_client" device
133 objects after SMBus style probing, while the Linux driver model expects
134 drivers to be given such device objects in their probe() routines.
136 The legacy model is deprecated now and will soon be removed, so we no
137 longer document it here.
140 Standard Driver Model Binding ("New Style")
141 -------------------------------------------
143 System infrastructure, typically board-specific initialization code or
144 boot firmware, reports what I2C devices exist. For example, there may be
145 a table, in the kernel or from the boot loader, identifying I2C devices
146 and linking them to board-specific configuration information about IRQs
147 and other wiring artifacts, chip type, and so on. That could be used to
148 create i2c_client objects for each I2C device.
150 I2C device drivers using this binding model work just like any other
151 kind of driver in Linux: they provide a probe() method to bind to
152 those devices, and a remove() method to unbind.
154 static int foo_probe(struct i2c_client *client,
155 const struct i2c_device_id *id);
156 static int foo_remove(struct i2c_client *client);
158 Remember that the i2c_driver does not create those client handles. The
159 handle may be used during foo_probe(). If foo_probe() reports success
160 (zero not a negative status code) it may save the handle and use it until
161 foo_remove() returns. That binding model is used by most Linux drivers.
163 The probe function is called when an entry in the id_table name field
164 matches the device's name. It is passed the entry that was matched so
165 the driver knows which one in the table matched.
171 If you know for a fact that an I2C device is connected to a given I2C bus,
172 you can instantiate that device by simply filling an i2c_board_info
173 structure with the device address and driver name, and calling
174 i2c_new_device(). This will create the device, then the driver core will
175 take care of finding the right driver and will call its probe() method.
176 If a driver supports different device types, you can specify the type you
177 want using the type field. You can also specify an IRQ and platform data
180 Sometimes you know that a device is connected to a given I2C bus, but you
181 don't know the exact address it uses. This happens on TV adapters for
182 example, where the same driver supports dozens of slightly different
183 models, and I2C device addresses change from one model to the next. In
184 that case, you can use the i2c_new_probed_device() variant, which is
185 similar to i2c_new_device(), except that it takes an additional list of
186 possible I2C addresses to probe. A device is created for the first
187 responsive address in the list. If you expect more than one device to be
188 present in the address range, simply call i2c_new_probed_device() that
191 The call to i2c_new_device() or i2c_new_probed_device() typically happens
192 in the I2C bus driver. You may want to save the returned i2c_client
193 reference for later use.
199 Sometimes you do not know in advance which I2C devices are connected to
200 a given I2C bus. This is for example the case of hardware monitoring
201 devices on a PC's SMBus. In that case, you may want to let your driver
202 detect supported devices automatically. This is how the legacy model
203 was working, and is now available as an extension to the standard
204 driver model (so that we can finally get rid of the legacy model.)
206 You simply have to define a detect callback which will attempt to
207 identify supported devices (returning 0 for supported ones and -ENODEV
208 for unsupported ones), a list of addresses to probe, and a device type
209 (or class) so that only I2C buses which may have that type of device
210 connected (and not otherwise enumerated) will be probed. The i2c
211 core will then call you back as needed and will instantiate a device
212 for you for every successful detection.
214 Note that this mechanism is purely optional and not suitable for all
215 devices. You need some reliable way to identify the supported devices
216 (typically using device-specific, dedicated identification registers),
217 otherwise misdetections are likely to occur and things can get wrong
224 Each I2C device which has been created using i2c_new_device() or
225 i2c_new_probed_device() can be unregistered by calling
226 i2c_unregister_device(). If you don't call it explicitly, it will be
227 called automatically before the underlying I2C bus itself is removed, as a
228 device can't survive its parent in the device driver model.
231 Initializing the driver
232 =======================
234 When the kernel is booted, or when your foo driver module is inserted,
235 you have to do some initializing. Fortunately, just registering the
236 driver module is usually enough.
238 static int __init foo_init(void)
240 return i2c_add_driver(&foo_driver);
243 static void __exit foo_cleanup(void)
245 i2c_del_driver(&foo_driver);
248 /* Substitute your own name and email address */
249 MODULE_AUTHOR("Frodo Looijaard <frodol@dds.nl>"
250 MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Driver for Barf Inc. Foo I2C devices");
252 /* a few non-GPL license types are also allowed */
253 MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
255 module_init(foo_init);
256 module_exit(foo_cleanup);
258 Note that some functions are marked by `__init'. These functions can
259 be removed after kernel booting (or module loading) is completed.
