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2 IN-KERNEL CACHE OBJECT REPRESENTATION AND MANAGEMENT
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5 By: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
11 (*) Object management state machine.
13 - Provision of cpu time.
14 - Locking simplification.
16 (*) The set of states.
18 (*) The set of events.
25 FS-Cache maintains an in-kernel representation of each object that a netfs is
26 currently interested in. Such objects are represented by the fscache_cookie
27 struct and are referred to as cookies.
29 FS-Cache also maintains a separate in-kernel representation of the objects that
30 a cache backend is currently actively caching. Such objects are represented by
31 the fscache_object struct. The cache backends allocate these upon request, and
32 are expected to embed them in their own representations. These are referred to
35 There is a 1:N relationship between cookies and objects. A cookie may be
36 represented by multiple objects - an index may exist in more than one cache -
37 or even by no objects (it may not be cached).
39 Furthermore, both cookies and objects are hierarchical. The two hierarchies
40 correspond, but the cookies tree is a superset of the union of the object trees
43 NETFS INDEX TREE : CACHE 1 : CACHE 2
46 +----------->| IObject | :
47 +-----------+ | : +-----------+ :
48 | ICookie |-------+ : | :
49 +-----------+ | : | : +-----------+
50 | +------------------------------>| IObject |
54 V +----------->| IObject | : |
55 +-----------+ | : +-----------+ : |
56 | ICookie |-------+ : | : V
57 +-----------+ | : | : +-----------+
58 | +------------------------------>| IObject |
59 +-----+-----+ : | : +-----------+
62 +-----------+ | : +-----------+ : |
63 | ICookie |------------------------->| IObject | : |
64 +-----------+ | : +-----------+ : |
66 | +-----------+ : | : +-----------+
67 | | ICookie |-------------------------------->| IObject |
68 | +-----------+ : | : +-----------+
70 +-----------+ | : +-----------+ : |
71 | DCookie |------------------------->| DObject | : |
72 +-----------+ | : +-----------+ : |
74 +-------+-------+ : : |
77 +-----------+ +-----------+ : : +-----------+
78 | DCookie | | DCookie |------------------------>| DObject |
79 +-----------+ +-----------+ : : +-----------+
82 In the above illustration, ICookie and IObject represent indices and DCookie
83 and DObject represent data storage objects. Indices may have representation in
84 multiple caches, but currently, non-index objects may not. Objects of any type
85 may also be entirely unrepresented.
87 As far as the netfs API goes, the netfs is only actually permitted to see
88 pointers to the cookies. The cookies themselves and any objects attached to
89 those cookies are hidden from it.
92 ===============================
93 OBJECT MANAGEMENT STATE MACHINE
94 ===============================
96 Within FS-Cache, each active object is managed by its own individual state
97 machine. The state for an object is kept in the fscache_object struct, in
98 object->state. A cookie may point to a set of objects that are in different
101 Each state has an action associated with it that is invoked when the machine
102 wakes up in that state. There are four logical sets of states:
104 (1) Preparation: states that wait for the parent objects to become ready. The
105 representations are hierarchical, and it is expected that an object must
106 be created or accessed with respect to its parent object.
108 (2) Initialisation: states that perform lookups in the cache and validate
109 what's found and that create on disk any missing metadata.
111 (3) Normal running: states that allow netfs operations on objects to proceed
112 and that update the state of objects.
114 (4) Termination: states that detach objects from their netfs cookies, that
115 delete objects from disk, that handle disk and system errors and that free
116 up in-memory resources.
119 In most cases, transitioning between states is in response to signalled events.
120 When a state has finished processing, it will usually set the mask of events in
121 which it is interested (object->event_mask) and relinquish the worker thread.
122 Then when an event is raised (by calling fscache_raise_event()), if the event
123 is not masked, the object will be queued for processing (by calling
124 fscache_enqueue_object()).
127 PROVISION OF CPU TIME
128 ---------------------
130 The work to be done by the various states is given CPU time by the threads of
131 the slow work facility (see Documentation/slow-work.txt). This is used in
132 preference to the workqueue facility because:
134 (1) Threads may be completely occupied for very long periods of time by a
135 particular work item. These state actions may be doing sequences of
136 synchronous, journalled disk accesses (lookup, mkdir, create, setxattr,
137 getxattr, truncate, unlink, rmdir, rename).
139 (2) Threads may do little actual work, but may rather spend a lot of time
140 sleeping on I/O. This means that single-threaded and 1-per-CPU-threaded
141 workqueues don't necessarily have the right numbers of threads.
144 LOCKING SIMPLIFICATION
145 ----------------------
147 Because only one worker thread may be operating on any particular object's
148 state machine at once, this simplifies the locking, particularly with respect
149 to disconnecting the netfs's representation of a cache object (fscache_cookie)
150 from the cache backend's representation (fscache_object) - which may be
151 requested from either end.
158 The object state machine has a set of states that it can be in. There are
159 preparation states in which the object sets itself up and waits for its parent
160 object to transit to a state that allows access to its children:
162 (1) State FSCACHE_OBJECT_INIT.
