1 AMD64 specific boot options
3 There are many others (usually documented in driver documentation), but
4 only the AMD64 specific ones are listed here.
8 mce=off disable machine check
9 mce=bootlog Enable logging of machine checks left over from booting.
10 Disabled by default on AMD because some BIOS leave bogus ones.
11 If your BIOS doesn't do that it's a good idea to enable though
12 to make sure you log even machine check events that result
13 in a reboot. On Intel systems it is enabled by default.
15 Disable boot machine check logging.
16 mce=tolerancelevel (number)
17 0: always panic on uncorrected errors, log corrected errors
18 1: panic or SIGBUS on uncorrected errors, log corrected errors
19 2: SIGBUS or log uncorrected errors, log corrected errors
20 3: never panic or SIGBUS, log all errors (for testing only)
22 Can be also set using sysfs which is preferable.
24 nomce (for compatibility with i386): same as mce=off
26 Everything else is in sysfs now.
30 apic Use IO-APIC. Default
32 noapic Don't use the IO-APIC.
34 disableapic Don't use the local APIC
36 nolapic Don't use the local APIC (alias for i386 compatibility)
38 pirq=... See Documentation/i386/IO-APIC.txt
40 noapictimer Don't set up the APIC timer
42 no_timer_check Don't check the IO-APIC timer. This can work around
43 problems with incorrect timer initialization on some boards.
45 apicmaintimer Run time keeping from the local APIC timer instead
46 of using the PIT/HPET interrupt for this. This is useful
47 when the PIT/HPET interrupts are unreliable.
49 noapicmaintimer Don't do time keeping using the APIC timer.
50 Useful when this option was auto selected, but doesn't work.
53 Do APIC timer calibration using the pmtimer. Implies
54 apicmaintimer. Useful when your PIT timer is totally
59 syntax: earlyprintk=vga
60 earlyprintk=serial[,ttySn[,baudrate]]
62 The early console is useful when the kernel crashes before the
63 normal console is initialized. It is not enabled by
64 default because it has some cosmetic problems.
65 Append ,keep to not disable it when the real console takes over.
66 Only vga or serial at a time, not both.
67 Currently only ttyS0 and ttyS1 are supported.
68 Interaction with the standard serial driver is not very good.
69 The VGA output is eventually overwritten by the real console.
74 Don't use the CPU time stamp counter to read the wall time.
75 This can be used to work around timing problems on multiprocessor systems
76 with not properly synchronized CPUs.
79 Report when timer interrupts are lost because some code turned off
80 interrupts for too long.
82 nmi_watchdog=NUMBER[,panic]
84 0 don't use an NMI watchdog
85 1 use the IO-APIC timer for the NMI watchdog
86 2 use the local APIC for the NMI watchdog using a performance counter. Note
87 This will use one performance counter and the local APIC's performance
89 When panic is specified panic when an NMI watchdog timeout occurs.
90 This is useful when you use a panic=... timeout and need the box
94 Don't use the HPET timer.
99 Don't do power saving in the idle loop using HLT, but poll for rescheduling
100 event. This will make the CPUs eat a lot more power, but may be useful
101 to get slightly better performance in multiprocessor benchmarks. It also
102 makes some profiling using performance counters more accurate.
103 Please note that on systems with MONITOR/MWAIT support (like Intel EM64T
104 CPUs) this option has no performance advantage over the normal idle loop.
105 It may also interact badly with hyperthreading.
109 reboot=b[ios] | t[riple] | k[bd] | a[cpi] | e[fi] [, [w]arm | [c]old]
110 bios Use the CPU reboot vector for warm reset
111 warm Don't set the cold reboot flag
112 cold Set the cold reboot flag
113 triple Force a triple fault (init)
114 kbd Use the keyboard controller. cold reset (default)
115 acpi Use the ACPI RESET_REG in the FADT. If ACPI is not configured or the
116 ACPI reset does not work, the reboot path attempts the reset using
117 the keyboard controller.
118 efi Use efi reset_system runtime service. If EFI is not configured or the
119 EFI reset does not work, the reboot path attempts the reset using
120 the keyboard controller.
122 Using warm reset will be much faster especially on big memory
123 systems because the BIOS will not go through the memory check.
124 Disadvantage is that not all hardware will be completely reinitialized
125 on reboot so there may be boot problems on some systems.
129 Don't stop other CPUs on reboot. This can make reboot more reliable
132 Non Executable Mappings
141 additional_cpus=NUM Allow NUM more CPUs for hotplug
142 (defaults are specified by the BIOS, see Documentation/x86_64/cpu-hotplug-spec)
146 numa=off Only set up a single NUMA node spanning all memory.
148 numa=noacpi Don't parse the SRAT table for NUMA setup
151 If a number, fakes CMDLINE nodes and ignores NUMA setup of the
152 actual machine. Otherwise, system memory is configured
153 depending on the sizes and coefficients listed. For example:
154 numa=fake=2*512,1024,4*256,*128
155 gives two 512M nodes, a 1024M node, four 256M nodes, and the
156 rest split into 128M chunks. If the last character of CMDLINE
157 is a *, the remaining memory is divided up equally among its
160 gives two 512M nodes and the rest split into two nodes.
161 Otherwise, the remaining system RAM is allocated to an
165 Only allow hotadd memory to preallocate page structures upto
166 percent of already available memory.
167 numa=hotadd=0 will disable hotadd memory.
171 acpi=off Don't enable ACPI
172 acpi=ht Use ACPI boot table parsing, but don't enable ACPI
174 acpi=force Force ACPI on (currently not needed)
176 acpi=strict Disable out of spec ACPI workarounds.
178 acpi_sci={edge,level,high,low} Set up ACPI SCI interrupt.