260 Likewise, functions marked by `__exit' are dropped by the compiler when
261 the code is built into the kernel, as they would never be called.
267 If your I2C device needs special handling when entering a system low
268 power state -- like putting a transceiver into a low power mode, or
269 activating a system wakeup mechanism -- do that in the suspend() method.
270 The resume() method should reverse what the suspend() method does.
272 These are standard driver model calls, and they work just like they
273 would for any other driver stack. The calls can sleep, and can use
274 I2C messaging to the device being suspended or resumed (since their
275 parent I2C adapter is active when these calls are issued, and IRQs
282 If your I2C device needs special handling when the system shuts down
283 or reboots (including kexec) -- like turning something off -- use a
286 Again, this is a standard driver model call, working just like it
287 would for any other driver stack: the calls can sleep, and can use
294 A generic ioctl-like function call back is supported. You will seldom
295 need this, and its use is deprecated anyway, so newer design should not
299 Sending and receiving
300 =====================
302 If you want to communicate with your device, there are several functions
303 to do this. You can find all of them in <linux/i2c.h>.
305 If you can choose between plain I2C communication and SMBus level
306 communication, please use the latter. All adapters understand SMBus level
307 commands, but only some of them understand plain I2C!
310 Plain I2C communication
311 -----------------------
313 int i2c_master_send(struct i2c_client *client, const char *buf,
315 int i2c_master_recv(struct i2c_client *client, char *buf, int count);
317 These routines read and write some bytes from/to a client. The client
318 contains the i2c address, so you do not have to include it. The second
319 parameter contains the bytes to read/write, the third the number of bytes
320 to read/write (must be less than the length of the buffer.) Returned is
321 the actual number of bytes read/written.
323 int i2c_transfer(struct i2c_adapter *adap, struct i2c_msg *msg,
326 This sends a series of messages. Each message can be a read or write,
327 and they can be mixed in any way. The transactions are combined: no
328 stop bit is sent between transaction. The i2c_msg structure contains
329 for each message the client address, the number of bytes of the message
330 and the message data itself.
332 You can read the file `i2c-protocol' for more information about the
339 s32 i2c_smbus_xfer(struct i2c_adapter *adapter, u16 addr,
340 unsigned short flags, char read_write, u8 command,
341 int size, union i2c_smbus_data *data);
343 This is the generic SMBus function. All functions below are implemented
344 in terms of it. Never use this function directly!
346 s32 i2c_smbus_read_byte(struct i2c_client *client);
347 s32 i2c_smbus_write_byte(struct i2c_client *client, u8 value);
348 s32 i2c_smbus_read_byte_data(struct i2c_client *client, u8 command);
349 s32 i2c_smbus_write_byte_data(struct i2c_client *client,
350 u8 command, u8 value);
351 s32 i2c_smbus_read_word_data(struct i2c_client *client, u8 command);
352 s32 i2c_smbus_write_word_data(struct i2c_client *client,
353 u8 command, u16 value);
354 s32 i2c_smbus_process_call(struct i2c_client *client,
355 u8 command, u16 value);
356 s32 i2c_smbus_read_block_data(struct i2c_client *client,
357 u8 command, u8 *values);
358 s32 i2c_smbus_write_block_data(struct i2c_client *client,
359 u8 command, u8 length, const u8 *values);
360 s32 i2c_smbus_read_i2c_block_data(struct i2c_client *client,
361 u8 command, u8 length, u8 *values);
362 s32 i2c_smbus_write_i2c_block_data(struct i2c_client *client,
363 u8 command, u8 length,
366 These ones were removed from i2c-core because they had no users, but could
367 be added back later if needed:
369 s32 i2c_smbus_write_quick(struct i2c_client *client, u8 value);
370 s32 i2c_smbus_block_process_call(struct i2c_client *client,
371 u8 command, u8 length, u8 *values);
373 All these transactions return a negative errno value on failure. The 'write'
374 transactions return 0 on success; the 'read' transactions return the read
375 value, except for block transactions, which return the number of values
376 read. The block buffers need not be longer than 32 bytes.
378 You can read the file `smbus-protocol' for more information about the
379 actual SMBus protocol.
382 General purpose routines
383 ========================
385 Below all general purpose routines are listed, that were not mentioned
388 /* Return the adapter number for a specific adapter */
389 int i2c_adapter_id(struct i2c_adapter *adap);