USB: simplify hub_restart() logic

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<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd" []>

<book id="index">
<bookinfo>
<title>The Userspace I/O HOWTO</title>

<author>
      <firstname>Hans-Jürgen</firstname>
      <surname>Koch</surname>
      <authorblurb><para>Linux developer, Linutronix</para></authorblurb>
        <affiliation>
        <orgname>
                <ulink url="http://www.linutronix.de">Linutronix</ulink>
        </orgname>

        <address>
           <email>hjk@linutronix.de</email>
        </address>
    </affiliation>
</author>

<pubdate>2006-12-11</pubdate>

<abstract>
        <para>This HOWTO describes concept and usage of Linux kernel's
                Userspace I/O system.</para>
</abstract>

<revhistory>
        <revision>
        <revnumber>0.4</revnumber>
        <date>2007-11-26</date>
        <authorinitials>hjk</authorinitials>
        <revremark>Removed section about uio_dummy.</revremark>
        </revision>
        <revision>
        <revnumber>0.3</revnumber>
        <date>2007-04-29</date>
        <authorinitials>hjk</authorinitials>
        <revremark>Added section about userspace drivers.</revremark>
        </revision>
        <revision>
        <revnumber>0.2</revnumber>
        <date>2007-02-13</date>
        <authorinitials>hjk</authorinitials>
        <revremark>Update after multiple mappings were added.</revremark>
        </revision>
        <revision>
        <revnumber>0.1</revnumber>
        <date>2006-12-11</date>
        <authorinitials>hjk</authorinitials>
        <revremark>First draft.</revremark>
        </revision>
</revhistory>
</bookinfo>

<chapter id="aboutthisdoc">
<?dbhtml filename="about.html"?>
<title>About this document</title>

<sect1 id="copyright">
<?dbhtml filename="copyright.html"?>
<title>Copyright and License</title>
<para>
      Copyright (c) 2006 by Hans-Jürgen Koch.</para>
<para>
This documentation is Free Software licensed under the terms of the
GPL version 2.
</para>
</sect1>

<sect1 id="translations">
<?dbhtml filename="translations.html"?>
<title>Translations</title>

<para>If you know of any translations for this document, or you are
interested in translating it, please email me
<email>hjk@linutronix.de</email>.
</para>
</sect1>

<sect1 id="preface">
<title>Preface</title>
        <para>
        For many types of devices, creating a Linux kernel driver is
        overkill.  All that is really needed is some way to handle an
        interrupt and provide access to the memory space of the
        device.  The logic of controlling the device does not
        necessarily have to be within the kernel, as the device does
        not need to take advantage of any of other resources that the
        kernel provides.  One such common class of devices that are
        like this are for industrial I/O cards.
        </para>
        <para>
        To address this situation, the userspace I/O system (UIO) was
        designed.  For typical industrial I/O cards, only a very small
        kernel module is needed. The main part of the driver will run in
        user space. This simplifies development and reduces the risk of
        serious bugs within a kernel module.
        </para>
        <para>
        Please note that UIO is not an universal driver interface. Devices
        that are already handled well by other kernel subsystems (like
        networking or serial or USB) are no candidates for an UIO driver.
        Hardware that is ideally suited for an UIO driver fulfills all of
        the following:
        </para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
        <para>The device has memory that can be mapped. The device can be
        controlled completely by writing to this memory.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
        <para>The device usually generates interrupts.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
        <para>The device does not fit into one of the standard kernel
        subsystems.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect1>

<sect1 id="thanks">
<title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <para>I'd like to thank Thomas Gleixner and Benedikt Spranger of
        Linutronix, who have not only written most of the UIO code, but also
        helped greatly writing this HOWTO by giving me all kinds of background
        information.</para>
</sect1>

<sect1 id="feedback">
<title>Feedback</title>
        <para>Find something wrong with this document? (Or perhaps something
        right?) I would love to hear from you. Please email me at
        <email>hjk@linutronix.de</email>.</para>
</sect1>
</chapter>

<chapter id="about">
<?dbhtml filename="about.html"?>
<title>About UIO</title>

<para>If you use UIO for your card's driver, here's what you get:</para>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
        <para>only one small kernel module to write and maintain.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
        <para>develop the main part of your driver in user space,
        with all the tools and libraries you're used to.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
        <para>bugs in your driver won't crash the kernel.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
        <para>updates of your driver can take place without recompiling
        the kernel.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>

