3 21 May 2008, Isaku Yamahata <yamahata@valinux.co.jp>
8 The aim of this documentation is to help with maintainability and/or to
9 encourage people to use paravirt_ops/IA64.
11 paravirt_ops (pv_ops in short) is a way for virtualization support of
12 Linux kernel on x86. Several ways for virtualization support were
13 proposed, paravirt_ops is the winner.
14 On the other hand, now there are also several IA64 virtualization
15 technologies like kvm/IA64, xen/IA64 and many other academic IA64
16 hypervisors so that it is good to add generic virtualization
17 infrastructure on Linux/IA64.
22 It has been developed on x86 as virtualization support via API, not ABI.
23 It allows each hypervisor to override operations which are important for
24 hypervisors at API level. And it allows a single kernel binary to run on
25 all supported execution environments including native machine.
26 Essentially paravirt_ops is a set of function pointers which represent
27 operations corresponding to low level sensitive instructions and high
28 level functionalities in various area. But one significant difference
29 from usual function pointer table is that it allows optimization with
30 binary patch. It is because some of these operations are very
31 performance sensitive and indirect call overhead is not negligible.
32 With binary patch, indirect C function call can be transformed into
33 direct C function call or in-place execution to eliminate the overhead.
35 Thus, operations of paravirt_ops are classified into three categories.
36 - simple indirect call
37 These operations correspond to high level functionality so that the
38 overhead of indirect call isn't very important.
40 - indirect call which allows optimization with binary patch
41 Usually these operations correspond to low level instructions. They
42 are called frequently and performance critical. So the overhead is
45 - a set of macros for hand written assembly code
46 Hand written assembly codes (.S files) also need paravirtualization
47 because they include sensitive instructions or some of code paths in
48 them are very performance critical.
51 The relation to the IA64 machine vector
52 ---------------------------------------
53 Linux/IA64 has the IA64 machine vector functionality which allows the
54 kernel to switch implementations (e.g. initialization, ipi, dma api...)
55 depending on executing platform.
56 We can replace some implementations very easily defining a new machine
57 vector. Thus another approach for virtualization support would be
58 enhancing the machine vector functionality.
59 But paravirt_ops approach was taken because
60 - virtualization support needs wider support than machine vector does.
61 e.g. low level instruction paravirtualization. It must be
62 initialized very early before platform detection.
64 - virtualization support needs more functionality like binary patch.
65 Probably the calling overhead might not be very large compared to the
66 emulation overhead of virtualization. However in the native case, the
67 overhead should be eliminated completely.
68 A single kernel binary should run on each environment including native,
69 and the overhead of paravirt_ops on native environment should be as
72 - for full virtualization technology, e.g. KVM/IA64 or
73 Xen/IA64 HVM domain, the result would be
74 (the emulated platform machine vector. probably dig) + (pv_ops).
75 This means that the virtualization support layer should be under
76 the machine vector layer.
78 Possibly it might be better to move some function pointers from
79 paravirt_ops to machine vector. In fact, Xen domU case utilizes both
80 pv_ops and machine vector.
85 In this section, the concrete paravirt_ops will be discussed.
86 Because of the architecture difference between ia64 and x86, the
87 resulting set of functions is very different from x86 pv_ops.
89 - C function pointer tables
90 They are not very performance critical so that simple C indirect
91 function call is acceptable. The following structures are defined at
92 this moment. For details see linux/include/asm-ia64/paravirt.h
94 This structure describes the execution environment.
96 This structure describes the various initialization hooks.
97 - struct pv_iosapic_ops
98 This structure describes hooks to iosapic operations.
100 This structure describes hooks to irq related operations
102 This structure describes hooks to steal time accounting.
104 - a set of indirect calls which need optimization
105 Currently this class of functions correspond to a subset of IA64
106 intrinsics. At this moment the optimization with binary patch isn't
108 struct pv_cpu_op is defined. For details see
109 linux/include/asm-ia64/paravirt_privop.h
110 Mostly they correspond to ia64 intrinsics 1-to-1.
111 Caveat: Now they are defined as C indirect function pointers, but in
112 order to support binary patch optimization, they will be changed
113 using GCC extended inline assembly code.
115 - a set of macros for hand written assembly code (.S files)
116 For maintenance purpose, the taken approach for .S files is single
117 source code and compile multiple times with different macros definitions.
118 Each pv_ops instance must define those macros to compile.
119 The important thing here is that sensitive, but non-privileged
120 instructions must be paravirtualized and that some privileged
121 instructions also need paravirtualization for reasonable performance.
122 Developers who modify .S files must be aware of that. At this moment
123 an easy checker is implemented to detect paravirtualization breakage.
124 But it doesn't cover all the cases.
126 Sometimes this set of macros is called pv_cpu_asm_op. But there is no
127 corresponding structure in the source code.
128 Those macros mostly 1:1 correspond to a subset of privileged
129 instructions. See linux/include/asm-ia64/native/inst.h.
130 And some functions written in assembly also need to be overrided so
131 that each pv_ops instance have to define some macros. Again see
132 linux/include/asm-ia64/native/inst.h.
135 Those structures must be initialized very early before start_kernel.
136 Probably initialized in head.S using multi entry point or some other trick.
137 For native case implementation see linux/arch/ia64/kernel/paravirt.c.