4 * Copyright (C) 2002, Linus Torvalds.
6 * Contains functions related to writing back dirty pages at the
9 * 10Apr2002 akpm@zip.com.au
13 #include <linux/kernel.h>
14 #include <linux/module.h>
15 #include <linux/spinlock.h>
18 #include <linux/swap.h>
19 #include <linux/slab.h>
20 #include <linux/pagemap.h>
21 #include <linux/writeback.h>
22 #include <linux/init.h>
23 #include <linux/backing-dev.h>
24 #include <linux/blkdev.h>
25 #include <linux/mpage.h>
26 #include <linux/percpu.h>
27 #include <linux/notifier.h>
28 #include <linux/smp.h>
29 #include <linux/sysctl.h>
30 #include <linux/cpu.h>
31 #include <linux/syscalls.h>
34 * The maximum number of pages to writeout in a single bdflush/kupdate
35 * operation. We do this so we don't hold I_LOCK against an inode for
36 * enormous amounts of time, which would block a userspace task which has
37 * been forced to throttle against that inode. Also, the code reevaluates
38 * the dirty each time it has written this many pages.
40 #define MAX_WRITEBACK_PAGES 1024
43 * After a CPU has dirtied this many pages, balance_dirty_pages_ratelimited
44 * will look to see if it needs to force writeback or throttling.
46 static long ratelimit_pages
= 32;
48 static long total_pages
; /* The total number of pages in the machine. */
49 static int dirty_exceeded
; /* Dirty mem may be over limit */
52 * When balance_dirty_pages decides that the caller needs to perform some
53 * non-background writeback, this is how many pages it will attempt to write.
54 * It should be somewhat larger than RATELIMIT_PAGES to ensure that reasonably
55 * large amounts of I/O are submitted.
57 static inline long sync_writeback_pages(void)
59 return ratelimit_pages
+ ratelimit_pages
/ 2;
62 /* The following parameters are exported via /proc/sys/vm */
65 * Start background writeback (via pdflush) at this percentage
67 int dirty_background_ratio
= 10;
70 * The generator of dirty data starts writeback at this percentage
72 int vm_dirty_ratio
= 40;
75 * The interval between `kupdate'-style writebacks, in centiseconds
76 * (hundredths of a second)
78 int dirty_writeback_centisecs
= 5 * 100;
81 * The longest number of centiseconds for which data is allowed to remain dirty
83 int dirty_expire_centisecs
= 30 * 100;
86 * Flag that makes the machine dump writes/reads and block dirtyings.
91 * Flag that puts the machine in "laptop mode".
95 EXPORT_SYMBOL(laptop_mode
);
97 /* End of sysctl-exported parameters */
100 static void background_writeout(unsigned long _min_pages
);
102 struct writeback_state
104 unsigned long nr_dirty
;
105 unsigned long nr_unstable
;
106 unsigned long nr_mapped
;
107 unsigned long nr_writeback
;
110 static void get_writeback_state(struct writeback_state
*wbs
)
112 wbs
->nr_dirty
= read_page_state(nr_dirty
);
113 wbs
->nr_unstable
= read_page_state(nr_unstable
);
114 wbs
->nr_mapped
= read_page_state(nr_mapped
);
115 wbs
->nr_writeback
= read_page_state(nr_writeback
);
119 * Work out the current dirty-memory clamping and background writeout
122 * The main aim here is to lower them aggressively if there is a lot of mapped
123 * memory around. To avoid stressing page reclaim with lots of unreclaimable
124 * pages. It is better to clamp down on writers than to start swapping, and
125 * performing lots of scanning.
127 * We only allow 1/2 of the currently-unmapped memory to be dirtied.
129 * We don't permit the clamping level to fall below 5% - that is getting rather
132 * We make sure that the background writeout level is below the adjusted
136 get_dirty_limits(struct writeback_state
*wbs
, long *pbackground
, long *pdirty
,
137 struct address_space
*mapping
)
139 int background_ratio
; /* Percentages */
144 unsigned long available_memory
= total_pages
;
145 struct task_struct
*tsk
;
147 get_writeback_state(wbs
);
149 #ifdef CONFIG_HIGHMEM
151 * If this mapping can only allocate from low memory,
152 * we exclude high memory from our count.