<sect1 id="how_uio_works">
<title>How UIO works</title>
        <para>
        Each UIO device is accessed through a device file and several
        sysfs attribute files. The device file will be called
        <filename>/dev/uio0</filename> for the first device, and
        <filename>/dev/uio1</filename>, <filename>/dev/uio2</filename>
        and so on for subsequent devices.
        </para>

        <para><filename>/dev/uioX</filename> is used to access the
        address space of the card. Just use
        <function>mmap()</function> to access registers or RAM
        locations of your card.
        </para>

        <para>
        Interrupts are handled by reading from
        <filename>/dev/uioX</filename>. A blocking
        <function>read()</function> from
        <filename>/dev/uioX</filename> will return as soon as an
        interrupt occurs. You can also use
        <function>select()</function> on
        <filename>/dev/uioX</filename> to wait for an interrupt. The
        integer value read from <filename>/dev/uioX</filename>
        represents the total interrupt count. You can use this number
        to figure out if you missed some interrupts.
        </para>

        <para>
        To handle interrupts properly, your custom kernel module can
        provide its own interrupt handler. It will automatically be
        called by the built-in handler.
        </para>

        <para>
        For cards that don't generate interrupts but need to be
        polled, there is the possibility to set up a timer that
        triggers the interrupt handler at configurable time intervals.
        This interrupt simulation is done by calling
        <function>uio_event_notify()</function>
        from the timer's event handler.
        </para>

        <para>
        Each driver provides attributes that are used to read or write
        variables. These attributes are accessible through sysfs
        files.  A custom kernel driver module can add its own
        attributes to the device owned by the uio driver, but not added
        to the UIO device itself at this time.  This might change in the
        future if it would be found to be useful.
        </para>

        <para>
        The following standard attributes are provided by the UIO
        framework:
        </para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
        <para>
        <filename>name</filename>: The name of your device. It is
        recommended to use the name of your kernel module for this.
        </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
        <para>
        <filename>version</filename>: A version string defined by your
        driver. This allows the user space part of your driver to deal
        with different versions of the kernel module.
        </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
        <para>
        <filename>event</filename>: The total number of interrupts
        handled by the driver since the last time the device node was
        read.
        </para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>
        These attributes appear under the
        <filename>/sys/class/uio/uioX</filename> directory.  Please
        note that this directory might be a symlink, and not a real
        directory.  Any userspace code that accesses it must be able
        to handle this.
</para>
<para>
        Each UIO device can make one or more memory regions available for
        memory mapping. This is necessary because some industrial I/O cards
        require access to more than one PCI memory region in a driver.
</para>
<para>
        Each mapping has its own directory in sysfs, the first mapping
        appears as <filename>/sys/class/uio/uioX/maps/map0/</filename>.
        Subsequent mappings create directories <filename>map1/</filename>,
        <filename>map2/</filename>, and so on. These directories will only
        appear if the size of the mapping is not 0.
</para>
<para>
        Each <filename>mapX/</filename> directory contains two read-only files
        that show start address and size of the memory:
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
        <para>
        <filename>addr</filename>: The address of memory that can be mapped.
        </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
        <para>
        <filename>size</filename>: The size, in bytes, of the memory
        pointed to by addr.
        </para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>

<para>
        From userspace, the different mappings are distinguished by adjusting
        the <varname>offset</varname> parameter of the
        <function>mmap()</function> call. To map the memory of mapping N, you
        have to use N times the page size as your offset:
</para>
<programlisting format="linespecific">
offset = N * getpagesize();
</programlisting>

</sect1>
</chapter>

<chapter id="custom_kernel_module" xreflabel="Writing your own kernel module">
<?dbhtml filename="custom_kernel_module.html"?>
<title>Writing your own kernel module</title>
        <para>
        Please have a look at <filename>uio_cif.c</filename> as an
        example. The following paragraphs explain the different
        sections of this file.
        </para>

