4 files: arch/s390/kernel/debug.c
5 include/asm-s390/debug.h
9 The goal of this feature is to provide a kernel debug logging API
10 where log records can be stored efficiently in memory, where each component
11 (e.g. device drivers) can have one separate debug log.
12 One purpose of this is to inspect the debug logs after a production system crash
13 in order to analyze the reason for the crash.
14 If the system still runs but only a subcomponent which uses dbf fails,
15 it is possible to look at the debug logs on a live system via the Linux
17 The debug feature may also very useful for kernel and driver development.
21 Kernel components (e.g. device drivers) can register themselves at the debug
22 feature with the function call debug_register(). This function initializes a
23 debug log for the caller. For each debug log exists a number of debug areas
24 where exactly one is active at one time. Each debug area consists of contiguous
25 pages in memory. In the debug areas there are stored debug entries (log records)
26 which are written by event- and exception-calls.
28 An event-call writes the specified debug entry to the active debug
29 area and updates the log pointer for the active area. If the end
30 of the active debug area is reached, a wrap around is done (ring buffer)
31 and the next debug entry will be written at the beginning of the active
34 An exception-call writes the specified debug entry to the log and
35 switches to the next debug area. This is done in order to be sure
36 that the records which describe the origin of the exception are not
37 overwritten when a wrap around for the current area occurs.
39 The debug areas themselves are also ordered in form of a ring buffer.
40 When an exception is thrown in the last debug area, the following debug
41 entries are then written again in the very first area.
43 There are three versions for the event- and exception-calls: One for
44 logging raw data, one for text and one for numbers.
46 Each debug entry contains the following data:
49 - Cpu-Number of calling task
50 - Level of debug entry (0...6)
51 - Return Address to caller
52 - Flag, if entry is an exception or not
54 The debug logs can be inspected in a live system through entries in
55 the debugfs-filesystem. Under the toplevel directory "s390dbf" there is
56 a directory for each registered component, which is named like the
57 corresponding component. The debugfs normally should be mounted to
58 /sys/kernel/debug therefore the debug feature can be accessed under
59 /sys/kernel/debug/s390dbf.
61 The content of the directories are files which represent different views
62 to the debug log. Each component can decide which views should be
63 used through registering them with the function debug_register_view().
64 Predefined views for hex/ascii, sprintf and raw binary data are provided.
65 It is also possible to define other views. The content of
66 a view can be inspected simply by reading the corresponding debugfs file.
68 All debug logs have an actual debug level (range from 0 to 6).
69 The default level is 3. Event and Exception functions have a 'level'
70 parameter. Only debug entries with a level that is lower or equal
71 than the actual level are written to the log. This means, when
72 writing events, high priority log entries should have a low level
73 value whereas low priority entries should have a high one.
74 The actual debug level can be changed with the help of the debugfs-filesystem
75 through writing a number string "x" to the 'level' debugfs file which is
76 provided for every debug log. Debugging can be switched off completely
77 by using "-" on the 'level' debugfs file.
81 > echo "-" > /sys/kernel/debug/s390dbf/dasd/level
83 It is also possible to deactivate the debug feature globally for every
84 debug log. You can change the behavior using 2 sysctl parameters in
86 There are currently 2 possible triggers, which stop the debug feature
87 globally. The first possibility is to use the "debug_active" sysctl. If
88 set to 1 the debug feature is running. If "debug_active" is set to 0 the
89 debug feature is turned off.
90 The second trigger which stops the debug feature is a kernel oops.
91 That prevents the debug feature from overwriting debug information that
92 happened before the oops. After an oops you can reactivate the debug feature
93 by piping 1 to /proc/sys/s390dbf/debug_active. Nevertheless, its not
94 suggested to use an oopsed kernel in a production environment.
95 If you want to disallow the deactivation of the debug feature, you can use
96 the "debug_stoppable" sysctl. If you set "debug_stoppable" to 0 the debug
97 feature cannot be stopped. If the debug feature is already stopped, it
98 will stay deactivated.
103 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
104 debug_info_t *debug_register(char *name, int pages, int nr_areas,
107 Parameter: name: Name of debug log (e.g. used for debugfs entry)
108 pages: number of pages, which will be allocated per area
109 nr_areas: number of debug areas
110 buf_size: size of data area in each debug entry
112 Return Value: Handle for generated debug area
113 NULL if register failed
115 Description: Allocates memory for a debug log
116 Must not be called within an interrupt handler
118 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
119 void debug_unregister (debug_info_t * id);
121 Parameter: id: handle for debug log
125 Description: frees memory for a debug log
126 Must not be called within an interrupt handler
128 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
129 void debug_set_level (debug_info_t * id, int new_level);
131 Parameter: id: handle for debug log
132 new_level: new debug level
136 Description: Sets new actual debug level if new_level is valid.
138 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
139 void debug_stop_all(void);
145 Description: stops the debug feature if stopping is allowed. Currently
146 used in case of a kernel oops.
