tools/perf/builtin-test.c

   1 /*
   2  * builtin-test.c
   3  *
   4  * Builtin regression testing command: ever growing number of sanity tests
   5  */
   6 #include "builtin.h"
   7
   8 #include "util/cache.h"
   9 #include "util/debug.h"
  10 #include "util/evlist.h"
  11 #include "util/parse-options.h"
  12 #include "util/parse-events.h"
  13 #include "util/symbol.h"
  14 #include "util/thread_map.h"
  15
  16 static long page_size;
  17
  18 static int vmlinux_matches_kallsyms_filter(struct map *map __used, struct symbol *sym)
  19 {
  20         bool *visited = symbol__priv(sym);
  21         *visited = true;
  22         return 0;
  23 }
  24
  25 static int test__vmlinux_matches_kallsyms(void)
  26 {
  27         int err = -1;
  28         struct rb_node *nd;
  29         struct symbol *sym;
  30         struct map *kallsyms_map, *vmlinux_map;
  31         struct machine kallsyms, vmlinux;
  32         enum map_type type = MAP__FUNCTION;
  33         struct ref_reloc_sym ref_reloc_sym = { .name = "_stext", };
  34
  35         /*
  36          * Step 1:
  37          *
  38          * Init the machines that will hold kernel, modules obtained from
  39          * both vmlinux + .ko files and from /proc/kallsyms split by modules.
  40          */
  41         machine__init(&kallsyms, "", HOST_KERNEL_ID);
  42         machine__init(&vmlinux, "", HOST_KERNEL_ID);
  43
  44         /*
  45          * Step 2:
  46          *
  47          * Create the kernel maps for kallsyms and the DSO where we will then
  48          * load /proc/kallsyms. Also create the modules maps from /proc/modules
  49          * and find the .ko files that match them in /lib/modules/`uname -r`/.
  50          */
  51         if (machine__create_kernel_maps(&kallsyms) < 0) {
  52                 pr_debug("machine__create_kernel_maps ");
  53                 return -1;
  54         }
  55
  56         /*
  57          * Step 3:
  58          *
  59          * Load and split /proc/kallsyms into multiple maps, one per module.
  60          */
  61         if (machine__load_kallsyms(&kallsyms, "/proc/kallsyms", type, NULL) <= 0) {
  62                 pr_debug("dso__load_kallsyms ");
  63                 goto out;
  64         }
  65
  66         /*
  67          * Step 4:
  68          *
  69          * kallsyms will be internally on demand sorted by name so that we can
  70          * find the reference relocation * symbol, i.e. the symbol we will use
  71          * to see if the running kernel was relocated by checking if it has the
  72          * same value in the vmlinux file we load.
  73          */
  74         kallsyms_map = machine__kernel_map(&kallsyms, type);
  75
  76         sym = map__find_symbol_by_name(kallsyms_map, ref_reloc_sym.name, NULL);
  77         if (sym == NULL) {
  78                 pr_debug("dso__find_symbol_by_name ");
  79                 goto out;
  80         }
  81
  82         ref_reloc_sym.addr = sym->start;
  83
  84         /*
  85          * Step 5:
  86          *
  87          * Now repeat step 2, this time for the vmlinux file we'll auto-locate.
  88          */
  89         if (machine__create_kernel_maps(&vmlinux) < 0) {
  90                 pr_debug("machine__create_kernel_maps ");
  91                 goto out;
  92         }
  93
  94         vmlinux_map = machine__kernel_map(&vmlinux, type);
  95         map__kmap(vmlinux_map)->ref_reloc_sym = &ref_reloc_sym;
  96
  97         /*
  98          * Step 6:
  99          *
 100          * Locate a vmlinux file in the vmlinux path that has a buildid that
 101          * matches the one of the running kernel.
 102          *
 103          * While doing that look if we find the ref reloc symbol, if we find it
 104          * we'll have its ref_reloc_symbol.unrelocated_addr and then
 105          * maps__reloc_vmlinux will notice and set proper ->[un]map_ip routines
 106          * to fixup the symbols.
