4 Your guide to the ancient and twisted locking policies of the tty layer and
5 the warped logic behind them. Beware all ye who read on.
7 FIXME: still need to work out the full set of BKL assumptions and document
8 them so they can eventually be killed off.
14 Line disciplines are registered with tty_register_ldisc() passing the
15 discipline number and the ldisc structure. At the point of registration the
16 discipline must be ready to use and it is possible it will get used before
17 the call returns success. If the call returns an error then it won't get
18 called. Do not re-use ldisc numbers as they are part of the userspace ABI
19 and writing over an existing ldisc will cause demons to eat your computer.
20 After the return the ldisc data has been copied so you may free your own
21 copy of the structure. You must not re-register over the top of the line
22 discipline even with the same data or your computer again will be eaten by
25 In order to remove a line discipline call tty_unregister_ldisc().
26 In ancient times this always worked. In modern times the function will
27 return -EBUSY if the ldisc is currently in use. Since the ldisc referencing
28 code manages the module counts this should not usually be a concern.
30 Heed this warning: the reference count field of the registered copies of the
31 tty_ldisc structure in the ldisc table counts the number of lines using this
32 discipline. The reference count of the tty_ldisc structure within a tty
33 counts the number of active users of the ldisc at this instant. In effect it
34 counts the number of threads of execution within an ldisc method (plus those
35 about to enter and exit although this detail matters not).
37 Line Discipline Methods
38 -----------------------
42 open() - Called when the line discipline is attached to
43 the terminal. No other call into the line
44 discipline for this tty will occur until it
45 completes successfully. Returning an error will
46 prevent the ldisc from being attached. Can sleep.
48 close() - This is called on a terminal when the line
49 discipline is being unplugged. At the point of
50 execution no further users will enter the
51 ldisc code for this tty. Can sleep.
53 hangup() - Called when the tty line is hung up.
54 The line discipline should cease I/O to the tty.
55 No further calls into the ldisc code will occur.
56 The return value is ignored. Can sleep.
58 write() - A process is writing data through the line
59 discipline. Multiple write calls are serialized
60 by the tty layer for the ldisc. May sleep.
62 flush_buffer() - (optional) May be called at any point between
63 open and close, and instructs the line discipline
64 to empty its input buffer.
66 chars_in_buffer() - (optional) Report the number of bytes in the input
69 set_termios() - (optional) Called on termios structure changes.
70 The caller passes the old termios data and the
71 current data is in the tty. Called under the
72 termios semaphore so allowed to sleep. Serialized
75 read() - Move data from the line discipline to the user.
76 Multiple read calls may occur in parallel and the
77 ldisc must deal with serialization issues. May
80 poll() - Check the status for the poll/select calls. Multiple
81 poll calls may occur in parallel. May sleep.
83 ioctl() - Called when an ioctl is handed to the tty layer
84 that might be for the ldisc. Multiple ioctl calls
85 may occur in parallel. May sleep.
87 compat_ioctl() - Called when a 32 bit ioctl is handed to the tty layer
88 that might be for the ldisc. Multiple ioctl calls
89 may occur in parallel. May sleep.
91 Driver Side Interfaces:
93 receive_buf() - Hand buffers of bytes from the driver to the ldisc
94 for processing. Semantics currently rather
97 write_wakeup() - May be called at any point between open and close.
98 The TTY_DO_WRITE_WAKEUP flag indicates if a call
99 is needed but always races versus calls. Thus the
100 ldisc must be careful about setting order and to
101 handle unexpected calls. Must not sleep.
103 The driver is forbidden from calling this directly
104 from the ->write call from the ldisc as the ldisc
105 is permitted to call the driver write method from
106 this function. In such a situation defer it.
111 Line discipline methods can call the following methods of the underlying
112 hardware driver through the function pointers within the tty->driver
115 write() Write a block of characters to the tty device.
116 Returns the number of characters accepted. The
117 character buffer passed to this method is already
120 put_char() Queues a character for writing to the tty device.
121 If there is no room in the queue, the character is
124 flush_chars() (Optional) If defined, must be called after
125 queueing characters with put_char() in order to
128 write_room() Returns the numbers of characters the tty driver
129 will accept for queueing to be written.
131 ioctl() Invoke device specific ioctl.
132 Expects data pointers to refer to userspace.
133 Returns ENOIOCTLCMD for unrecognized ioctl numbers.
135 set_termios() Notify the tty driver that the device's termios
136 settings have changed. New settings are in
137 tty->termios. Previous settings should be passed in
140 The API is defined such that the driver should return
141 the actual modes selected. This means that the
142 driver function is responsible for modifying any
143 bits in the request it cannot fulfill to indicate
144 the actual modes being used. A device with no
145 hardware capability for change (eg a USB dongle or
146 virtual port) can provide NULL for this method.
