5 This is a development version of the ext4 filesystem, an advanced level
6 of the ext3 filesystem which incorporates scalability and reliability
7 enhancements for supporting large filesystems (64 bit) in keeping with
8 increasing disk capacities and state-of-the-art feature requirements.
10 Mailing list: linux-ext4@vger.kernel.org
13 1. Quick usage instructions:
14 ===========================
16 - Grab updated e2fsprogs from
17 ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tytso/e2fsprogs-interim/
18 This is a patchset on top of e2fsprogs-1.39, which can be found at
19 ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tytso/e2fsprogs/
21 - It's still mke2fs -j /dev/hda1
23 - mount /dev/hda1 /wherever -t ext4dev
27 mount /dev/hda1 /wherever -t ext4dev -o extents
29 - The filesystem is compatible with the ext3 driver until you add a file
30 which has extents (ie: `mount -o extents', then create a file).
32 NOTE: The "extents" mount flag is temporary. It will soon go away and
33 extents will be enabled by the "-o extents" flag to mke2fs or tune2fs
35 - When comparing performance with other filesystems, remember that
36 ext3/4 by default offers higher data integrity guarantees than most. So
37 when comparing with a metadata-only journalling filesystem, use `mount -o
38 data=writeback'. And you might as well use `mount -o nobh' too along
39 with it. Making the journal larger than the mke2fs default often helps
40 performance with metadata-intensive workloads.
45 2.1 Currently available
47 * ability to use filesystems > 16TB
48 * extent format reduces metadata overhead (RAM, IO for access, transactions)
49 * extent format more robust in face of on-disk corruption due to magics,
50 * internal redunancy in tree
52 2.1 Previously available, soon to be enabled by default by "mkefs.ext4":
54 * dir_index and resize inode will be on by default
55 * large inodes will be used by default for fast EAs, nsec timestamps, etc
57 2.2 Candidate features for future inclusion
59 There are several under discussion, whether they all make it in is
60 partly a function of how much time everyone has to work on them:
62 * improved file allocation (multi-block alloc, delayed alloc; basically done)
63 * fix 32000 subdirectory limit (patch exists, needs some e2fsck work)
64 * nsec timestamps for mtime, atime, ctime, create time (patch exists,
65 needs some e2fsck work)
66 * inode version field on disk (NFSv4, Lustre; prototype exists)
67 * reduced mke2fs/e2fsck time via uninitialized groups (prototype exists)
68 * journal checksumming for robustness, performance (prototype exists)
69 * persistent file preallocation (e.g for streaming media, databases)
71 Features like metadata checksumming have been discussed and planned for
72 a bit but no patches exist yet so I'm not sure they're in the near-term
75 The big performance win will come with mballoc and delalloc. CFS has
76 been using mballoc for a few years already with Lustre, and IBM + Bull
77 did a lot of benchmarking on it. The reason it isn't in the first set of
78 patches is partly a manageability issue, and partly because it doesn't
79 directly affect the on-disk format (outside of much better allocation)
80 so it isn't critical to get into the first round of changes. I believe
81 Alex is working on a new set of patches right now.
86 When mounting an ext4 filesystem, the following option are accepted:
89 extents (*) ext4 will use extents to address file data. The
90 file system will no longer be mountable by ext3.
92 noextents ext4 will not use extents for newly created files
94 journal_checksum Enable checksumming of the journal transactions.
95 This will allow the recovery code in e2fsck and the
96 kernel to detect corruption in the kernel. It is a
97 compatible change and will be ignored by older kernels.
99 journal_async_commit Commit block can be written to disk without waiting
100 for descriptor blocks. If enabled older kernels cannot
101 mount the device. This will enable 'journal_checksum'
104 journal=update Update the ext4 file system's journal to the current
107 journal=inum When a journal already exists, this option is ignored.
108 Otherwise, it specifies the number of the inode which
109 will represent the ext4 file system's journal file.
111 journal_dev=devnum When the external journal device's major/minor numbers
112 have changed, this option allows the user to specify
113 the new journal location. The journal device is
114 identified through its new major/minor numbers encoded
117 noload Don't load the journal on mounting.
119 data=journal All data are committed into the journal prior to being
120 written into the main file system.
122 data=ordered (*) All data are forced directly out to the main file
123 system prior to its metadata being committed to the
126 data=writeback Data ordering is not preserved, data may be written
127 into the main file system after its metadata has been
128 committed to the journal.