180 acpi=noirq Don't route interrupts
184 pci=off Don't use PCI
185 pci=conf1 Use conf1 access.
186 pci=conf2 Use conf2 access.
188 pci=assign-busses Assign busses
189 pci=irqmask=MASK Set PCI interrupt mask to MASK
190 pci=lastbus=NUMBER Scan upto NUMBER busses, no matter what the mptable says.
191 pci=noacpi Don't use ACPI to set up PCI interrupt routing.
193 IOMMU (input/output memory management unit)
195 Currently four x86-64 PCI-DMA mapping implementations exist:
197 1. <arch/x86_64/kernel/pci-nommu.c>: use no hardware/software IOMMU at all
198 (e.g. because you have < 3 GB memory).
199 Kernel boot message: "PCI-DMA: Disabling IOMMU"
201 2. <arch/x86_64/kernel/pci-gart.c>: AMD GART based hardware IOMMU.
202 Kernel boot message: "PCI-DMA: using GART IOMMU"
204 3. <arch/x86_64/kernel/pci-swiotlb.c> : Software IOMMU implementation. Used
205 e.g. if there is no hardware IOMMU in the system and it is need because
206 you have >3GB memory or told the kernel to us it (iommu=soft))
207 Kernel boot message: "PCI-DMA: Using software bounce buffering
210 4. <arch/x86_64/pci-calgary.c> : IBM Calgary hardware IOMMU. Used in IBM
211 pSeries and xSeries servers. This hardware IOMMU supports DMA address
212 mapping with memory protection, etc.
213 Kernel boot message: "PCI-DMA: Using Calgary IOMMU"
215 iommu=[<size>][,noagp][,off][,force][,noforce][,leak[=<nr_of_leak_pages>]
216 [,memaper[=<order>]][,merge][,forcesac][,fullflush][,nomerge]
217 [,noaperture][,calgary]
219 General iommu options:
220 off Don't initialize and use any kind of IOMMU.
221 noforce Don't force hardware IOMMU usage when it is not needed.
223 force Force the use of the hardware IOMMU even when it is
224 not actually needed (e.g. because < 3 GB memory).
225 soft Use software bounce buffering (SWIOTLB) (default for
226 Intel machines). This can be used to prevent the usage
227 of an available hardware IOMMU.
229 iommu options only relevant to the AMD GART hardware IOMMU:
230 <size> Set the size of the remapping area in bytes.
231 allowed Overwrite iommu off workarounds for specific chipsets.
232 fullflush Flush IOMMU on each allocation (default).
233 nofullflush Don't use IOMMU fullflush.
234 leak Turn on simple iommu leak tracing (only when
235 CONFIG_IOMMU_LEAK is on). Default number of leak pages
237 memaper[=<order>] Allocate an own aperture over RAM with size 32MB<<order.
238 (default: order=1, i.e. 64MB)
239 merge Do scatter-gather (SG) merging. Implies "force"
241 nomerge Don't do scatter-gather (SG) merging.
242 noaperture Ask the IOMMU not to touch the aperture for AGP.
243 forcesac Force single-address cycle (SAC) mode for masks <40bits
245 noagp Don't initialize the AGP driver and use full aperture.
246 allowdac Allow double-address cycle (DAC) mode, i.e. DMA >4GB.
247 DAC is used with 32-bit PCI to push a 64-bit address in
248 two cycles. When off all DMA over >4GB is forced through
249 an IOMMU or software bounce buffering.
250 nodac Forbid DAC mode, i.e. DMA >4GB.
251 panic Always panic when IOMMU overflows.
252 calgary Use the Calgary IOMMU if it is available
254 iommu options only relevant to the software bounce buffering (SWIOTLB) IOMMU
256 swiotlb=<pages>[,force]
257 <pages> Prereserve that many 128K pages for the software IO
259 force Force all IO through the software TLB.
261 Settings for the IBM Calgary hardware IOMMU currently found in IBM
262 pSeries and xSeries machines:
264 calgary=[64k,128k,256k,512k,1M,2M,4M,8M]
265 calgary=[translate_empty_slots]
266 calgary=[disable=<PCI bus number>]
267 panic Always panic when IOMMU overflows
269 64k,...,8M - Set the size of each PCI slot's translation table
270 when using the Calgary IOMMU. This is the size of the translation
271 table itself in main memory. The smallest table, 64k, covers an IO
272 space of 32MB; the largest, 8MB table, can cover an IO space of
273 4GB. Normally the kernel will make the right choice by itself.
275 translate_empty_slots - Enable translation even on slots that have
276 no devices attached to them, in case a device will be hotplugged
279 disable=<PCI bus number> - Disable translation on a given PHB. For
280 example, the built-in graphics adapter resides on the first bridge
281 (PCI bus number 0); if translation (isolation) is enabled on this
282 bridge, X servers that access the hardware directly from user
283 space might stop working. Use this option if you have devices that
284 are accessed from userspace directly on some PCI host bridge.
288 oops=panic Always panic on oopses. Default is to just kill the process,
289 but there is a small probability of deadlocking the machine.
290 This will also cause panics on machine check exceptions.
291 Useful together with panic=30 to trigger a reboot.
293 kstack=N Print N words from the kernel stack in oops dumps.
295 pagefaulttrace Dump all page faults. Only useful for extreme debugging
296 and will create a lot of output.
298 call_trace=[old|both|newfallback|new]
299 old: use old inexact backtracer
300 new: use new exact dwarf2 unwinder
301 both: print entries from both
302 newfallback: use new unwinder but fall back to old if it gets
308 Do not use GB pages for kernel direct mappings.
310 Use GB pages for kernel direct mappings.