2 sysfs - _The_ filesystem for exporting kernel objects.
4 Patrick Mochel <mochel@osdl.org>
5 Mike Murphy <mamurph@cs.clemson.edu>
7 Revised: 22 February 2009
8 Original: 10 January 2003
14 sysfs is a ram-based filesystem initially based on ramfs. It provides
15 a means to export kernel data structures, their attributes, and the
16 linkages between them to userspace.
18 sysfs is tied inherently to the kobject infrastructure. Please read
19 Documentation/kobject.txt for more information concerning the kobject
26 sysfs is always compiled in if CONFIG_SYSFS is defined. You can access
29 mount -t sysfs sysfs /sys
35 For every kobject that is registered with the system, a directory is
36 created for it in sysfs. That directory is created as a subdirectory
37 of the kobject's parent, expressing internal object hierarchies to
38 userspace. Top-level directories in sysfs represent the common
39 ancestors of object hierarchies; i.e. the subsystems the objects
42 Sysfs internally stores the kobject that owns the directory in the
43 ->d_fsdata pointer of the directory's dentry. This allows sysfs to do
44 reference counting directly on the kobject when the file is opened and
51 Attributes can be exported for kobjects in the form of regular files in
52 the filesystem. Sysfs forwards file I/O operations to methods defined
53 for the attributes, providing a means to read and write kernel
56 Attributes should be ASCII text files, preferably with only one value
57 per file. It is noted that it may not be efficient to contain only one
58 value per file, so it is socially acceptable to express an array of
59 values of the same type.
61 Mixing types, expressing multiple lines of data, and doing fancy
62 formatting of data is heavily frowned upon. Doing these things may get
63 you publically humiliated and your code rewritten without notice.
66 An attribute definition is simply:
75 int sysfs_create_file(struct kobject * kobj, const struct attribute * attr);
76 void sysfs_remove_file(struct kobject * kobj, const struct attribute * attr);
79 A bare attribute contains no means to read or write the value of the
80 attribute. Subsystems are encouraged to define their own attribute
81 structure and wrapper functions for adding and removing attributes for
82 a specific object type.
84 For example, the driver model defines struct device_attribute like:
86 struct device_attribute {
87 struct attribute attr;
88 ssize_t (*show)(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
90 ssize_t (*store)(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
91 const char *buf, size_t count);
94 int device_create_file(struct device *, const struct device_attribute *);
95 void device_remove_file(struct device *, const struct device_attribute *);
97 It also defines this helper for defining device attributes:
99 #define DEVICE_ATTR(_name, _mode, _show, _store) \
100 struct device_attribute dev_attr_##_name = __ATTR(_name, _mode, _show, _store)
102 For example, declaring
104 static DEVICE_ATTR(foo, S_IWUSR | S_IRUGO, show_foo, store_foo);
106 is equivalent to doing:
108 static struct device_attribute dev_attr_foo = {
111 .mode = S_IWUSR | S_IRUGO,
118 Subsystem-Specific Callbacks
119 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
121 When a subsystem defines a new attribute type, it must implement a
122 set of sysfs operations for forwarding read and write calls to the
123 show and store methods of the attribute owners.
126 ssize_t (*show)(struct kobject *, struct attribute *, char *);
127 ssize_t (*store)(struct kobject *, struct attribute *, const char *);
130 [ Subsystems should have already defined a struct kobj_type as a
131 descriptor for this type, which is where the sysfs_ops pointer is
132 stored. See the kobject documentation for more information. ]
134 When a file is read or written, sysfs calls the appropriate method
135 for the type. The method then translates the generic struct kobject
136 and struct attribute pointers to the appropriate pointer types, and
137 calls the associated methods.
142 #define to_dev_attr(_attr) container_of(_attr, struct device_attribute, attr)
143 #define to_dev(d) container_of(d, struct device, kobj)
146 dev_attr_show(struct kobject * kobj, struct attribute * attr, char * buf)
148 struct device_attribute * dev_attr = to_dev_attr(attr);
149 struct device * dev = to_dev(kobj);
153 ret = dev_attr->show(dev, buf);
159 Reading/Writing Attribute Data
160 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
162 To read or write attributes, show() or store() methods must be
163 specified when declaring the attribute. The method types should be as
164 simple as those defined for device attributes:
166 ssize_t (*show)(struct device * dev, struct device_attribute * attr,
168 ssize_t (*store)(struct device * dev, struct device_attribute * attr,
171 IOW, they should take only an object, an attribute, and a buffer as parameters.
174 sysfs allocates a buffer of size (PAGE_SIZE) and passes it to the
175 method. Sysfs will call the method exactly once for each read or
176 write. This forces the following behavior on the method
179 - On read(2), the show() method should fill the entire buffer.
