1 Short users guide for SLUB
2 --------------------------
4 The basic philosophy of SLUB is very different from SLAB. SLAB
5 requires rebuilding the kernel to activate debug options for all
6 slab caches. SLUB always includes full debugging but it is off by default.
7 SLUB can enable debugging only for selected slabs in order to avoid
8 an impact on overall system performance which may make a bug more
11 In order to switch debugging on one can add a option "slub_debug"
12 to the kernel command line. That will enable full debugging for
15 Typically one would then use the "slabinfo" command to get statistical
16 data and perform operation on the slabs. By default slabinfo only lists
17 slabs that have data in them. See "slabinfo -h" for more options when
18 running the command. slabinfo can be compiled with
20 gcc -o slabinfo Documentation/vm/slabinfo.c
22 Some of the modes of operation of slabinfo require that slub debugging
23 be enabled on the command line. F.e. no tracking information will be
24 available without debugging on and validation can only partially
25 be performed if debugging was not switched on.
27 Some more sophisticated uses of slub_debug:
28 -------------------------------------------
30 Parameters may be given to slub_debug. If none is specified then full
31 debugging is enabled. Format:
33 slub_debug=<Debug-Options> Enable options for all slabs
34 slub_debug=<Debug-Options>,<slab name>
35 Enable options only for select slabs
37 Possible debug options are
38 F Sanity checks on (enables SLAB_DEBUG_FREE. Sorry
41 P Poisoning (object and padding)
42 U User tracking (free and alloc)
43 T Trace (please only use on single slabs)
44 - Switch all debugging off (useful if the kernel is
45 configured with CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG_ON)
47 F.e. in order to boot just with sanity checks and red zoning one would specify:
51 Trying to find an issue in the dentry cache? Try
55 to only enable debugging on the dentry cache.
57 Red zoning and tracking may realign the slab. We can just apply sanity checks
58 to the dentry cache with
62 In case you forgot to enable debugging on the kernel command line: It is
63 possible to enable debugging manually when the kernel is up. Look at the
66 /sys/kernel/slab/<slab name>/
68 Look at the writable files. Writing 1 to them will enable the
69 corresponding debug option. All options can be set on a slab that does
70 not contain objects. If the slab already contains objects then sanity checks
71 and tracing may only be enabled. The other options may cause the realignment
74 Careful with tracing: It may spew out lots of information and never stop if
75 used on the wrong slab.
80 If no debug options are specified then SLUB may merge similar slabs together
81 in order to reduce overhead and increase cache hotness of objects.
82 slabinfo -a displays which slabs were merged together.
87 SLUB can validate all object if the kernel was booted with slub_debug. In
88 order to do so you must have the slabinfo tool. Then you can do
92 which will test all objects. Output will be generated to the syslog.
94 This also works in a more limited way if boot was without slab debug.
95 In that case slabinfo -v simply tests all reachable objects. Usually
96 these are in the cpu slabs and the partial slabs. Full slabs are not
97 tracked by SLUB in a non debug situation.
99 Getting more performance
100 ------------------------
102 To some degree SLUB's performance is limited by the need to take the
103 list_lock once in a while to deal with partial slabs. That overhead is
104 governed by the order of the allocation for each slab. The allocations
105 can be influenced by kernel parameters:
107 slub_min_objects=x (default 4)
108 slub_min_order=x (default 0)
109 slub_max_order=x (default 1)
111 slub_min_objects allows to specify how many objects must at least fit
112 into one slab in order for the allocation order to be acceptable.
113 In general slub will be able to perform this number of allocations
114 on a slab without consulting centralized resources (list_lock) where
115 contention may occur.
117 slub_min_order specifies a minim order of slabs. A similar effect like
120 slub_max_order specified the order at which slub_min_objects should no
121 longer be checked. This is useful to avoid SLUB trying to generate
122 super large order pages to fit slub_min_objects of a slab cache with
123 large object sizes into one high order page.