 107          */
 108         if (machine__load_vmlinux_path(&vmlinux, type,
 109                                        vmlinux_matches_kallsyms_filter) <= 0) {
 110                 pr_debug("machine__load_vmlinux_path ");
 111                 goto out;
 112         }
 113
 114         err = 0;
 115         /*
 116          * Step 7:
 117          *
 118          * Now look at the symbols in the vmlinux DSO and check if we find all of them
 119          * in the kallsyms dso. For the ones that are in both, check its names and
 120          * end addresses too.
 121          */
 122         for (nd = rb_first(&vmlinux_map->dso->symbols[type]); nd; nd = rb_next(nd)) {
 123                 struct symbol *pair, *first_pair;
 124                 bool backwards = true;
 125
 126                 sym  = rb_entry(nd, struct symbol, rb_node);
 127
 128                 if (sym->start == sym->end)
 129                         continue;
 130
 131                 first_pair = machine__find_kernel_symbol(&kallsyms, type, sym->start, NULL, NULL);
 132                 pair = first_pair;
 133
 134                 if (pair && pair->start == sym->start) {
 135 next_pair:
 136                         if (strcmp(sym->name, pair->name) == 0) {
 137                                 /*
 138                                  * kallsyms don't have the symbol end, so we
 139                                  * set that by using the next symbol start - 1,
 140                                  * in some cases we get this up to a page
 141                                  * wrong, trace_kmalloc when I was developing
 142                                  * this code was one such example, 2106 bytes
 143                                  * off the real size. More than that and we
 144                                  * _really_ have a problem.
 145                                  */
 146                                 s64 skew = sym->end - pair->end;
 147                                 if (llabs(skew) < page_size)
 148                                         continue;
 149
 150                                 pr_debug("%#" PRIx64 ": diff end addr for %s v: %#" PRIx64 " k: %#" PRIx64 "\n",
 151                                          sym->start, sym->name, sym->end, pair->end);
 152                         } else {
 153                                 struct rb_node *nnd;
 154 detour:
 155                                 nnd = backwards ? rb_prev(&pair->rb_node) :
 156                                                   rb_next(&pair->rb_node);
 157                                 if (nnd) {
 158                                         struct symbol *next = rb_entry(nnd, struct symbol, rb_node);
 159
 160                                         if (next->start == sym->start) {
 161                                                 pair = next;
 162                                                 goto next_pair;
 163                                         }
 164                                 }
 165
 166                                 if (backwards) {
 167                                         backwards = false;
 168                                         pair = first_pair;
 169                                         goto detour;
 170                                 }
 171
 172                                 pr_debug("%#" PRIx64 ": diff name v: %s k: %s\n",
 173                                          sym->start, sym->name, pair->name);
 174                         }
 175                 } else
 176                         pr_debug("%#" PRIx64 ": %s not on kallsyms\n", sym->start, sym->name);
 177
 178                 err = -1;
 179         }
 180
 181         if (!verbose)
 182                 goto out;
 183
 184         pr_info("Maps only in vmlinux:\n");
 185
 186         for (nd = rb_first(&vmlinux.kmaps.maps[type]); nd; nd = rb_next(nd)) {
 187                 struct map *pos = rb_entry(nd, struct map, rb_node), *pair;
 188                 /*
 189                  * If it is the kernel, kallsyms is always "[kernel.kallsyms]", while
 190                  * the kernel will have the path for the vmlinux file being used,
 191                  * so use the short name, less descriptive but the same ("[kernel]" in
 192                  * both cases.
 193                  */
 194                 pair = map_groups__find_by_name(&kallsyms.kmaps, type,
 195                                                 (pos->dso->kernel ?