<sect1 id="uio_info">
<title>struct uio_info</title>
        <para>
        This structure tells the framework the details of your driver,
        Some of the members are required, others are optional.
        </para>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
<varname>char *name</varname>: Required. The name of your driver as
it will appear in sysfs. I recommend using the name of your module for this.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>
<varname>char *version</varname>: Required. This string appears in
<filename>/sys/class/uio/uioX/version</filename>.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>
<varname>struct uio_mem mem[ MAX_UIO_MAPS ]</varname>: Required if you
have memory that can be mapped with <function>mmap()</function>. For each
mapping you need to fill one of the <varname>uio_mem</varname> structures.
See the description below for details.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>
<varname>long irq</varname>: Required. If your hardware generates an
interrupt, it's your modules task to determine the irq number during
initialization. If you don't have a hardware generated interrupt but
want to trigger the interrupt handler in some other way, set
<varname>irq</varname> to <varname>UIO_IRQ_CUSTOM</varname>.
If you had no interrupt at all, you could set
<varname>irq</varname> to <varname>UIO_IRQ_NONE</varname>, though this
rarely makes sense.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>
<varname>unsigned long irq_flags</varname>: Required if you've set
<varname>irq</varname> to a hardware interrupt number. The flags given
here will be used in the call to <function>request_irq()</function>.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>
<varname>int (*mmap)(struct uio_info *info, struct vm_area_struct
*vma)</varname>: Optional. If you need a special
<function>mmap()</function> function, you can set it here. If this
pointer is not NULL, your <function>mmap()</function> will be called
instead of the built-in one.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>
<varname>int (*open)(struct uio_info *info, struct inode *inode)
</varname>: Optional. You might want to have your own
<function>open()</function>, e.g. to enable interrupts only when your
device is actually used.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>
<varname>int (*release)(struct uio_info *info, struct inode *inode)
</varname>: Optional. If you define your own
<function>open()</function>, you will probably also want a custom
<function>release()</function> function.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

<para>
Usually, your device will have one or more memory regions that can be mapped
to user space. For each region, you have to set up a
<varname>struct uio_mem</varname> in the <varname>mem[]</varname> array.
Here's a description of the fields of <varname>struct uio_mem</varname>:
</para>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
<varname>int memtype</varname>: Required if the mapping is used. Set this to
<varname>UIO_MEM_PHYS</varname> if you you have physical memory on your
card to be mapped. Use <varname>UIO_MEM_LOGICAL</varname> for logical
memory (e.g. allocated with <function>kmalloc()</function>). There's also
<varname>UIO_MEM_VIRTUAL</varname> for virtual memory.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>
<varname>unsigned long addr</varname>: Required if the mapping is used.
Fill in the address of your memory block. This address is the one that
appears in sysfs.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>
<varname>unsigned long size</varname>: Fill in the size of the
memory block that <varname>addr</varname> points to. If <varname>size</varname>
is zero, the mapping is considered unused. Note that you
<emphasis>must</emphasis> initialize <varname>size</varname> with zero for
all unused mappings.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>
<varname>void *internal_addr</varname>: If you have to access this memory
region from within your kernel module, you will want to map it internally by
using something like <function>ioremap()</function>. Addresses
returned by this function cannot be mapped to user space, so you must not
store it in <varname>addr</varname>. Use <varname>internal_addr</varname>
instead to remember such an address.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

<para>
Please do not touch the <varname>kobj</varname> element of
<varname>struct uio_mem</varname>! It is used by the UIO framework
to set up sysfs files for this mapping. Simply leave it alone.
</para>
</sect1>

<sect1 id="adding_irq_handler">
<title>Adding an interrupt handler</title>
        <para>
        What you need to do in your interrupt handler depends on your
        hardware and on how you want to handle it. You should try to
        keep the amount of code in your kernel interrupt handler low.
        If your hardware requires no action that you
        <emphasis>have</emphasis> to perform after each interrupt,
        then your handler can be empty.</para> <para>If, on the other
        hand, your hardware <emphasis>needs</emphasis> some action to
        be performed after each interrupt, then you
        <emphasis>must</emphasis> do it in your kernel module. Note
        that you cannot rely on the userspace part of your driver. Your
        userspace program can terminate at any time, possibly leaving
        your hardware in a state where proper interrupt handling is
        still required.
        </para>

        <para>
        There might also be applications where you want to read data
        from your hardware at each interrupt and buffer it in a piece
        of kernel memory you've allocated for that purpose.  With this
        technique you could avoid loss of data if your userspace
        program misses an interrupt.
        </para>

