1 ARM TCM (Tightly-Coupled Memory) handling in Linux
3 Written by Linus Walleij <linus.walleij@stericsson.com>
5 Some ARM SoC:s have a so-called TCM (Tightly-Coupled Memory).
6 This is usually just a few (4-64) KiB of RAM inside the ARM
9 Due to being embedded inside the CPU The TCM has a
10 Harvard-architecture, so there is an ITCM (instruction TCM)
11 and a DTCM (data TCM). The DTCM can not contain any
12 instructions, but the ITCM can actually contain data.
13 The size of DTCM or ITCM is minimum 4KiB so the typical
14 minimum configuration is 4KiB ITCM and 4KiB DTCM.
16 ARM CPU:s have special registers to read out status, physical
17 location and size of TCM memories. arch/arm/include/asm/cputype.h
18 defines a CPUID_TCM register that you can read out from the
19 system control coprocessor. Documentation from ARM can be found
20 at http://infocenter.arm.com, search for "TCM Status Register"
21 to see documents for all CPUs. Reading this register you can
22 determine if ITCM (bit 0) and/or DTCM (bit 16) is present in the
25 There is further a TCM region register (search for "TCM Region
26 Registers" at the ARM site) that can report and modify the location
27 size of TCM memories at runtime. This is used to read out and modify
28 TCM location and size. Notice that this is not a MMU table: you
29 actually move the physical location of the TCM around. At the
30 place you put it, it will mask any underlying RAM from the
31 CPU so it is usually wise not to overlap any physical RAM with
34 The TCM memory can then be remapped to another address again using
35 the MMU, but notice that the TCM if often used in situations where
36 the MMU is turned off. To avoid confusion the current Linux
37 implementation will map the TCM 1 to 1 from physical to virtual
38 memory in the location specified by the machine.
40 TCM is used for a few things:
42 - FIQ and other interrupt handlers that need deterministic
43 timing and cannot wait for cache misses.
45 - Idle loops where all external RAM is set to self-refresh
46 retention mode, so only on-chip RAM is accessible by
47 the CPU and then we hang inside ITCM waiting for an
50 - Other operations which implies shutting off or reconfiguring
51 the external RAM controller.
53 There is an interface for using TCM on the ARM architecture
54 in <asm/tcm.h>. Using this interface it is possible to:
56 - Define the physical address and size of ITCM and DTCM.
58 - Tag functions to be compiled into ITCM.
60 - Tag data and constants to be allocated to DTCM and ITCM.
62 - Have the remaining TCM RAM added to a special
63 allocation pool with gen_pool_create() and gen_pool_add()
64 and provice tcm_alloc() and tcm_free() for this
65 memory. Such a heap is great for things like saving
66 device state when shutting off device power domains.
68 A machine that has TCM memory shall select HAVE_TCM in
69 arch/arm/Kconfig for itself, and then the
70 rest of the functionality will depend on the physical
71 location and size of ITCM and DTCM to be defined in
72 mach/memory.h for the machine. Code that needs to use
73 TCM shall #include <asm/tcm.h> If the TCM is not located
74 at the place given in memory.h it will be moved using
75 the TCM Region registers.
77 Functions to go into itcm can be tagged like this:
78 int __tcmfunc foo(int bar);
80 Variables to go into dtcm can be tagged like this:
83 Constants can be tagged like this:
86 To put assembler into TCM just use
87 .section ".tcm.text" or .section ".tcm.data"
94 /* Uninitialized data */
95 static u32 __tcmdata tcmvar;
96 /* Initialized data */
97 static u32 __tcmdata tcmassigned = 0x2BADBABEU;
99 static const u32 __tcmconst tcmconst = 0xCAFEBABEU;
101 static void __tcmlocalfunc tcm_to_tcm(void)
104 for (i = 0; i < 100; i++)
108 static void __tcmfunc hello_tcm(void)
110 /* Some abstract code that runs in ITCM */
112 for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
118 static void __init test_tcm(void)
124 printk("Hello TCM executed from ITCM RAM\n");
126 printk("TCM variable from testrun: %u @ %p\n", tcmvar, &tcmvar);
127 tcmvar = 0xDEADBEEFU;
128 printk("TCM variable: 0x%x @ %p\n", tcmvar, &tcmvar);
130 printk("TCM assigned variable: 0x%x @ %p\n", tcmassigned, &tcmassigned);
132 printk("TCM constant: 0x%x @ %p\n", tcmconst, &tcmconst);
134 /* Allocate some TCM memory from the pool */
135 tcmem = tcm_alloc(20);
137 printk("TCM Allocated 20 bytes of TCM @ %p\n", tcmem);
138 tcmem[0] = 0xDEADBEEFU;
139 tcmem[1] = 0x2BADBABEU;
140 tcmem[2] = 0xCAFEBABEU;
141 tcmem[3] = 0xDEADBEEFU;
142 tcmem[4] = 0x2BADBABEU;
143 for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)
144 printk("TCM tcmem[%d] = %08x\n", i, tcmem[i]);