180 Recall that an attribute should only be exporting one value, or an
181 array of similar values, so this shouldn't be that expensive.
183 This allows userspace to do partial reads and forward seeks
184 arbitrarily over the entire file at will. If userspace seeks back to
185 zero or does a pread(2) with an offset of '0' the show() method will
186 be called again, rearmed, to fill the buffer.
188 - On write(2), sysfs expects the entire buffer to be passed during the
189 first write. Sysfs then passes the entire buffer to the store()
192 When writing sysfs files, userspace processes should first read the
193 entire file, modify the values it wishes to change, then write the
196 Attribute method implementations should operate on an identical
197 buffer when reading and writing values.
201 - Writing causes the show() method to be rearmed regardless of current
204 - The buffer will always be PAGE_SIZE bytes in length. On i386, this
207 - show() methods should return the number of bytes printed into the
208 buffer. This is the return value of snprintf().
210 - show() should always use snprintf().
212 - store() should return the number of bytes used from the buffer. This
213 can be done using strlen().
215 - show() or store() can always return errors. If a bad value comes
216 through, be sure to return an error.
218 - The object passed to the methods will be pinned in memory via sysfs
219 referencing counting its embedded object. However, the physical
220 entity (e.g. device) the object represents may not be present. Be
221 sure to have a way to check this, if necessary.
224 A very simple (and naive) implementation of a device attribute is:
226 static ssize_t show_name(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
228 return snprintf(buf, PAGE_SIZE, "%s\n", dev->name);
231 static ssize_t store_name(struct device * dev, const char * buf)
233 sscanf(buf, "%20s", dev->name);
234 return strnlen(buf, PAGE_SIZE);
237 static DEVICE_ATTR(name, S_IRUGO, show_name, store_name);
240 (Note that the real implementation doesn't allow userspace to set the
244 Top Level Directory Layout
245 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
247 The sysfs directory arrangement exposes the relationship of kernel
250 The top level sysfs directory looks like:
261 devices/ contains a filesystem representation of the device tree. It maps
262 directly to the internal kernel device tree, which is a hierarchy of
265 bus/ contains flat directory layout of the various bus types in the
266 kernel. Each bus's directory contains two subdirectories:
271 devices/ contains symlinks for each device discovered in the system
272 that point to the device's directory under root/.
274 drivers/ contains a directory for each device driver that is loaded
275 for devices on that particular bus (this assumes that drivers do not
276 span multiple bus types).
278 fs/ contains a directory for some filesystems. Currently each
279 filesystem wanting to export attributes must create its own hierarchy
280 below fs/ (see ./fuse.txt for an example).
282 dev/ contains two directories char/ and block/. Inside these two
283 directories there are symlinks named <major>:<minor>. These symlinks
284 point to the sysfs directory for the given device. /sys/dev provides a
285 quick way to lookup the sysfs interface for a device from the result of
288 More information can driver-model specific features can be found in
289 Documentation/driver-model/.
292 TODO: Finish this section.
298 The following interface layers currently exist in sysfs:
301 - devices (include/linux/device.h)
302 ----------------------------------
305 struct device_attribute {
306 struct attribute attr;
307 ssize_t (*show)(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
309 ssize_t (*store)(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
310 const char *buf, size_t count);
315 DEVICE_ATTR(_name, _mode, _show, _store);
319 int device_create_file(struct device *dev, const struct device_attribute * attr);
320 void device_remove_file(struct device *dev, const struct device_attribute * attr);
323 - bus drivers (include/linux/device.h)
324 --------------------------------------
327 struct bus_attribute {
328 struct attribute attr;
329 ssize_t (*show)(struct bus_type *, char * buf);
330 ssize_t (*store)(struct bus_type *, const char * buf);
335 BUS_ATTR(_name, _mode, _show, _store)
339 int bus_create_file(struct bus_type *, struct bus_attribute *);
340 void bus_remove_file(struct bus_type *, struct bus_attribute *);
343 - device drivers (include/linux/device.h)
344 -----------------------------------------
348 struct driver_attribute {
349 struct attribute attr;
350 ssize_t (*show)(struct device_driver *, char * buf);
351 ssize_t (*store)(struct device_driver *, const char * buf,
357 DRIVER_ATTR(_name, _mode, _show, _store)
361 int driver_create_file(struct device_driver *, const struct driver_attribute *);
362 void driver_remove_file(struct device_driver *, const struct driver_attribute *);