148 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
149 debug_entry_t* debug_event (debug_info_t* id, int level, void* data,
152 Parameter: id: handle for debug log
154 data: pointer to data for debug entry
155 length: length of data in bytes
157 Return Value: Address of written debug entry
159 Description: writes debug entry to active debug area (if level <= actual
162 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
163 debug_entry_t* debug_int_event (debug_info_t * id, int level,
165 debug_entry_t* debug_long_event(debug_info_t * id, int level,
168 Parameter: id: handle for debug log
170 data: integer value for debug entry
172 Return Value: Address of written debug entry
174 Description: writes debug entry to active debug area (if level <= actual
177 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
178 debug_entry_t* debug_text_event (debug_info_t * id, int level,
181 Parameter: id: handle for debug log
183 data: string for debug entry
185 Return Value: Address of written debug entry
187 Description: writes debug entry in ascii format to active debug area
188 (if level <= actual debug level)
190 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
191 debug_entry_t* debug_sprintf_event (debug_info_t * id, int level,
194 Parameter: id: handle for debug log
196 string: format string for debug entry
197 ...: varargs used as in sprintf()
199 Return Value: Address of written debug entry
201 Description: writes debug entry with format string and varargs (longs) to
202 active debug area (if level $<=$ actual debug level).
203 floats and long long datatypes cannot be used as varargs.
205 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
207 debug_entry_t* debug_exception (debug_info_t* id, int level, void* data,
210 Parameter: id: handle for debug log
212 data: pointer to data for debug entry
213 length: length of data in bytes
215 Return Value: Address of written debug entry
217 Description: writes debug entry to active debug area (if level <= actual
218 debug level) and switches to next debug area
220 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
221 debug_entry_t* debug_int_exception (debug_info_t * id, int level,
223 debug_entry_t* debug_long_exception(debug_info_t * id, int level,
226 Parameter: id: handle for debug log
228 data: integer value for debug entry
230 Return Value: Address of written debug entry
232 Description: writes debug entry to active debug area (if level <= actual
233 debug level) and switches to next debug area
235 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
236 debug_entry_t* debug_text_exception (debug_info_t * id, int level,
239 Parameter: id: handle for debug log
241 data: string for debug entry
243 Return Value: Address of written debug entry
245 Description: writes debug entry in ascii format to active debug area
246 (if level <= actual debug level) and switches to next debug
249 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
250 debug_entry_t* debug_sprintf_exception (debug_info_t * id, int level,
253 Parameter: id: handle for debug log
255 string: format string for debug entry
256 ...: varargs used as in sprintf()
258 Return Value: Address of written debug entry
260 Description: writes debug entry with format string and varargs (longs) to
261 active debug area (if level $<=$ actual debug level) and
262 switches to next debug area.
263 floats and long long datatypes cannot be used as varargs.
265 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
267 int debug_register_view (debug_info_t * id, struct debug_view *view);
269 Parameter: id: handle for debug log
270 view: pointer to debug view struct
275 Description: registers new debug view and creates debugfs dir entry
277 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
278 int debug_unregister_view (debug_info_t * id, struct debug_view *view);
280 Parameter: id: handle for debug log
281 view: pointer to debug view struct
286 Description: unregisters debug view and removes debugfs dir entry
293 extern struct debug_view debug_hex_ascii_view;
294 extern struct debug_view debug_raw_view;
295 extern struct debug_view debug_sprintf_view;
301 * hex_ascii- + raw-view Example
304 #include <linux/init.h>
305 #include <asm/debug.h>
307 static debug_info_t* debug_info;
309 static int init(void)
311 /* register 4 debug areas with one page each and 4 byte data field */
313 debug_info = debug_register ("test", 1, 4, 4 );
314 debug_register_view(debug_info,&debug_hex_ascii_view);
315 debug_register_view(debug_info,&debug_raw_view);
317 debug_text_event(debug_info, 4 , "one ");
318 debug_int_exception(debug_info, 4, 4711);
319 debug_event(debug_info, 3, &debug_info, 4);
324 static void cleanup(void)
326 debug_unregister (debug_info);
330 module_exit(cleanup);
332 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
335 * sprintf-view Example
338 #include <linux/init.h>
339 #include <asm/debug.h>
341 static debug_info_t* debug_info;
343 static int init(void)
345 /* register 4 debug areas with one page each and data field for */
346 /* format string pointer + 2 varargs (= 3 * sizeof(long)) */
348 debug_info = debug_register ("test", 1, 4, sizeof(long) * 3);
349 debug_register_view(debug_info,&debug_sprintf_view);
351 debug_sprintf_event(debug_info, 2 , "first event in %s:%i\n",__FILE__,__LINE__);
352 debug_sprintf_exception(debug_info, 1, "pointer to debug info: %p\n",&debug_info);
357 static void cleanup(void)
359 debug_unregister (debug_info);
363 module_exit(cleanup);
369 Views to the debug logs can be investigated through reading the corresponding
374 > ls /sys/kernel/debug/s390dbf/dasd
375 flush hex_ascii level pages raw
376 > cat /sys/kernel/debug/s390dbf/dasd/hex_ascii | sort +1
377 00 00974733272:680099 2 - 02 0006ad7e 07 ea 4a 90 | ....