130 commit=nrsec (*) Ext4 can be told to sync all its data and metadata
131 every 'nrsec' seconds. The default value is 5 seconds.
132 This means that if you lose your power, you will lose
133 as much as the latest 5 seconds of work (your
134 filesystem will not be damaged though, thanks to the
135 journaling). This default value (or any low value)
136 will hurt performance, but it's good for data-safety.
137 Setting it to 0 will have the same effect as leaving
138 it at the default (5 seconds).
139 Setting it to very large values will improve
142 barrier=<0|1(*)> This enables/disables the use of write barriers in
143 the jbd code. barrier=0 disables, barrier=1 enables.
144 This also requires an IO stack which can support
145 barriers, and if jbd gets an error on a barrier
146 write, it will disable again with a warning.
147 Write barriers enforce proper on-disk ordering
148 of journal commits, making volatile disk write caches
149 safe to use, at some performance penalty. If
150 your disks are battery-backed in one way or another,
151 disabling barriers may safely improve performance.
153 orlov (*) This enables the new Orlov block allocator. It is
156 oldalloc This disables the Orlov block allocator and enables
157 the old block allocator. Orlov should have better
158 performance - we'd like to get some feedback if it's
159 the contrary for you.
161 user_xattr Enables Extended User Attributes. Additionally, you
162 need to have extended attribute support enabled in the
163 kernel configuration (CONFIG_EXT4_FS_XATTR). See the
164 attr(5) manual page and http://acl.bestbits.at/ to
165 learn more about extended attributes.
167 nouser_xattr Disables Extended User Attributes.
169 acl Enables POSIX Access Control Lists support.
170 Additionally, you need to have ACL support enabled in
171 the kernel configuration (CONFIG_EXT4_FS_POSIX_ACL).
172 See the acl(5) manual page and http://acl.bestbits.at/
173 for more information.
175 noacl This option disables POSIX Access Control List
182 bsddf (*) Make 'df' act like BSD.
183 minixdf Make 'df' act like Minix.
185 check=none Don't do extra checking of bitmaps on mount.
188 debug Extra debugging information is sent to syslog.
190 errors=remount-ro(*) Remount the filesystem read-only on an error.
191 errors=continue Keep going on a filesystem error.
192 errors=panic Panic and halt the machine if an error occurs.
194 grpid Give objects the same group ID as their creator.
197 nogrpid (*) New objects have the group ID of their creator.
200 resgid=n The group ID which may use the reserved blocks.
202 resuid=n The user ID which may use the reserved blocks.
204 sb=n Use alternate superblock at this location.
211 bh (*) ext4 associates buffer heads to data pages to
212 nobh (a) cache disk block mapping information
213 (b) link pages into transaction to provide
215 "bh" option forces use of buffer heads.
216 "nobh" option tries to avoid associating buffer
217 heads (supported only for "writeback" mode).
219 mballoc (*) Use the multiple block allocator for block allocation
220 nomballoc disabled multiple block allocator for block allocation.
221 stripe=n Number of filesystem blocks that mballoc will try
222 to use for allocation size and alignment. For RAID5/6
223 systems this should be the number of data
224 disks * RAID chunk size in file system blocks.
228 There are 3 different data modes:
231 In data=writeback mode, ext4 does not journal data at all. This mode provides
232 a similar level of journaling as that of XFS, JFS, and ReiserFS in its default
233 mode - metadata journaling. A crash+recovery can cause incorrect data to
234 appear in files which were written shortly before the crash. This mode will
235 typically provide the best ext4 performance.
238 In data=ordered mode, ext4 only officially journals metadata, but it logically
239 groups metadata and data blocks into a single unit called a transaction. When
240 it's time to write the new metadata out to disk, the associated data blocks
241 are written first. In general, this mode performs slightly slower than
242 writeback but significantly faster than journal mode.
245 data=journal mode provides full data and metadata journaling. All new data is
246 written to the journal first, and then to its final location.
247 In the event of a crash, the journal can be replayed, bringing both data and
248 metadata into a consistent state. This mode is the slowest except when data
249 needs to be read from and written to disk at the same time where it
250 outperforms all others modes.
255 kernel source: <file:fs/ext4/>
258 programs: http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net/
259 http://ext2resize.sourceforge.net
261 useful links: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/ext3-devel
262 http://www.bullopensource.org/ext4/