1 Device-mapper snapshot support
2 ==============================
4 Device-mapper allows you, without massive data copying:
6 *) To create snapshots of any block device i.e. mountable, saved states of
7 the block device which are also writable without interfering with the
9 *) To create device "forks", i.e. multiple different versions of the
11 *) To merge a snapshot of a block device back into the snapshot's origin
14 In the first two cases, dm copies only the chunks of data that get
15 changed and uses a separate copy-on-write (COW) block device for
18 For snapshot merge the contents of the COW storage are merged back into
22 There are three dm targets available:
23 snapshot, snapshot-origin, and snapshot-merge.
25 *) snapshot-origin <origin>
27 which will normally have one or more snapshots based on it.
28 Reads will be mapped directly to the backing device. For each write, the
29 original data will be saved in the <COW device> of each snapshot to keep
30 its visible content unchanged, at least until the <COW device> fills up.
33 *) snapshot <origin> <COW device> <persistent?> <chunksize>
35 A snapshot of the <origin> block device is created. Changed chunks of
36 <chunksize> sectors will be stored on the <COW device>. Writes will
37 only go to the <COW device>. Reads will come from the <COW device> or
38 from <origin> for unchanged data. <COW device> will often be
39 smaller than the origin and if it fills up the snapshot will become
40 useless and be disabled, returning errors. So it is important to monitor
41 the amount of free space and expand the <COW device> before it fills up.
43 <persistent?> is P (Persistent) or N (Not persistent - will not survive
45 The difference is that for transient snapshots less metadata must be
46 saved on disk - they can be kept in memory by the kernel.
49 * snapshot-merge <origin> <COW device> <persistent> <chunksize>
51 takes the same table arguments as the snapshot target except it only
52 works with persistent snapshots. This target assumes the role of the
53 "snapshot-origin" target and must not be loaded if the "snapshot-origin"
54 is still present for <origin>.
56 Creates a merging snapshot that takes control of the changed chunks
57 stored in the <COW device> of an existing snapshot, through a handover
58 procedure, and merges these chunks back into the <origin>. Once merging
59 has started (in the background) the <origin> may be opened and the merge
60 will continue while I/O is flowing to it. Changes to the <origin> are
61 deferred until the merging snapshot's corresponding chunk(s) have been
62 merged. Once merging has started the snapshot device, associated with
63 the "snapshot" target, will return -EIO when accessed.
66 How snapshot is used by LVM2
67 ============================
68 When you create the first LVM2 snapshot of a volume, four dm devices are used:
70 1) a device containing the original mapping table of the source volume;
71 2) a device used as the <COW device>;
72 3) a "snapshot" device, combining #1 and #2, which is the visible snapshot
74 4) the "original" volume (which uses the device number used by the original
75 source volume), whose table is replaced by a "snapshot-origin" mapping
78 A fixed naming scheme is used, so with the following commands:
80 lvcreate -L 1G -n base volumeGroup
81 lvcreate -L 100M --snapshot -n snap volumeGroup/base
83 we'll have this situation (with volumes in above order):
85 # dmsetup table|grep volumeGroup
87 volumeGroup-base-real: 0 2097152 linear 8:19 384
88 volumeGroup-snap-cow: 0 204800 linear 8:19 2097536
89 volumeGroup-snap: 0 2097152 snapshot 254:11 254:12 P 16
90 volumeGroup-base: 0 2097152 snapshot-origin 254:11
92 # ls -lL /dev/mapper/volumeGroup-*
93 brw------- 1 root root 254, 11 29 ago 18:15 /dev/mapper/volumeGroup-base-real
94 brw------- 1 root root 254, 12 29 ago 18:15 /dev/mapper/volumeGroup-snap-cow
95 brw------- 1 root root 254, 13 29 ago 18:15 /dev/mapper/volumeGroup-snap
96 brw------- 1 root root 254, 10 29 ago 18:14 /dev/mapper/volumeGroup-base
99 How snapshot-merge is used by LVM2
100 ==================================
101 A merging snapshot assumes the role of the "snapshot-origin" while
102 merging. As such the "snapshot-origin" is replaced with
103 "snapshot-merge". The "-real" device is not changed and the "-cow"
104 device is renamed to <origin name>-cow to aid LVM2's cleanup of the
105 merging snapshot after it completes. The "snapshot" that hands over its
106 COW device to the "snapshot-merge" is deactivated (unless using lvchange
107 --refresh); but if it is left active it will simply return I/O errors.
109 A snapshot will merge into its origin with the following command:
111 lvconvert --merge volumeGroup/snap
113 we'll now have this situation:
115 # dmsetup table|grep volumeGroup
117 volumeGroup-base-real: 0 2097152 linear 8:19 384
118 volumeGroup-base-cow: 0 204800 linear 8:19 2097536
119 volumeGroup-base: 0 2097152 snapshot-merge 254:11 254:12 P 16
121 # ls -lL /dev/mapper/volumeGroup-*
122 brw------- 1 root root 254, 11 29 ago 18:15 /dev/mapper/volumeGroup-base-real
123 brw------- 1 root root 254, 12 29 ago 18:16 /dev/mapper/volumeGroup-base-cow
124 brw------- 1 root root 254, 10 29 ago 18:16 /dev/mapper/volumeGroup-base
127 How to determine when a merging is complete
128 ===========================================
129 The snapshot-merge and snapshot status lines end with:
130 <sectors_allocated>/<total_sectors> <metadata_sectors>
132 Both <sectors_allocated> and <total_sectors> include both data and metadata.
133 During merging, the number of sectors allocated gets smaller and
134 smaller. Merging has finished when the number of sectors holding data
135 is zero, in other words <sectors_allocated> == <metadata_sectors>.
137 Here is a practical example (using a hybrid of lvm and dmsetup commands):
140 LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert
141 base volumeGroup owi-a- 4.00g
142 snap volumeGroup swi-a- 1.00g base 18.97
144 # dmsetup status volumeGroup-snap
145 0 8388608 snapshot 397896/2097152 1560
146 ^^^^ metadata sectors
148 # lvconvert --merge -b volumeGroup/snap
149 Merging of volume snap started.
151 # lvs volumeGroup/snap
152 LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert
153 base volumeGroup Owi-a- 4.00g 17.23
155 # dmsetup status volumeGroup-base
156 0 8388608 snapshot-merge 281688/2097152 1104
158 # dmsetup status volumeGroup-base
159 0 8388608 snapshot-merge 180480/2097152 712
161 # dmsetup status volumeGroup-base
162 0 8388608 snapshot-merge 16/2097152 16
164 Merging has finished.
167 LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert
168 base volumeGroup owi-a- 4.00g