154 if (mapping
&& !(mapping_gfp_mask(mapping
) & __GFP_HIGHMEM
))
155 available_memory
-= totalhigh_pages
;
159 unmapped_ratio
= 100 - (wbs
->nr_mapped
* 100) / total_pages
;
161 dirty_ratio
= vm_dirty_ratio
;
162 if (dirty_ratio
> unmapped_ratio
/ 2)
163 dirty_ratio
= unmapped_ratio
/ 2;
168 background_ratio
= dirty_background_ratio
;
169 if (background_ratio
>= dirty_ratio
)
170 background_ratio
= dirty_ratio
/ 2;
172 background
= (background_ratio
* available_memory
) / 100;
173 dirty
= (dirty_ratio
* available_memory
) / 100;
175 if (tsk
->flags
& PF_LESS_THROTTLE
|| rt_task(tsk
)) {
176 background
+= background
/ 4;
179 *pbackground
= background
;
184 * balance_dirty_pages() must be called by processes which are generating dirty
185 * data. It looks at the number of dirty pages in the machine and will force
186 * the caller to perform writeback if the system is over `vm_dirty_ratio'.
187 * If we're over `background_thresh' then pdflush is woken to perform some
190 static void balance_dirty_pages(struct address_space
*mapping
)
192 struct writeback_state wbs
;
194 long background_thresh
;
196 unsigned long pages_written
= 0;
197 unsigned long write_chunk
= sync_writeback_pages();
199 struct backing_dev_info
*bdi
= mapping
->backing_dev_info
;
202 struct writeback_control wbc
= {
204 .sync_mode
= WB_SYNC_NONE
,
205 .older_than_this
= NULL
,
206 .nr_to_write
= write_chunk
,
209 get_dirty_limits(&wbs
, &background_thresh
,
210 &dirty_thresh
, mapping
);
211 nr_reclaimable
= wbs
.nr_dirty
+ wbs
.nr_unstable
;
212 if (nr_reclaimable
+ wbs
.nr_writeback
<= dirty_thresh
)
217 /* Note: nr_reclaimable denotes nr_dirty + nr_unstable.
218 * Unstable writes are a feature of certain networked
219 * filesystems (i.e. NFS) in which data may have been
220 * written to the server's write cache, but has not yet
221 * been flushed to permanent storage.
223 if (nr_reclaimable
) {
224 writeback_inodes(&wbc
);
225 get_dirty_limits(&wbs
, &background_thresh
,
226 &dirty_thresh
, mapping
);
227 nr_reclaimable
= wbs
.nr_dirty
+ wbs
.nr_unstable
;
228 if (nr_reclaimable
+ wbs
.nr_writeback
<= dirty_thresh
)
230 pages_written
+= write_chunk
- wbc
.nr_to_write
;
231 if (pages_written
>= write_chunk
)
232 break; /* We've done our duty */
234 blk_congestion_wait(WRITE
, HZ
/10);
237 if (nr_reclaimable
+ wbs
.nr_writeback
<= dirty_thresh
)
240 if (writeback_in_progress(bdi
))
241 return; /* pdflush is already working this queue */
244 * In laptop mode, we wait until hitting the higher threshold before
245 * starting background writeout, and then write out all the way down
246 * to the lower threshold. So slow writers cause minimal disk activity.
248 * In normal mode, we start background writeout at the lower
249 * background_thresh, to keep the amount of dirty memory low.
251 if ((laptop_mode
&& pages_written
) ||
252 (!laptop_mode
&& (nr_reclaimable
> background_thresh
)))
253 pdflush_operation(background_writeout
, 0);
257 * balance_dirty_pages_ratelimited - balance dirty memory state
258 * @mapping: address_space which was dirtied
260 * Processes which are dirtying memory should call in here once for each page
261 * which was newly dirtied. The function will periodically check the system's
262 * dirty state and will initiate writeback if needed.
264 * On really big machines, get_writeback_state is expensive, so try to avoid
265 * calling it too often (ratelimiting). But once we're over the dirty memory
266 * limit we decrease the ratelimiting by a lot, to prevent individual processes
267 * from overshooting the limit by (ratelimit_pages) each.