        <para>
        A note on shared interrupts: Your driver should support
        interrupt sharing whenever this is possible. It is possible if
        and only if your driver can detect whether your hardware has
        triggered the interrupt or not. This is usually done by looking
        at an interrupt status register. If your driver sees that the
        IRQ bit is actually set, it will perform its actions, and the
        handler returns IRQ_HANDLED. If the driver detects that it was
        not your hardware that caused the interrupt, it will do nothing
        and return IRQ_NONE, allowing the kernel to call the next
        possible interrupt handler.
        </para>

        <para>
        If you decide not to support shared interrupts, your card
        won't work in computers with no free interrupts. As this
        frequently happens on the PC platform, you can save yourself a
        lot of trouble by supporting interrupt sharing.
        </para>
</sect1>

</chapter>

<chapter id="userspace_driver" xreflabel="Writing a driver in user space">
<?dbhtml filename="userspace_driver.html"?>
<title>Writing a driver in userspace</title>
        <para>
        Once you have a working kernel module for your hardware, you can
        write the userspace part of your driver. You don't need any special
        libraries, your driver can be written in any reasonable language,
        you can use floating point numbers and so on. In short, you can
        use all the tools and libraries you'd normally use for writing a
        userspace application.
        </para>

<sect1 id="getting_uio_information">
<title>Getting information about your UIO device</title>
        <para>
        Information about all UIO devices is available in sysfs. The
        first thing you should do in your driver is check
        <varname>name</varname> and <varname>version</varname> to
        make sure your talking to the right device and that its kernel
        driver has the version you expect.
        </para>
        <para>
        You should also make sure that the memory mapping you need
        exists and has the size you expect.
        </para>
        <para>
        There is a tool called <varname>lsuio</varname> that lists
        UIO devices and their attributes. It is available here:
        </para>
        <para>
        <ulink url="http://www.osadl.org/projects/downloads/UIO/user/">
                http://www.osadl.org/projects/downloads/UIO/user/</ulink>
        </para>
        <para>
        With <varname>lsuio</varname> you can quickly check if your
        kernel module is loaded and which attributes it exports.
        Have a look at the manpage for details.
        </para>
        <para>
        The source code of <varname>lsuio</varname> can serve as an
        example for getting information about an UIO device.
        The file <filename>uio_helper.c</filename> contains a lot of
        functions you could use in your userspace driver code.
        </para>
</sect1>

<sect1 id="mmap_device_memory">
<title>mmap() device memory</title>
        <para>
        After you made sure you've got the right device with the
        memory mappings you need, all you have to do is to call
        <function>mmap()</function> to map the device's memory
        to userspace.
        </para>
        <para>
        The parameter <varname>offset</varname> of the
        <function>mmap()</function> call has a special meaning
        for UIO devices: It is used to select which mapping of
        your device you want to map. To map the memory of
        mapping N, you have to use N times the page size as
        your offset:
        </para>
<programlisting format="linespecific">
        offset = N * getpagesize();
</programlisting>
        <para>
        N starts from zero, so if you've got only one memory
        range to map, set <varname>offset = 0</varname>.
        A drawback of this technique is that memory is always
        mapped beginning with its start address.
        </para>
</sect1>

<sect1 id="wait_for_interrupts">
<title>Waiting for interrupts</title>
        <para>
        After you successfully mapped your devices memory, you
        can access it like an ordinary array. Usually, you will
        perform some initialization. After that, your hardware
        starts working and will generate an interrupt as soon
        as it's finished, has some data available, or needs your
        attention because an error occured.
        </para>
        <para>
        <filename>/dev/uioX</filename> is a read-only file. A
        <function>read()</function> will always block until an
        interrupt occurs. There is only one legal value for the
        <varname>count</varname> parameter of
        <function>read()</function>, and that is the size of a
        signed 32 bit integer (4). Any other value for
        <varname>count</varname> causes <function>read()</function>
        to fail. The signed 32 bit integer read is the interrupt
        count of your device. If the value is one more than the value
        you read the last time, everything is OK. If the difference
        is greater than one, you missed interrupts.
        </para>
        <para>
        You can also use <function>select()</function> on
        <filename>/dev/uioX</filename>.
        </para>
</sect1>

</chapter>

<appendix id="app1">
<title>Further information</title>
<itemizedlist>
        <listitem><para>
                        <ulink url="http://www.osadl.org">
                                OSADL homepage.</ulink>
                </para></listitem>
        <listitem><para>
                <ulink url="http://www.linutronix.de">
                 Linutronix homepage.</ulink>
                </para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</appendix>

</book>