4 Last updated: 20 December 2005
10 - Devices not appearing
11 - Finding patch that caused a bug
12 -- Finding using git-bisect
13 -- Finding it the old way
19 Always try the latest kernel from kernel.org and build from source. If you are
20 not confident in doing that please report the bug to your distribution vendor
21 instead of to a kernel developer.
23 Finding bugs is not always easy. Have a go though. If you can't find it don't
24 give up. Report as much as you have found to the relevant maintainer. See
25 MAINTAINERS for who that is for the subsystem you have worked on.
27 Before you submit a bug report read REPORTING-BUGS.
32 Often this is caused by udev. Check that first before blaming it on the
35 Finding patch that caused a bug
36 ===============================
40 Finding using git-bisect
41 ------------------------
43 Using the provided tools with git makes finding bugs easy provided the bug is
47 - start using git for the kernel source
48 - read the man page for git-bisect
51 Finding it the old way
52 ----------------------
54 [Sat Mar 2 10:32:33 PST 1996 KERNEL_BUG-HOWTO lm@sgi.com (Larry McVoy)]
56 This is how to track down a bug if you know nothing about kernel hacking.
57 It's a brute force approach but it works pretty well.
61 . A reproducible bug - it has to happen predictably (sorry)
62 . All the kernel tar files from a revision that worked to the
67 . Rebuild a revision that you believe works, install, and verify that.
68 . Do a binary search over the kernels to figure out which one
69 introduced the bug. I.e., suppose 1.3.28 didn't have the bug, but
70 you know that 1.3.69 does. Pick a kernel in the middle and build
71 that, like 1.3.50. Build & test; if it works, pick the mid point
72 between .50 and .69, else the mid point between .28 and .50.
73 . You'll narrow it down to the kernel that introduced the bug. You
74 can probably do better than this but it gets tricky.
76 . Narrow it down to a subdirectory
78 - Copy kernel that works into "test". Let's say that 3.62 works,
79 but 3.63 doesn't. So you diff -r those two kernels and come
80 up with a list of directories that changed. For each of those
83 Copy the non-working directory next to the working directory
85 One directory at time, try moving the working directory to
86 "dir.62" and mv dir.63 dir"time, try
90 find dir -name '*.[oa]' -print | xargs rm -f
92 And then rebuild and retest. Assuming that all related
93 changes were contained in the sub directory, this should
94 isolate the change to a directory.
96 Problems: changes in header files may have occurred; I've
97 found in my case that they were self explanatory - you may
98 or may not want to give up when that happens.
100 . Narrow it down to a file
102 - You can apply the same technique to each file in the directory,
103 hoping that the changes in that file are self contained.
105 . Narrow it down to a routine
107 - You can take the old file and the new file and manually create
108 a merged file that has
122 And then walk through that file, one routine at a time and
126 /* both routines here */
129 Then recompile, retest, move the ifdefs until you find the one
130 that makes the difference.
132 Finally, you take all the info that you have, kernel revisions, bug
133 description, the extent to which you have narrowed it down, and pass
134 that off to whomever you believe is the maintainer of that section.
135 A post to linux.dev.kernel isn't such a bad idea if you've done some
136 work to narrow it down.
138 If you get it down to a routine, you'll probably get a fix in 24 hours.
140 My apologies to Linus and the other kernel hackers for describing this
141 brute force approach, it's hardly what a kernel hacker would do. However,
142 it does work and it lets non-hackers help fix bugs. And it is cool
143 because Linux snapshots will let you do this - something that you can't
144 do with vendor supplied releases.
149 Nobody is going to tell you how to fix bugs. Seriously. You need to work it
150 out. But below are some hints on how to use the tools.
152 To debug a kernel, use objdump and look for the hex offset from the crash
153 output to find the valid line of code/assembler. Without debug symbols, you
154 will see the assembler code for the routine shown, but if your kernel has
155 debug symbols the C code will also be available. (Debug symbols can be enabled
156 in the kernel hacking menu of the menu configuration.) For example:
158 objdump -r -S -l --disassemble net/dccp/ipv4.o
160 NB.: you need to be at the top level of the kernel tree for this to pick up
163 If you don't have access to the code you can also debug on some crash dumps
164 e.g. crash dump output as shown by Dave Miller.
166 > EIP is at ip_queue_xmit+0x14/0x4c0
168 > Code: 44 24 04 e8 6f 05 00 00 e9 e8 fe ff ff 8d 76 00 8d bc 27 00 00
169 > 00 00 55 57 56 53 81 ec bc 00 00 00 8b ac 24 d0 00 00 00 8b 5d 08
170 > <8b> 83 3c 01 00 00 89 44 24 14 8b 45 28 85 c0 89 44 24 18 0f 85
172 > Put the bytes into a "foo.s" file like this:
177 > .byte .... /* bytes from Code: part of OOPS dump */
179 > Compile it with "gcc -c -o foo.o foo.s" then look at the output of
180 > "objdump --disassemble foo.o".
190 > mov 0xd0(%esp), %ebp ! %ebp = arg0 (skb)
191 > mov 0x8(%ebp), %ebx ! %ebx = skb->sk
192 > mov 0x13c(%ebx), %eax ! %eax = inet_sk(sk)->opt
194 In addition, you can use GDB to figure out the exact file and line
195 number of the OOPS from the vmlinux file. If you have
196 CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO enabled, you can simply copy the EIP value from the
199 EIP: 0060:[<c021e50e>] Not tainted VLI
201 And use GDB to translate that to human-readable form:
206 If you don't have CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO enabled, you use the function
207 offset from the OOPS:
209 EIP is at vt_ioctl+0xda8/0x1482
211 And recompile the kernel with CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO enabled:
216 (gdb) l *(0x<address of vt_ioctl> + 0xda8)
218 (gdb) l *(vt_ioctl + 0xda8)
220 If you have a call trace, such as :-
222 > [<ffffffff8802c8e9>] :jbd:log_wait_commit+0xa3/0xf5
223 > [<ffffffff810482d9>] autoremove_wake_function+0x0/0x2e
224 > [<ffffffff8802770b>] :jbd:journal_stop+0x1be/0x1ee
226 this shows the problem in the :jbd: module. You can load that module in gdb
227 and list the relevant code.
229 (gdb) p log_wait_commit
230 (gdb) l *(0x<address> + 0xa3)
232 (gdb) l *(log_wait_commit + 0xa3)
235 Another very useful option of the Kernel Hacking section in menuconfig is
236 Debug memory allocations. This will help you see whether data has been
237 initialised and not set before use etc. To see the values that get assigned
238 with this look at mm/slab.c and search for POISON_INUSE. When using this an
239 Oops will often show the poisoned data instead of zero which is the default.
241 Once you have worked out a fix please submit it upstream. After all open
242 source is about sharing what you do and don't you want to be recognised for
245 Please do read Documentation/SubmittingPatches though to help your code get