269 void balance_dirty_pages_ratelimited(struct address_space
*mapping
)
271 static DEFINE_PER_CPU(int, ratelimits
) = 0;
274 ratelimit
= ratelimit_pages
;
279 * Check the rate limiting. Also, we do not want to throttle real-time
280 * tasks in balance_dirty_pages(). Period.
282 if (get_cpu_var(ratelimits
)++ >= ratelimit
) {
283 __get_cpu_var(ratelimits
) = 0;
284 put_cpu_var(ratelimits
);
285 balance_dirty_pages(mapping
);
288 put_cpu_var(ratelimits
);
290 EXPORT_SYMBOL(balance_dirty_pages_ratelimited
);
292 void throttle_vm_writeout(void)
294 struct writeback_state wbs
;
295 long background_thresh
;
299 get_dirty_limits(&wbs
, &background_thresh
, &dirty_thresh
, NULL
);
302 * Boost the allowable dirty threshold a bit for page
303 * allocators so they don't get DoS'ed by heavy writers
305 dirty_thresh
+= dirty_thresh
/ 10; /* wheeee... */
307 if (wbs
.nr_unstable
+ wbs
.nr_writeback
<= dirty_thresh
)
309 blk_congestion_wait(WRITE
, HZ
/10);
315 * writeback at least _min_pages, and keep writing until the amount of dirty
316 * memory is less than the background threshold, or until we're all clean.
318 static void background_writeout(unsigned long _min_pages
)
320 long min_pages
= _min_pages
;
321 struct writeback_control wbc
= {
323 .sync_mode
= WB_SYNC_NONE
,
324 .older_than_this
= NULL
,
330 struct writeback_state wbs
;
331 long background_thresh
;
334 get_dirty_limits(&wbs
, &background_thresh
, &dirty_thresh
, NULL
);
335 if (wbs
.nr_dirty
+ wbs
.nr_unstable
< background_thresh
338 wbc
.encountered_congestion
= 0;
339 wbc
.nr_to_write
= MAX_WRITEBACK_PAGES
;
340 wbc
.pages_skipped
= 0;
341 writeback_inodes(&wbc
);
342 min_pages
-= MAX_WRITEBACK_PAGES
- wbc
.nr_to_write
;
343 if (wbc
.nr_to_write
> 0 || wbc
.pages_skipped
> 0) {
344 /* Wrote less than expected */
345 blk_congestion_wait(WRITE
, HZ
/10);
346 if (!wbc
.encountered_congestion
)
353 * Start writeback of `nr_pages' pages. If `nr_pages' is zero, write back
354 * the whole world. Returns 0 if a pdflush thread was dispatched. Returns
355 * -1 if all pdflush threads were busy.
357 int wakeup_pdflush(long nr_pages
)
360 struct writeback_state wbs
;
362 get_writeback_state(&wbs
);
363 nr_pages
= wbs
.nr_dirty
+ wbs
.nr_unstable
;
365 return pdflush_operation(background_writeout
, nr_pages
);
368 static void wb_timer_fn(unsigned long unused
);
369 static void laptop_timer_fn(unsigned long unused
);
371 static struct timer_list wb_timer
=
372 TIMER_INITIALIZER(wb_timer_fn
, 0, 0);
373 static struct timer_list laptop_mode_wb_timer
=
374 TIMER_INITIALIZER(laptop_timer_fn
, 0, 0);
377 * Periodic writeback of "old" data.
379 * Define "old": the first time one of an inode's pages is dirtied, we mark the
380 * dirtying-time in the inode's address_space. So this periodic writeback code
381 * just walks the superblock inode list, writing back any inodes which are
382 * older than a specific point in time.
384 * Try to run once per dirty_writeback_centisecs. But if a writeback event
385 * takes longer than a dirty_writeback_centisecs interval, then leave a
388 * older_than_this takes precedence over nr_to_write. So we'll only write back
389 * all dirty pages if they are all attached to "old" mappings.
