4 The basic idea behind RCU (read-copy update) is to split destructive
5 operations into two parts, one that prevents anyone from seeing the data
6 item being destroyed, and one that actually carries out the destruction.
7 A "grace period" must elapse between the two parts, and this grace period
8 must be long enough that any readers accessing the item being deleted have
9 since dropped their references. For example, an RCU-protected deletion
10 from a linked list would first remove the item from the list, wait for
11 a grace period to elapse, then free the element. See the listRCU.txt
12 file for more information on using RCU with linked lists.
15 Frequently Asked Questions
17 o Why would anyone want to use RCU?
19 The advantage of RCU's two-part approach is that RCU readers need
20 not acquire any locks, perform any atomic instructions, write to
21 shared memory, or (on CPUs other than Alpha) execute any memory
22 barriers. The fact that these operations are quite expensive
23 on modern CPUs is what gives RCU its performance advantages
24 in read-mostly situations. The fact that RCU readers need not
25 acquire locks can also greatly simplify deadlock-avoidance code.
27 o How can the updater tell when a grace period has completed
28 if the RCU readers give no indication when they are done?
30 Just as with spinlocks, RCU readers are not permitted to
31 block, switch to user-mode execution, or enter the idle loop.
32 Therefore, as soon as a CPU is seen passing through any of these
33 three states, we know that that CPU has exited any previous RCU
34 read-side critical sections. So, if we remove an item from a
35 linked list, and then wait until all CPUs have switched context,
36 executed in user mode, or executed in the idle loop, we can
37 safely free up that item.
39 Preemptible variants of RCU (CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU) get the
40 same effect, but require that the readers manipulate CPU-local
41 counters. These counters allow limited types of blocking
42 within RCU read-side critical sections. SRCU also uses
43 CPU-local counters, and permits general blocking within
44 RCU read-side critical sections. These two variants of
45 RCU detect grace periods by sampling these counters.
47 o If I am running on a uniprocessor kernel, which can only do one
48 thing at a time, why should I wait for a grace period?
50 See the UP.txt file in this directory.
52 o How can I see where RCU is currently used in the Linux kernel?
54 Search for "rcu_read_lock", "rcu_read_unlock", "call_rcu",
55 "rcu_read_lock_bh", "rcu_read_unlock_bh", "call_rcu_bh",
56 "srcu_read_lock", "srcu_read_unlock", "synchronize_rcu",
57 "synchronize_net", "synchronize_srcu", and the other RCU
58 primitives. Or grab one of the cscope databases from:
60 http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/linuxusage/rculocktab.html
62 o What guidelines should I follow when writing code that uses RCU?
64 See the checklist.txt file in this directory.
68 "RCU" stands for "read-copy update". The file listRCU.txt has
69 more information on where this name came from, search for
70 "read-copy update" to find it.
72 o I hear that RCU is patented? What is with that?
74 Yes, it is. There are several known patents related to RCU,
75 search for the string "Patent" in RTFP.txt to find them.
76 Of these, one was allowed to lapse by the assignee, and the
77 others have been contributed to the Linux kernel under GPL.
79 o I hear that RCU needs work in order to support realtime kernels?
81 This work is largely completed. Realtime-friendly RCU can be
82 enabled via the CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU kernel configuration parameter.
83 However, work is in progress for enabling priority boosting of
84 preempted RCU read-side critical sections. This is needed if you
85 have CPU-bound realtime threads.
87 o Where can I find more information on RCU?
89 See the RTFP.txt file in this directory.
90 Or point your browser at http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/.
92 o What are all these files in this directory?
97 Describes how to use RCU to implement dynamic
98 NMI handlers, which can be revectored on the fly,
103 List of RCU-related publications and web sites.
107 Discussion of RCU usage in UP kernels.
111 Describes how to use RCU to protect arrays, with
112 resizeable arrays whose elements reference other
113 data structures being of the most interest.
117 Lists things to check for when inspecting code that
122 Describes how to use RCU to protect linked lists.
123 This is the simplest and most common use of RCU
132 Describes how to combine use of reference counts
137 Overview of how the RCU implementation works. Along
138 the way, presents a conceptual view of RCU.