4 NILFS2 is a log-structured file system (LFS) supporting continuous
5 snapshotting. In addition to versioning capability of the entire file
6 system, users can even restore files mistakenly overwritten or
7 destroyed just a few seconds ago. Since NILFS2 can keep consistency
8 like conventional LFS, it achieves quick recovery after system
11 NILFS2 creates a number of checkpoints every few seconds or per
12 synchronous write basis (unless there is no change). Users can select
13 significant versions among continuously created checkpoints, and can
14 change them into snapshots which will be preserved until they are
15 changed back to checkpoints.
17 There is no limit on the number of snapshots until the volume gets
18 full. Each snapshot is mountable as a read-only file system
19 concurrently with its writable mount, and this feature is convenient
22 The userland tools are included in nilfs-utils package, which is
23 available from the following download page. At least "mkfs.nilfs2",
24 "mount.nilfs2", "umount.nilfs2", and "nilfs_cleanerd" (so called
25 cleaner or garbage collector) are required. Details on the tools are
26 described in the man pages included in the package.
28 Project web page: http://www.nilfs.org/en/
29 Download page: http://www.nilfs.org/en/download.html
30 Git tree web page: http://www.nilfs.org/git/
31 List info: http://vger.kernel.org/vger-lists.html#linux-nilfs
36 Features which NILFS2 does not support yet:
49 NILFS2 supports the following mount options:
52 barrier(*) This enables/disables the use of write barriers. This
53 nobarrier requires an IO stack which can support barriers, and
54 if nilfs gets an error on a barrier write, it will
55 disable again with a warning.
56 errors=continue Keep going on a filesystem error.
57 errors=remount-ro(*) Remount the filesystem read-only on an error.
58 errors=panic Panic and halt the machine if an error occurs.
59 cp=n Specify the checkpoint-number of the snapshot to be
60 mounted. Checkpoints and snapshots are listed by lscp
61 user command. Only the checkpoints marked as snapshot
62 are mountable with this option. Snapshot is read-only,
63 so a read-only mount option must be specified together.
64 order=relaxed(*) Apply relaxed order semantics that allows modified data
65 blocks to be written to disk without making a
66 checkpoint if no metadata update is going. This mode
67 is equivalent to the ordered data mode of the ext3
68 filesystem except for the updates on data blocks still
69 conserve atomicity. This will improve synchronous
70 write performance for overwriting.
71 order=strict Apply strict in-order semantics that preserves sequence
72 of all file operations including overwriting of data
73 blocks. That means, it is guaranteed that no
74 overtaking of events occurs in the recovered file
76 norecovery Disable recovery of the filesystem on mount.
77 This disables every write access on the device for
78 read-only mounts or snapshots. This option will fail
79 for r/w mounts on an unclean volume.
80 discard This enables/disables the use of discard/TRIM commands.
81 nodiscard(*) The discard/TRIM commands are sent to the underlying
82 block device when blocks are freed. This is useful
83 for SSD devices and sparse/thinly-provisioned LUNs.
88 To use nilfs2 as a local file system, simply:
90 # mkfs -t nilfs2 /dev/block_device
91 # mount -t nilfs2 /dev/block_device /dir
93 This will also invoke the cleaner through the mount helper program
96 Checkpoints and snapshots are managed by the following commands.
97 Their manpages are included in the nilfs-utils package above.
99 lscp list checkpoints or snapshots.
100 mkcp make a checkpoint or a snapshot.
101 chcp change an existing checkpoint to a snapshot or vice versa.
102 rmcp invalidate specified checkpoint(s).
106 # mount -t nilfs2 -r -o cp=<cno> /dev/block_device /snap_dir
108 where <cno> is the checkpoint number of the snapshot.
110 To unmount the NILFS2 mount point or snapshot, simply:
114 Then, the cleaner daemon is automatically shut down by the umount
115 helper program (umount.nilfs2).
120 A nilfs2 volume is equally divided into a number of segments except
121 for the super block (SB) and segment #0. A segment is the container
122 of logs. Each log is composed of summary information blocks, payload
123 blocks, and an optional super root block (SR):
125 ______________________________________________________
126 | |SB| | Segment | Segment | Segment | ... | Segment | |
127 |_|__|_|____0____|____1____|____2____|_____|____N____|_|
128 0 +1K +4K +8M +16M +24M +(8MB x N)
129 . . (Typical offsets for 4KB-block)
131 .______________________.
132 | log | log |... | log |
133 |__1__|__2__|____|__m__|
137 .______________________________.
138 | Summary | Payload blocks |SR|
139 |_blocks__|_________________|__|
141 The payload blocks are organized per file, and each file consists of
142 data blocks and B-tree node blocks:
144 |<--- File-A --->|<--- File-B --->|
145 _______________________________________________________________
146 | Data blocks | B-tree blocks | Data blocks | B-tree blocks | ...
147 _|_____________|_______________|_____________|_______________|_
150 Since only the modified blocks are written in the log, it may have
151 files without data blocks or B-tree node blocks.
153 The organization of the blocks is recorded in the summary information
154 blocks, which contains a header structure (nilfs_segment_summary), per
155 file structures (nilfs_finfo), and per block structures (nilfs_binfo):
157 _________________________________________________________________________
158 | Summary | finfo | binfo | ... | binfo | finfo | binfo | ... | binfo |...
159 |_blocks__|___A___|_(A,1)_|_____|(A,Na)_|___B___|_(B,1)_|_____|(B,Nb)_|___
162 The logs include regular files, directory files, symbolic link files
163 and several meta data files. The mata data files are the files used
164 to maintain file system meta data. The current version of NILFS2 uses
165 the following meta data files:
167 1) Inode file (ifile) -- Stores on-disk inodes
168 2) Checkpoint file (cpfile) -- Stores checkpoints
169 3) Segment usage file (sufile) -- Stores allocation state of segments
170 4) Data address translation file -- Maps virtual block numbers to usual
171 (DAT) block numbers. This file serves to
172 make on-disk blocks relocatable.
174 The following figure shows a typical organization of the logs:
176 _________________________________________________________________________
177 | Summary | regular file | file | ... | ifile | cpfile | sufile | DAT |SR|
178 |_blocks__|_or_directory_|_______|_____|_______|________|________|_____|__|
181 To stride over segment boundaries, this sequence of files may be split
182 into multiple logs. The sequence of logs that should be treated as
183 logically one log, is delimited with flags marked in the segment
184 summary. The recovery code of nilfs2 looks this boundary information
185 to ensure atomicity of updates.
187 The super root block is inserted for every checkpoints. It includes
188 three special inodes, inodes for the DAT, cpfile, and sufile. Inodes
189 of regular files, directories, symlinks and other special files, are
190 included in the ifile. The inode of ifile itself is included in the
191 corresponding checkpoint entry in the cpfile. Thus, the hierarchy
192 among NILFS2 files can be depicted as follows:
197 Super root block (the latest cno=xx)
202 |-- ifile (cno=c2) ---- file (ino=i1)
203 : : |-- file (ino=i2)
204 `-- ifile (cno=xx) |-- file (ino=i3)
207 ( regular file, directory, or symlink )
209 For detail on the format of each file, please see include/linux/nilfs2_fs.h.