391 static void wb_kupdate(unsigned long arg
)
393 unsigned long oldest_jif
;
394 unsigned long start_jif
;
395 unsigned long next_jif
;
397 struct writeback_state wbs
;
398 struct writeback_control wbc
= {
400 .sync_mode
= WB_SYNC_NONE
,
401 .older_than_this
= &oldest_jif
,
409 get_writeback_state(&wbs
);
410 oldest_jif
= jiffies
- (dirty_expire_centisecs
* HZ
) / 100;
412 next_jif
= start_jif
+ (dirty_writeback_centisecs
* HZ
) / 100;
413 nr_to_write
= wbs
.nr_dirty
+ wbs
.nr_unstable
+
414 (inodes_stat
.nr_inodes
- inodes_stat
.nr_unused
);
415 while (nr_to_write
> 0) {
416 wbc
.encountered_congestion
= 0;
417 wbc
.nr_to_write
= MAX_WRITEBACK_PAGES
;
418 writeback_inodes(&wbc
);
419 if (wbc
.nr_to_write
> 0) {
420 if (wbc
.encountered_congestion
)
421 blk_congestion_wait(WRITE
, HZ
/10);
423 break; /* All the old data is written */
425 nr_to_write
-= MAX_WRITEBACK_PAGES
- wbc
.nr_to_write
;
427 if (time_before(next_jif
, jiffies
+ HZ
))
428 next_jif
= jiffies
+ HZ
;
429 if (dirty_writeback_centisecs
)
430 mod_timer(&wb_timer
, next_jif
);
434 * sysctl handler for /proc/sys/vm/dirty_writeback_centisecs
436 int dirty_writeback_centisecs_handler(ctl_table
*table
, int write
,
437 struct file
*file
, void __user
*buffer
, size_t *length
, loff_t
*ppos
)
439 proc_dointvec(table
, write
, file
, buffer
, length
, ppos
);
440 if (dirty_writeback_centisecs
) {
442 jiffies
+ (dirty_writeback_centisecs
* HZ
) / 100);
444 del_timer(&wb_timer
);
449 static void wb_timer_fn(unsigned long unused
)
451 if (pdflush_operation(wb_kupdate
, 0) < 0)
452 mod_timer(&wb_timer
, jiffies
+ HZ
); /* delay 1 second */
455 static void laptop_flush(unsigned long unused
)
460 static void laptop_timer_fn(unsigned long unused
)
462 pdflush_operation(laptop_flush
, 0);
466 * We've spun up the disk and we're in laptop mode: schedule writeback
467 * of all dirty data a few seconds from now. If the flush is already scheduled
468 * then push it back - the user is still using the disk.
470 void laptop_io_completion(void)
472 mod_timer(&laptop_mode_wb_timer
, jiffies
+ laptop_mode
* HZ
);
476 * We're in laptop mode and we've just synced. The sync's writes will have
477 * caused another writeback to be scheduled by laptop_io_completion.
478 * Nothing needs to be written back anymore, so we unschedule the writeback.
480 void laptop_sync_completion(void)
482 del_timer(&laptop_mode_wb_timer
);
486 * If ratelimit_pages is too high then we can get into dirty-data overload
487 * if a large number of processes all perform writes at the same time.
488 * If it is too low then SMP machines will call the (expensive)
489 * get_writeback_state too often.
491 * Here we set ratelimit_pages to a level which ensures that when all CPUs are
492 * dirtying in parallel, we cannot go more than 3% (1/32) over the dirty memory
493 * thresholds before writeback cuts in.
495 * But the limit should not be set too high. Because it also controls the
496 * amount of memory which the balance_dirty_pages() caller has to write back.
497 * If this is too large then the caller will block on the IO queue all the
498 * time. So limit it to four megabytes - the balance_dirty_pages() caller
499 * will write six megabyte chunks, max.
502 static void set_ratelimit(void)
504 ratelimit_pages
= total_pages
/ (num_online_cpus() * 32);
505 if (ratelimit_pages
< 16)
506 ratelimit_pages
= 16;
507 if (ratelimit_pages
* PAGE_CACHE_SIZE
> 4096 * 1024)
508 ratelimit_pages
= (4096 * 1024) / PAGE_CACHE_SIZE
;
512 ratelimit_handler(struct notifier_block
*self
, unsigned long u
, void *v
)
518 static struct notifier_block ratelimit_nb
= {
519 .notifier_call
= ratelimit_handler
,
524 * If the machine has a large highmem:lowmem ratio then scale back the default
525 * dirty memory thresholds: allowing too much dirty highmem pins an excessive
526 * number of buffer_heads.