378 00 00974733272:682210 2 - 02 0006ade6 46 52 45 45 | FREE
379 00 00974733272:682213 2 - 02 0006adf6 07 ea 4a 90 | ....
380 00 00974733272:682281 1 * 02 0006ab08 41 4c 4c 43 | EXCP
381 01 00974733272:682284 2 - 02 0006ab16 45 43 4b 44 | ECKD
382 01 00974733272:682287 2 - 02 0006ab28 00 00 00 04 | ....
383 01 00974733272:682289 2 - 02 0006ab3e 00 00 00 20 | ...
384 01 00974733272:682297 2 - 02 0006ad7e 07 ea 4a 90 | ....
385 01 00974733272:684384 2 - 00 0006ade6 46 52 45 45 | FREE
386 01 00974733272:684388 2 - 00 0006adf6 07 ea 4a 90 | ....
388 See section about predefined views for explanation of the above output!
390 Changing the debug level
391 ------------------------
396 > cat /sys/kernel/debug/s390dbf/dasd/level
398 > echo "5" > /sys/kernel/debug/s390dbf/dasd/level
399 > cat /sys/kernel/debug/s390dbf/dasd/level
404 Debug areas can be flushed with piping the number of the desired
405 area (0...n) to the debugfs file "flush". When using "-" all debug areas
410 1. Flush debug area 0:
411 > echo "0" > /sys/kernel/debug/s390dbf/dasd/flush
413 2. Flush all debug areas:
414 > echo "-" > /sys/kernel/debug/s390dbf/dasd/flush
416 Changing the size of debug areas
417 ------------------------------------
418 It is possible the change the size of debug areas through piping
419 the number of pages to the debugfs file "pages". The resize request will
420 also flush the debug areas.
424 Define 4 pages for the debug areas of debug feature "dasd":
425 > echo "4" > /sys/kernel/debug/s390dbf/dasd/pages
427 Stooping the debug feature
428 --------------------------
431 1. Check if stopping is allowed
432 > cat /proc/sys/s390dbf/debug_stoppable
433 2. Stop debug feature
434 > echo 0 > /proc/sys/s390dbf/debug_active
438 It is planned that the dump analysis tool lcrash gets an additional command
439 's390dbf' to display all the debug logs. With this tool it will be possible
440 to investigate the debug logs on a live system and with a memory dump after
443 Investigating raw memory
444 ------------------------
445 One last possibility to investigate the debug logs at a live
446 system and after a system crash is to look at the raw memory
447 under VM or at the Service Element.
448 It is possible to find the anker of the debug-logs through
449 the 'debug_area_first' symbol in the System map. Then one has
450 to follow the correct pointers of the data-structures defined
451 in debug.h and find the debug-areas in memory.
452 Normally modules which use the debug feature will also have
453 a global variable with the pointer to the debug-logs. Following
454 this pointer it will also be possible to find the debug logs in
457 For this method it is recommended to use '16 * x + 4' byte (x = 0..n)
458 for the length of the data field in debug_register() in
459 order to see the debug entries well formatted.
465 There are three predefined views: hex_ascii, raw and sprintf.
466 The hex_ascii view shows the data field in hex and ascii representation
467 (e.g. '45 43 4b 44 | ECKD').
468 The raw view returns a bytestream as the debug areas are stored in memory.
470 The sprintf view formats the debug entries in the same way as the sprintf
471 function would do. The sprintf event/exception functions write to the
472 debug entry a pointer to the format string (size = sizeof(long))
473 and for each vararg a long value. So e.g. for a debug entry with a format
474 string plus two varargs one would need to allocate a (3 * sizeof(long))
475 byte data area in the debug_register() function.
478 NOTE: If using the sprintf view do NOT use other event/exception functions
479 than the sprintf-event and -exception functions.