148 throttle() Notify the tty driver that input buffers for the
149 line discipline are close to full, and it should
150 somehow signal that no more characters should be
153 unthrottle() Notify the tty driver that characters can now be
154 sent to the tty without fear of overrunning the
155 input buffers of the line disciplines.
157 stop() Ask the tty driver to stop outputting characters
160 start() Ask the tty driver to resume sending characters
163 hangup() Ask the tty driver to hang up the tty device.
165 break_ctl() (Optional) Ask the tty driver to turn on or off
166 BREAK status on the RS-232 port. If state is -1,
167 then the BREAK status should be turned on; if
168 state is 0, then BREAK should be turned off.
169 If this routine is not implemented, use ioctls
170 TIOCSBRK / TIOCCBRK instead.
172 wait_until_sent() Waits until the device has written out all of the
173 characters in its transmitter FIFO.
175 send_xchar() Send a high-priority XON/XOFF character to the device.
180 Line discipline methods have access to tty->flags field containing the
181 following interesting flags:
183 TTY_THROTTLED Driver input is throttled. The ldisc should call
184 tty->driver->unthrottle() in order to resume
185 reception when it is ready to process more data.
187 TTY_DO_WRITE_WAKEUP If set, causes the driver to call the ldisc's
188 write_wakeup() method in order to resume
189 transmission when it can accept more data
192 TTY_IO_ERROR If set, causes all subsequent userspace read/write
193 calls on the tty to fail, returning -EIO.
195 TTY_OTHER_CLOSED Device is a pty and the other side has closed.
197 TTY_NO_WRITE_SPLIT Prevent driver from splitting up writes into
203 Callers to the line discipline functions from the tty layer are required to
204 take line discipline locks. The same is true of calls from the driver side
205 but not yet enforced.
207 Three calls are now provided
209 ldisc = tty_ldisc_ref(tty);
211 takes a handle to the line discipline in the tty and returns it. If no ldisc
212 is currently attached or the ldisc is being closed and re-opened at this
213 point then NULL is returned. While this handle is held the ldisc will not
216 tty_ldisc_deref(ldisc)
218 Returns the ldisc reference and allows the ldisc to be closed. Returning the
219 reference takes away your right to call the ldisc functions until you take
222 ldisc = tty_ldisc_ref_wait(tty);
224 Performs the same function as tty_ldisc_ref except that it will wait for an
225 ldisc change to complete and then return a reference to the new ldisc.
227 While these functions are slightly slower than the old code they should have
228 minimal impact as most receive logic uses the flip buffers and they only
229 need to take a reference when they push bits up through the driver.
231 A caution: The ldisc->open(), ldisc->close() and driver->set_ldisc
232 functions are called with the ldisc unavailable. Thus tty_ldisc_ref will
233 fail in this situation if used within these functions. Ldisc and driver
234 code calling its own functions must be careful in this case.
240 open() - Called when a device is opened. May sleep
242 close() - Called when a device is closed. At the point of
243 return from this call the driver must make no
244 further ldisc calls of any kind. May sleep
246 write() - Called to write bytes to the device. May not
247 sleep. May occur in parallel in special cases.
248 Because this includes panic paths drivers generally
249 shouldn't try and do clever locking here.
251 put_char() - Stuff a single character onto the queue. The
252 driver is guaranteed following up calls to
255 flush_chars() - Ask the kernel to write put_char queue
257 write_room() - Return the number of characters tht can be stuffed
258 into the port buffers without overflow (or less).
259 The ldisc is responsible for being intelligent
260 about multi-threading of write_room/write calls
262 ioctl() - Called when an ioctl may be for the driver
264 set_termios() - Called on termios change, serialized against
265 itself by a semaphore. May sleep.
267 set_ldisc() - Notifier for discipline change. At the point this
268 is done the discipline is not yet usable. Can now
271 throttle() - Called by the ldisc to ask the driver to do flow
272 control. Serialization including with unthrottle
273 is the job of the ldisc layer.
275 unthrottle() - Called by the ldisc to ask the driver to stop flow
278 stop() - Ldisc notifier to the driver to stop output. As with
279 throttle the serializations with start() are down
282 start() - Ldisc notifier to the driver to start output.
284 hangup() - Ask the tty driver to cause a hangup initiated
285 from the host side. [Can sleep ??]
287 break_ctl() - Send RS232 break. Can sleep. Can get called in
288 parallel, driver must serialize (for now), and
291 wait_until_sent() - Wait for characters to exit the hardware queue
292 of the driver. Can sleep
294 send_xchar() - Send XON/XOFF and if possible jump the queue with
295 it in order to get fast flow control responses.