528 void __init
page_writeback_init(void)
530 long buffer_pages
= nr_free_buffer_pages();
533 total_pages
= nr_free_pagecache_pages();
535 correction
= (100 * 4 * buffer_pages
) / total_pages
;
537 if (correction
< 100) {
538 dirty_background_ratio
*= correction
;
539 dirty_background_ratio
/= 100;
540 vm_dirty_ratio
*= correction
;
541 vm_dirty_ratio
/= 100;
543 if (dirty_background_ratio
<= 0)
544 dirty_background_ratio
= 1;
545 if (vm_dirty_ratio
<= 0)
548 mod_timer(&wb_timer
, jiffies
+ (dirty_writeback_centisecs
* HZ
) / 100);
550 register_cpu_notifier(&ratelimit_nb
);
553 int do_writepages(struct address_space
*mapping
, struct writeback_control
*wbc
)
555 if (wbc
->nr_to_write
<= 0)
557 if (mapping
->a_ops
->writepages
)
558 return mapping
->a_ops
->writepages(mapping
, wbc
);
559 return generic_writepages(mapping
, wbc
);
563 * write_one_page - write out a single page and optionally wait on I/O
565 * @page: the page to write
566 * @wait: if true, wait on writeout
568 * The page must be locked by the caller and will be unlocked upon return.
570 * write_one_page() returns a negative error code if I/O failed.
572 int write_one_page(struct page
*page
, int wait
)
574 struct address_space
*mapping
= page
->mapping
;
576 struct writeback_control wbc
= {
577 .sync_mode
= WB_SYNC_ALL
,
581 BUG_ON(!PageLocked(page
));
584 wait_on_page_writeback(page
);
586 if (clear_page_dirty_for_io(page
)) {
587 page_cache_get(page
);
588 ret
= mapping
->a_ops
->writepage(page
, &wbc
);
589 if (ret
== 0 && wait
) {
590 wait_on_page_writeback(page
);
594 page_cache_release(page
);
600 EXPORT_SYMBOL(write_one_page
);
603 * For address_spaces which do not use buffers. Just tag the page as dirty in
606 * This is also used when a single buffer is being dirtied: we want to set the
607 * page dirty in that case, but not all the buffers. This is a "bottom-up"
608 * dirtying, whereas __set_page_dirty_buffers() is a "top-down" dirtying.
610 * Most callers have locked the page, which pins the address_space in memory.
611 * But zap_pte_range() does not lock the page, however in that case the
612 * mapping is pinned by the vma's ->vm_file reference.
614 * We take care to handle the case where the page was truncated from the
615 * mapping by re-checking page_mapping() insode tree_lock.
617 int __set_page_dirty_nobuffers(struct page
*page
)
621 if (!TestSetPageDirty(page
)) {
622 struct address_space
*mapping
= page_mapping(page
);
623 struct address_space
*mapping2
;
626 write_lock_irq(&mapping
->tree_lock
);
627 mapping2
= page_mapping(page
);
628 if (mapping2
) { /* Race with truncate? */
629 BUG_ON(mapping2
!= mapping
);
630 if (mapping_cap_account_dirty(mapping
))
631 inc_page_state(nr_dirty
);
632 radix_tree_tag_set(&mapping
->page_tree
,
633 page_index(page
), PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY
);
635 write_unlock_irq(&mapping
->tree_lock
);
637 /* !PageAnon && !swapper_space */
638 __mark_inode_dirty(mapping
->host
,
645 EXPORT_SYMBOL(__set_page_dirty_nobuffers
);
648 * When a writepage implementation decides that it doesn't want to write this
649 * page for some reason, it should redirty the locked page via
650 * redirty_page_for_writepage() and it should then unlock the page and return 0
652 int redirty_page_for_writepage(struct writeback_control
*wbc
, struct page
*page
)
654 wbc
->pages_skipped
++;
655 return __set_page_dirty_nobuffers(page
);
657 EXPORT_SYMBOL(redirty_page_for_writepage
);
660 * If the mapping doesn't provide a set_page_dirty a_op, then
661 * just fall through and assume that it wants buffer_heads.