481 The format of the hex_ascii and sprintf view is as follows:
483 - Timestamp (formatted as seconds and microseconds since 00:00:00 Coordinated
484 Universal Time (UTC), January 1, 1970)
485 - level of debug entry
486 - Exception flag (* = Exception)
487 - Cpu-Number of calling task
488 - Return Address to caller
491 The format of the raw view is:
492 - Header as described in debug.h
495 A typical line of the hex_ascii view will look like the following (first line
496 is only for explanation and will not be displayed when 'cating' the view):
498 area time level exception cpu caller data (hex + ascii)
499 --------------------------------------------------------------------------
500 00 00964419409:440690 1 - 00 88023fe
506 Views are specified with the 'debug_view' structure. There are defined
507 callback functions which are used for reading and writing the debugfs files:
510 char name[DEBUG_MAX_PROCF_LEN];
511 debug_prolog_proc_t* prolog_proc;
512 debug_header_proc_t* header_proc;
513 debug_format_proc_t* format_proc;
514 debug_input_proc_t* input_proc;
520 typedef int (debug_header_proc_t) (debug_info_t* id,
521 struct debug_view* view,
523 debug_entry_t* entry,
526 typedef int (debug_format_proc_t) (debug_info_t* id,
527 struct debug_view* view, char* out_buf,
529 typedef int (debug_prolog_proc_t) (debug_info_t* id,
530 struct debug_view* view,
532 typedef int (debug_input_proc_t) (debug_info_t* id,
533 struct debug_view* view,
534 struct file* file, const char* user_buf,
535 size_t in_buf_size, loff_t* offset);
538 The "private_data" member can be used as pointer to view specific data.
539 It is not used by the debug feature itself.
541 The output when reading a debugfs file is structured like this:
545 "header_proc output 1" "format_proc output 1"
546 "header_proc output 2" "format_proc output 2"
547 "header_proc output 3" "format_proc output 3"
550 When a view is read from the debugfs, the Debug Feature calls the
551 'prolog_proc' once for writing the prolog.
552 Then 'header_proc' and 'format_proc' are called for each
553 existing debug entry.
555 The input_proc can be used to implement functionality when it is written to
556 the view (e.g. like with 'echo "0" > /sys/kernel/debug/s390dbf/dasd/level).
558 For header_proc there can be used the default function
559 debug_dflt_header_fn() which is defined in debug.h.
560 and which produces the same header output as the predefined views.
562 00 00964419409:440761 2 - 00 88023ec
564 In order to see how to use the callback functions check the implementation
565 of the default views!
569 #include <asm/debug.h>
571 #define UNKNOWNSTR "data: %08x"
573 const char* messages[] =
574 {"This error...........\n",
575 "That error...........\n",
576 "Problem..............\n",
577 "Something went wrong.\n",
578 "Everything ok........\n",
582 static int debug_test_format_fn(
583 debug_info_t * id, struct debug_view *view,
584 char *out_buf, const char *in_buf
589 if(id->buf_size >= 4) {
590 int msg_nr = *((int*)in_buf);
591 if(msg_nr < sizeof(messages)/sizeof(char*) - 1)
592 rc += sprintf(out_buf, "%s", messages[msg_nr]);
594 rc += sprintf(out_buf, UNKNOWNSTR, msg_nr);
600 struct debug_view debug_test_view = {
601 "myview", /* name of view */
602 NULL, /* no prolog */
603 &debug_dflt_header_fn, /* default header for each entry */
604 &debug_test_format_fn, /* our own format function */
605 NULL, /* no input function */
606 NULL /* no private data */
612 debug_info_t *debug_info;
614 debug_info = debug_register ("test", 0, 4, 4 ));
615 debug_register_view(debug_info, &debug_test_view);
616 for(i = 0; i < 10; i ++) debug_int_event(debug_info, 1, i);
618 > cat /sys/kernel/debug/s390dbf/test/myview
619 00 00964419734:611402 1 - 00 88042ca This error...........
620 00 00964419734:611405 1 - 00 88042ca That error...........
621 00 00964419734:611408 1 - 00 88042ca Problem..............
622 00 00964419734:611411 1 - 00 88042ca Something went wrong.
623 00 00964419734:611414 1 - 00 88042ca Everything ok........
624 00 00964419734:611417 1 - 00 88042ca data: 00000005
625 00 00964419734:611419 1 - 00 88042ca data: 00000006
626 00 00964419734:611422 1 - 00 88042ca data: 00000007
627 00 00964419734:611425 1 - 00 88042ca data: 00000008
628 00 00964419734:611428 1 - 00 88042ca data: 00000009