 196                                                         pos->dso->short_name :
 197                                                         pos->dso->name));
 198                 if (pair)
 199                         pair->priv = 1;
 200                 else
 201                         map__fprintf(pos, stderr);
 202         }
 203
 204         pr_info("Maps in vmlinux with a different name in kallsyms:\n");
 205
 206         for (nd = rb_first(&vmlinux.kmaps.maps[type]); nd; nd = rb_next(nd)) {
 207                 struct map *pos = rb_entry(nd, struct map, rb_node), *pair;
 208
 209                 pair = map_groups__find(&kallsyms.kmaps, type, pos->start);
 210                 if (pair == NULL || pair->priv)
 211                         continue;
 212
 213                 if (pair->start == pos->start) {
 214                         pair->priv = 1;
 215                         pr_info(" %" PRIx64 "-%" PRIx64 " %" PRIx64 " %s in kallsyms as",
 216                                 pos->start, pos->end, pos->pgoff, pos->dso->name);
 217                         if (pos->pgoff != pair->pgoff || pos->end != pair->end)
 218                                 pr_info(": \n*%" PRIx64 "-%" PRIx64 " %" PRIx64 "",
 219                                         pair->start, pair->end, pair->pgoff);
 220                         pr_info(" %s\n", pair->dso->name);
 221                         pair->priv = 1;
 222                 }
 223         }
 224
 225         pr_info("Maps only in kallsyms:\n");
 226
 227         for (nd = rb_first(&kallsyms.kmaps.maps[type]);
 228              nd; nd = rb_next(nd)) {
 229                 struct map *pos = rb_entry(nd, struct map, rb_node);
 230
 231                 if (!pos->priv)
 232                         map__fprintf(pos, stderr);
 233         }
 234 out:
 235         return err;
 236 }
 237
 238 #include "util/cpumap.h"
 239 #include "util/evsel.h"
 240 #include <sys/types.h>
 241
 242 static int trace_event__id(const char *evname)
 243 {
 244         char *filename;
 245         int err = -1, fd;
 246
 247         if (asprintf(&filename,
 248                      "/sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/syscalls/%s/id",
 249                      evname) < 0)
 250                 return -1;
 251
 252         fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY);
 253         if (fd >= 0) {
 254                 char id[16];
 255                 if (read(fd, id, sizeof(id)) > 0)
 256                         err = atoi(id);
 257                 close(fd);
 258         }
 259
 260         free(filename);
 261         return err;
 262 }
 263
 264 static int test__open_syscall_event(void)
 265 {
 266         int err = -1, fd;
 267         struct thread_map *threads;
 268         struct perf_evsel *evsel;
 269         struct perf_event_attr attr;
 270         unsigned int nr_open_calls = 111, i;
 271         int id = trace_event__id("sys_enter_open");
 272
 273         if (id < 0) {
 274                 pr_debug("is debugfs mounted on /sys/kernel/debug?\n");
 275                 return -1;
 276         }
 277
 278         threads = thread_map__new(-1, getpid());
 279         if (threads == NULL) {
 280                 pr_debug("thread_map__new\n");
 281                 return -1;
 282         }
 283
 284         memset(&attr, 0, sizeof(attr));
 285         attr.type = PERF_TYPE_TRACEPOINT;
 286         attr.config = id;
 287         evsel = perf_evsel__new(&attr, 0);
 288         if (evsel == NULL) {
 289                 pr_debug("perf_evsel__new\n");
 290                 goto out_thread_map_delete;
 291         }
 292
 293         if (perf_evsel__open_per_thread(evsel, threads, false, false) < 0) {
 294                 pr_debug("failed to open counter: %s, "
 295                          "tweak /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid?\n",
 296                          strerror(errno));
 297                 goto out_evsel_delete;
 298         }
 299
 300         for (i = 0; i < nr_open_calls; ++i) {
 301                 fd = open("/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY);
 302                 close(fd);
 303         }
 304
 305         if (perf_evsel__read_on_cpu(evsel, 0, 0) < 0) {
 306                 pr_debug("perf_evsel__open_read_on_cpu\n");
 307                 goto out_close_fd;
 308         }
 309
 310         if (evsel->counts->cpu[0].val != nr_open_calls) {
 311                 pr_debug("perf_evsel__read_on_cpu: expected to intercept %d calls, got %" PRIu64 "\n",
 312                          nr_open_calls, evsel->counts->cpu[0].val);
 313                 goto out_close_fd;
 314         }
 315
 316         err = 0;
 317 out_close_fd:
 318         perf_evsel__close_fd(evsel, 1, threads->nr);
 319 out_evsel_delete:
 320         perf_evsel__delete(evsel);
 321 out_thread_map_delete:
 322         thread_map__delete(threads);
 323         return err;
 324 }
 325
 326 #include <sched.h>
 327
 328 static int test__open_syscall_event_on_all_cpus(void)
 329 {
 330         int err = -1, fd, cpu;
 331         struct thread_map *threads;
 332         struct cpu_map *cpus;
 333         struct perf_evsel *evsel;
 334         struct perf_event_attr attr;
 335         unsigned int nr_open_calls = 111, i;
 336         cpu_set_t cpu_set;
 337         int id = trace_event__id("sys_enter_open");
 338
 339         if (id < 0) {
 340                 pr_debug("is debugfs mounted on /sys/kernel/debug?\n");
 341                 return -1;
 342         }
 343
 344         threads = thread_map__new(-1, getpid());
 345         if (threads == NULL) {
 346                 pr_debug("thread_map__new\n");
 347                 return -1;
 348         }
 349
 350         cpus = cpu_map__new(NULL);
 351         if (cpus == NULL) {
 352                 pr_debug("cpu_map__new\n");
 353                 goto out_thread_map_delete;
 354         }
 355
 356
 357         CPU_ZERO(&cpu_set);
 358
 359         memset(&attr, 0, sizeof(attr));
 360         attr.type = PERF_TYPE_TRACEPOINT;
 361         attr.config = id;
 362         evsel = perf_evsel__new(&attr, 0);
 363         if (evsel == NULL) {
 364                 pr_debug("perf_evsel__new\n");
 365                 goto out_thread_map_delete;
 366         }
 367
 368         if (perf_evsel__open(evsel, cpus, threads, false, false) < 0) {
 369                 pr_debug("failed to open counter: %s, "
 370                          "tweak /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid?\n",
 371                          strerror(errno));
 372                 goto out_evsel_delete;
 373         }
 374
 375         for (cpu = 0; cpu < cpus->nr; ++cpu) {
 376                 unsigned int ncalls = nr_open_calls + cpu;
 377                 /*
 378                  * XXX eventually lift this restriction in a way that
 379                  * keeps perf building on older glibc installations
 380                  * without CPU_ALLOC. 1024 cpus in 2010 still seems
 381                  * a reasonable upper limit tho :-)
 382                  */
 383                 if (cpus->map[cpu] >= CPU_SETSIZE) {
 384                         pr_debug("Ignoring CPU %d\n", cpus->map[cpu]);
 385                         continue;
 386                 }
 387
 388                 CPU_SET(cpus->map[cpu], &cpu_set);
 389                 if (sched_setaffinity(0, sizeof(cpu_set), &cpu_set) < 0) {
 390                         pr_debug("sched_setaffinity() failed on CPU %d: %s ",
 391                                  cpus->map[cpu],
 392                                  strerror(errno));
 393                         goto out_close_fd;
 394                 }
 395                 for (i = 0; i < ncalls; ++i) {
 396                         fd = open("/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY);
 397                         close(fd);
 398                 }
 399                 CPU_CLR(cpus->map[cpu], &cpu_set);
 400         }
 401
 402         /*
 403          * Here we need to explicitely preallocate the counts, as if
 404          * we use the auto allocation it will allocate just for 1 cpu,
 405          * as we start by cpu 0.
 406          */
 407         if (perf_evsel__alloc_counts(evsel, cpus->nr) < 0) {
 408                 pr_debug("perf_evsel__alloc_counts(ncpus=%d)\n", cpus->nr);
 409                 goto out_close_fd;
 410         }
 411
 412         err = 0;
 413
 414         for (cpu = 0; cpu < cpus->nr; ++cpu) {
 415                 unsigned int expected;
 416
 417                 if (cpus->map[cpu] >= CPU_SETSIZE)
 418                         continue;
 419
 420                 if (perf_evsel__read_on_cpu(evsel, cpu, 0) < 0) {
 421                         pr_debug("perf_evsel__open_read_on_cpu\n");
 422                         err = -1;
 423                         break;
 424                 }
 425
 426                 expected = nr_open_calls + cpu;
 427                 if (evsel->counts->cpu[cpu].val != expected) {
 428                         pr_debug("perf_evsel__read_on_cpu: expected to intercept %d calls on cpu %d, got %" PRIu64 "\n",
 429                                  expected, cpus->map[cpu], evsel->counts->cpu[cpu].val);
 430                         err = -1;
 431                 }
 432         }
 433
 434 out_close_fd:
 435         perf_evsel__close_fd(evsel, 1, threads->nr);
 436 out_evsel_delete:
 437         perf_evsel__delete(evsel);
 438 out_thread_map_delete:
 439         thread_map__delete(threads);
 440         return err;
 441 }
 442
 443 /*
 444  * This test will generate random numbers of calls to some getpid syscalls,
 445  * then establish an mmap for a group of events that are created to monitor
 446  * the syscalls.