663 int fastcall
set_page_dirty(struct page
*page
)
665 struct address_space
*mapping
= page_mapping(page
);
667 if (likely(mapping
)) {
668 int (*spd
)(struct page
*) = mapping
->a_ops
->set_page_dirty
;
671 return __set_page_dirty_buffers(page
);
673 if (!PageDirty(page
))
677 EXPORT_SYMBOL(set_page_dirty
);
680 * set_page_dirty() is racy if the caller has no reference against
681 * page->mapping->host, and if the page is unlocked. This is because another
682 * CPU could truncate the page off the mapping and then free the mapping.
684 * Usually, the page _is_ locked, or the caller is a user-space process which
685 * holds a reference on the inode by having an open file.
687 * In other cases, the page should be locked before running set_page_dirty().
689 int set_page_dirty_lock(struct page
*page
)
694 ret
= set_page_dirty(page
);
698 EXPORT_SYMBOL(set_page_dirty_lock
);
701 * Clear a page's dirty flag, while caring for dirty memory accounting.
702 * Returns true if the page was previously dirty.
704 int test_clear_page_dirty(struct page
*page
)
706 struct address_space
*mapping
= page_mapping(page
);
710 write_lock_irqsave(&mapping
->tree_lock
, flags
);
711 if (TestClearPageDirty(page
)) {
712 radix_tree_tag_clear(&mapping
->page_tree
,
714 PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY
);
715 write_unlock_irqrestore(&mapping
->tree_lock
, flags
);
716 if (mapping_cap_account_dirty(mapping
))
717 dec_page_state(nr_dirty
);
720 write_unlock_irqrestore(&mapping
->tree_lock
, flags
);
723 return TestClearPageDirty(page
);
725 EXPORT_SYMBOL(test_clear_page_dirty
);
728 * Clear a page's dirty flag, while caring for dirty memory accounting.
729 * Returns true if the page was previously dirty.
731 * This is for preparing to put the page under writeout. We leave the page
732 * tagged as dirty in the radix tree so that a concurrent write-for-sync
733 * can discover it via a PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY walk. The ->writepage
734 * implementation will run either set_page_writeback() or set_page_dirty(),
735 * at which stage we bring the page's dirty flag and radix-tree dirty tag
738 * This incoherency between the page's dirty flag and radix-tree tag is
739 * unfortunate, but it only exists while the page is locked.
741 int clear_page_dirty_for_io(struct page
*page
)
743 struct address_space
*mapping
= page_mapping(page
);
746 if (TestClearPageDirty(page
)) {
747 if (mapping_cap_account_dirty(mapping
))
748 dec_page_state(nr_dirty
);
753 return TestClearPageDirty(page
);
755 EXPORT_SYMBOL(clear_page_dirty_for_io
);
757 int test_clear_page_writeback(struct page
*page
)
759 struct address_space
*mapping
= page_mapping(page
);
765 write_lock_irqsave(&mapping
->tree_lock
, flags
);
766 ret
= TestClearPageWriteback(page
);
768 radix_tree_tag_clear(&mapping
->page_tree
,
770 PAGECACHE_TAG_WRITEBACK
);
771 write_unlock_irqrestore(&mapping
->tree_lock
, flags
);
773 ret
= TestClearPageWriteback(page
);
778 int test_set_page_writeback(struct page
*page
)
780 struct address_space
*mapping
= page_mapping(page
);
786 write_lock_irqsave(&mapping
->tree_lock
, flags
);
787 ret
= TestSetPageWriteback(page
);
789 radix_tree_tag_set(&mapping
->page_tree
,
791 PAGECACHE_TAG_WRITEBACK
);
792 if (!PageDirty(page
))
793 radix_tree_tag_clear(&mapping
->page_tree
,
795 PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY
);
796 write_unlock_irqrestore(&mapping
->tree_lock
, flags
);
798 ret
= TestSetPageWriteback(page
);
803 EXPORT_SYMBOL(test_set_page_writeback
);
806 * Return true if any of the pages in the mapping are marged with the
809 int mapping_tagged(struct address_space
*mapping
, int tag
)
814 read_lock_irqsave(&mapping
->tree_lock
, flags
);
815 ret
= radix_tree_tagged(&mapping
->page_tree
, tag
);
816 read_unlock_irqrestore(&mapping
->tree_lock
, flags
);
819 EXPORT_SYMBOL(mapping_tagged
);