164 Initialise the object and wait for the parent object to become active. In
165 the cache, it is expected that it will not be possible to look an object
166 up from the parent object, until that parent object itself has been looked
169 There are initialisation states in which the object sets itself up and accesses
170 disk for the object metadata:
172 (2) State FSCACHE_OBJECT_LOOKING_UP.
174 Look up the object on disk, using the parent as a starting point.
175 FS-Cache expects the cache backend to probe the cache to see whether this
176 object is represented there, and if it is, to see if it's valid (coherency
179 The cache should call fscache_object_lookup_negative() to indicate lookup
180 failure for whatever reason, and should call fscache_obtained_object() to
183 At the completion of lookup, FS-Cache will let the netfs go ahead with
184 read operations, no matter whether the file is yet cached. If not yet
185 cached, read operations will be immediately rejected with ENODATA until
186 the first known page is uncached - as to that point there can be no data
187 to be read out of the cache for that file that isn't currently also held
190 (3) State FSCACHE_OBJECT_CREATING.
192 Create an object on disk, using the parent as a starting point. This
193 happens if the lookup failed to find the object, or if the object's
194 coherency data indicated what's on disk is out of date. In this state,
195 FS-Cache expects the cache to create
197 The cache should call fscache_obtained_object() if creation completes
198 successfully, fscache_object_lookup_negative() otherwise.
200 At the completion of creation, FS-Cache will start processing write
201 operations the netfs has queued for an object. If creation failed, the
202 write ops will be transparently discarded, and nothing recorded in the
205 There are some normal running states in which the object spends its time
206 servicing netfs requests:
208 (4) State FSCACHE_OBJECT_AVAILABLE.
210 A transient state in which pending operations are started, child objects
211 are permitted to advance from FSCACHE_OBJECT_INIT state, and temporary
212 lookup data is freed.
214 (5) State FSCACHE_OBJECT_ACTIVE.
216 The normal running state. In this state, requests the netfs makes will be
217 passed on to the cache.
219 (6) State FSCACHE_OBJECT_UPDATING.
221 The state machine comes here to update the object in the cache from the
222 netfs's records. This involves updating the auxiliary data that is used
223 to maintain coherency.
225 And there are terminal states in which an object cleans itself up, deallocates
226 memory and potentially deletes stuff from disk:
228 (7) State FSCACHE_OBJECT_LC_DYING.
230 The object comes here if it is dying because of a lookup or creation
231 error. This would be due to a disk error or system error of some sort.
232 Temporary data is cleaned up, and the parent is released.
234 (8) State FSCACHE_OBJECT_DYING.
236 The object comes here if it is dying due to an error, because its parent
237 cookie has been relinquished by the netfs or because the cache is being
240 Any child objects waiting on this one are given CPU time so that they too
241 can destroy themselves. This object waits for all its children to go away
242 before advancing to the next state.
244 (9) State FSCACHE_OBJECT_ABORT_INIT.
246 The object comes to this state if it was waiting on its parent in
247 FSCACHE_OBJECT_INIT, but its parent died. The object will destroy itself
248 so that the parent may proceed from the FSCACHE_OBJECT_DYING state.
250 (10) State FSCACHE_OBJECT_RELEASING.
251 (11) State FSCACHE_OBJECT_RECYCLING.
253 The object comes to one of these two states when dying once it is rid of
254 all its children, if it is dying because the netfs relinquished its
255 cookie. In the first state, the cached data is expected to persist, and
256 in the second it will be deleted.
258 (12) State FSCACHE_OBJECT_WITHDRAWING.
260 The object transits to this state if the cache decides it wants to
261 withdraw the object from service, perhaps to make space, but also due to
262 error or just because the whole cache is being withdrawn.
264 (13) State FSCACHE_OBJECT_DEAD.
266 The object transits to this state when the in-memory object record is
267 ready to be deleted. The object processor shouldn't ever see an object in
274 There are a number of events that can be raised to an object state machine:
276 (*) FSCACHE_OBJECT_EV_UPDATE
278 The netfs requested that an object be updated. The state machine will ask
279 the cache backend to update the object, and the cache backend will ask the
280 netfs for details of the change through its cookie definition ops.
282 (*) FSCACHE_OBJECT_EV_CLEARED
284 This is signalled in two circumstances:
286 (a) when an object's last child object is dropped and
288 (b) when the last operation outstanding on an object is completed.
290 This is used to proceed from the dying state.
292 (*) FSCACHE_OBJECT_EV_ERROR
294 This is signalled when an I/O error occurs during the processing of some
297 (*) FSCACHE_OBJECT_EV_RELEASE
298 (*) FSCACHE_OBJECT_EV_RETIRE
300 These are signalled when the netfs relinquishes a cookie it was using.
301 The event selected depends on whether the netfs asks for the backing
302 object to be retired (deleted) or retained.
304 (*) FSCACHE_OBJECT_EV_WITHDRAW
306 This is signalled when the cache backend wants to withdraw an object.
307 This means that the object will have to be detached from the netfs's
310 Because the withdrawing releasing/retiring events are all handled by the object
311 state machine, it doesn't matter if there's a collision with both ends trying
312 to sever the connection at the same time. The state machine can just pick
313 which one it wants to honour, and that effects the other.