128 Here is a sample of slub debug output:
130 ====================================================================
131 BUG kmalloc-8: Redzone overwritten
132 --------------------------------------------------------------------
134 INFO: 0xc90f6d28-0xc90f6d2b. First byte 0x00 instead of 0xcc
135 INFO: Slab 0xc528c530 flags=0x400000c3 inuse=61 fp=0xc90f6d58
136 INFO: Object 0xc90f6d20 @offset=3360 fp=0xc90f6d58
137 INFO: Allocated in get_modalias+0x61/0xf5 age=53 cpu=1 pid=554
139 Bytes b4 0xc90f6d10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5a 5a 5a 5a 5a 5a 5a 5a ........ZZZZZZZZ
140 Object 0xc90f6d20: 31 30 31 39 2e 30 30 35 1019.005
141 Redzone 0xc90f6d28: 00 cc cc cc .
142 Padding 0xc90f6d50: 5a 5a 5a 5a 5a 5a 5a 5a ZZZZZZZZ
144 [<c010523d>] dump_trace+0x63/0x1eb
145 [<c01053df>] show_trace_log_lvl+0x1a/0x2f
146 [<c010601d>] show_trace+0x12/0x14
147 [<c0106035>] dump_stack+0x16/0x18
148 [<c017e0fa>] object_err+0x143/0x14b
149 [<c017e2cc>] check_object+0x66/0x234
150 [<c017eb43>] __slab_free+0x239/0x384
151 [<c017f446>] kfree+0xa6/0xc6
152 [<c02e2335>] get_modalias+0xb9/0xf5
153 [<c02e23b7>] dmi_dev_uevent+0x27/0x3c
154 [<c027866a>] dev_uevent+0x1ad/0x1da
155 [<c0205024>] kobject_uevent_env+0x20a/0x45b
156 [<c020527f>] kobject_uevent+0xa/0xf
157 [<c02779f1>] store_uevent+0x4f/0x58
158 [<c027758e>] dev_attr_store+0x29/0x2f
159 [<c01bec4f>] sysfs_write_file+0x16e/0x19c
160 [<c0183ba7>] vfs_write+0xd1/0x15a
161 [<c01841d7>] sys_write+0x3d/0x72
162 [<c0104112>] sysenter_past_esp+0x5f/0x99
163 [<b7f7b410>] 0xb7f7b410
164 =======================
166 FIX kmalloc-8: Restoring Redzone 0xc90f6d28-0xc90f6d2b=0xcc
168 If SLUB encounters a corrupted object (full detection requires the kernel
169 to be booted with slub_debug) then the following output will be dumped
172 1. Description of the problem encountered
174 This will be a message in the system log starting with
176 ===============================================
177 BUG <slab cache affected>: <What went wrong>
178 -----------------------------------------------
180 INFO: <corruption start>-<corruption_end> <more info>
181 INFO: Slab <address> <slab information>
182 INFO: Object <address> <object information>
183 INFO: Allocated in <kernel function> age=<jiffies since alloc> cpu=<allocated by
184 cpu> pid=<pid of the process>
185 INFO: Freed in <kernel function> age=<jiffies since free> cpu=<freed by cpu>
186 pid=<pid of the process>
188 (Object allocation / free information is only available if SLAB_STORE_USER is
189 set for the slab. slub_debug sets that option)
191 2. The object contents if an object was involved.
193 Various types of lines can follow the BUG SLUB line:
195 Bytes b4 <address> : <bytes>
196 Shows a few bytes before the object where the problem was detected.
197 Can be useful if the corruption does not stop with the start of the
200 Object <address> : <bytes>
201 The bytes of the object. If the object is inactive then the bytes
202 typically contain poison values. Any non-poison value shows a
203 corruption by a write after free.
205 Redzone <address> : <bytes>
206 The Redzone following the object. The Redzone is used to detect
207 writes after the object. All bytes should always have the same
208 value. If there is any deviation then it is due to a write after
211 (Redzone information is only available if SLAB_RED_ZONE is set.
212 slub_debug sets that option)
214 Padding <address> : <bytes>
215 Unused data to fill up the space in order to get the next object
216 properly aligned. In the debug case we make sure that there are
217 at least 4 bytes of padding. This allows the detection of writes
222 The stackdump describes the location where the error was detected. The cause
223 of the corruption is may be more likely found by looking at the function that
224 allocated or freed the object.
226 4. Report on how the problem was dealt with in order to ensure the continued
227 operation of the system.
229 These are messages in the system log beginning with
231 FIX <slab cache affected>: <corrective action taken>
233 In the above sample SLUB found that the Redzone of an active object has
234 been overwritten. Here a string of 8 characters was written into a slab that
235 has the length of 8 characters. However, a 8 character string needs a
236 terminating 0. That zero has overwritten the first byte of the Redzone field.
237 After reporting the details of the issue encountered the FIX SLUB message
238 tell us that SLUB has restored the Redzone to its proper value and then
239 system operations continue.
241 Emergency operations:
242 ---------------------
244 Minimal debugging (sanity checks alone) can be enabled by booting with
248 This will be generally be enough to enable the resiliency features of slub
249 which will keep the system running even if a bad kernel component will
250 keep corrupting objects. This may be important for production systems.
251 Performance will be impacted by the sanity checks and there will be a
252 continual stream of error messages to the syslog but no additional memory
253 will be used (unlike full debugging).
255 No guarantees. The kernel component still needs to be fixed. Performance
256 may be optimized further by locating the slab that experiences corruption
257 and enabling debugging only for that cache
263 If the corruption occurs by writing after the end of the object then it
264 may be advisable to enable a Redzone to avoid corrupting the beginning
269 Christoph Lameter, May 30, 2007