 447  *
 448  * It will receive the events, using mmap, use its PERF_SAMPLE_ID generated
 449  * sample.id field to map back to its respective perf_evsel instance.
 450  *
 451  * Then it checks if the number of syscalls reported as perf events by
 452  * the kernel corresponds to the number of syscalls made.
 453  */
 454 static int test__basic_mmap(void)
 455 {
 456         int err = -1;
 457         union perf_event *event;
 458         struct thread_map *threads;
 459         struct cpu_map *cpus;
 460         struct perf_evlist *evlist;
 461         struct perf_event_attr attr = {
 462                 .type           = PERF_TYPE_TRACEPOINT,
 463                 .read_format    = PERF_FORMAT_ID,
 464                 .sample_type    = PERF_SAMPLE_ID,
 465                 .watermark      = 0,
 466         };
 467         cpu_set_t cpu_set;
 468         const char *syscall_names[] = { "getsid", "getppid", "getpgrp",
 469                                         "getpgid", };
 470         pid_t (*syscalls[])(void) = { (void *)getsid, getppid, getpgrp,
 471                                       (void*)getpgid };
 472 #define nsyscalls ARRAY_SIZE(syscall_names)
 473         int ids[nsyscalls];
 474         unsigned int nr_events[nsyscalls],
 475                      expected_nr_events[nsyscalls], i, j;
 476         struct perf_evsel *evsels[nsyscalls], *evsel;
 477
 478         for (i = 0; i < nsyscalls; ++i) {
 479                 char name[64];
 480
 481                 snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "sys_enter_%s", syscall_names[i]);
 482                 ids[i] = trace_event__id(name);
 483                 if (ids[i] < 0) {
 484                         pr_debug("Is debugfs mounted on /sys/kernel/debug?\n");
 485                         return -1;
 486                 }
 487                 nr_events[i] = 0;
 488                 expected_nr_events[i] = random() % 257;
 489         }
 490
 491         threads = thread_map__new(-1, getpid());
 492         if (threads == NULL) {
 493                 pr_debug("thread_map__new\n");
 494                 return -1;
 495         }
 496
 497         cpus = cpu_map__new(NULL);
 498         if (cpus == NULL) {
 499                 pr_debug("cpu_map__new\n");
 500                 goto out_free_threads;
 501         }
 502
 503         CPU_ZERO(&cpu_set);
 504         CPU_SET(cpus->map[0], &cpu_set);
 505         sched_setaffinity(0, sizeof(cpu_set), &cpu_set);
 506         if (sched_setaffinity(0, sizeof(cpu_set), &cpu_set) < 0) {
 507                 pr_debug("sched_setaffinity() failed on CPU %d: %s ",
 508                          cpus->map[0], strerror(errno));
 509                 goto out_free_cpus;
 510         }
 511
 512         evlist = perf_evlist__new(cpus, threads);
 513         if (evlist == NULL) {
 514                 pr_debug("perf_evlist__new\n");
 515                 goto out_free_cpus;
 516         }
 517
 518         /* anonymous union fields, can't be initialized above */
 519         attr.wakeup_events = 1;
 520         attr.sample_period = 1;
 521
 522         for (i = 0; i < nsyscalls; ++i) {
 523                 attr.config = ids[i];
 524                 evsels[i] = perf_evsel__new(&attr, i);
 525                 if (evsels[i] == NULL) {
 526                         pr_debug("perf_evsel__new\n");
 527                         goto out_free_evlist;
 528                 }
 529
 530                 perf_evlist__add(evlist, evsels[i]);
 531
 532                 if (perf_evsel__open(evsels[i], cpus, threads, false, false) < 0) {
 533                         pr_debug("failed to open counter: %s, "
 534                                  "tweak /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid?\n",
 535                                  strerror(errno));
 536                         goto out_close_fd;
 537                 }
 538         }
 539
 540         if (perf_evlist__mmap(evlist, 128, true) < 0) {
 541                 pr_debug("failed to mmap events: %d (%s)\n", errno,
 542                          strerror(errno));
 543                 goto out_close_fd;
 544         }
 545
 546         for (i = 0; i < nsyscalls; ++i)
 547                 for (j = 0; j < expected_nr_events[i]; ++j) {
 548                         int foo = syscalls[i]();
 549                         ++foo;
 550                 }
 551
 552         while ((event = perf_evlist__read_on_cpu(evlist, 0)) != NULL) {
 553                 struct perf_sample sample;
 554
 555                 if (event->header.type != PERF_RECORD_SAMPLE) {
 556                         pr_debug("unexpected %s event\n",
 557                                  perf_event__name(event->header.type));
 558                         goto out_munmap;
 559                 }
 560
 561                 perf_event__parse_sample(event, attr.sample_type, false, &sample);
 562                 evsel = perf_evlist__id2evsel(evlist, sample.id);
 563                 if (evsel == NULL) {
 564                         pr_debug("event with id %" PRIu64
 565                                  " doesn't map to an evsel\n", sample.id);
 566                         goto out_munmap;
 567                 }
 568                 nr_events[evsel->idx]++;
 569         }
 570
 571         list_for_each_entry(evsel, &evlist->entries, node) {
 572                 if (nr_events[evsel->idx] != expected_nr_events[evsel->idx]) {
 573                         pr_debug("expected %d %s events, got %d\n",
 574                                  expected_nr_events[evsel->idx],
 575                                  event_name(evsel), nr_events[evsel->idx]);
 576                         goto out_munmap;
 577                 }
 578         }
 579
 580         err = 0;
 581 out_munmap:
 582         perf_evlist__munmap(evlist);
 583 out_close_fd:
 584         for (i = 0; i < nsyscalls; ++i)
 585                 perf_evsel__close_fd(evsels[i], 1, threads->nr);
 586 out_free_evlist:
 587         perf_evlist__delete(evlist);
 588 out_free_cpus:
 589         cpu_map__delete(cpus);
 590 out_free_threads:
 591         thread_map__delete(threads);
 592         return err;
 593 #undef nsyscalls
 594 }
 595
 596 static struct test {
 597         const char *desc;
 598         int (*func)(void);
 599 } tests[] = {
 600         {
 601                 .desc = "vmlinux symtab matches kallsyms",
 602                 .func = test__vmlinux_matches_kallsyms,
 603         },
 604         {
 605                 .desc = "detect open syscall event",
 606                 .func = test__open_syscall_event,
 607         },
 608         {
 609                 .desc = "detect open syscall event on all cpus",
 610                 .func = test__open_syscall_event_on_all_cpus,
 611         },
 612         {
 613                 .desc = "read samples using the mmap interface",
 614                 .func = test__basic_mmap,
 615         },
 616         {
 617                 .func = NULL,
 618         },
 619 };
 620
 621 static int __cmd_test(void)
 622 {
 623         int i = 0;
 624
 625         page_size = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);
 626
 627         while (tests[i].func) {
 628                 int err;
 629                 pr_info("%2d: %s:", i + 1, tests[i].desc);
 630                 pr_debug("\n--- start ---\n");
 631                 err = tests[i].func();
 632                 pr_debug("---- end ----\n%s:", tests[i].desc);
 633                 pr_info(" %s\n", err ? "FAILED!\n" : "Ok");
 634                 ++i;
 635         }
 636
 637         return 0;
 638 }
 639
 640 static const char * const test_usage[] = {
 641         "perf test [<options>]",
 642         NULL,
 643 };
 644
 645 static const struct option test_options[] = {
 646         OPT_INTEGER('v', "verbose", &verbose,
 647                     "be more verbose (show symbol address, etc)"),
 648         OPT_END()
 649 };
 650
 651 int cmd_test(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix __used)
 652 {
 653         argc = parse_options(argc, argv, test_options, test_usage, 0);
 654         if (argc)
 655                 usage_with_options(test_usage, test_options);
 656
 657         symbol_conf.priv_size = sizeof(int);
 658         symbol_conf.sort_by_name = true;
 659         symbol_conf.try_vmlinux_path = true;
 660
 661         if (symbol__init() < 0)
 662                 return -1;
 663
 664         setup_pager();
 665
 666         return __cmd_test();
 667 }