1 This is a small guide for those who want to write kernel drivers for I2C
2 or SMBus devices, using Linux as the protocol host/master (not slave).
4 To set up a driver, you need to do several things. Some are optional, and
5 some things can be done slightly or completely different. Use this as a
6 guide, not as a rule book!
12 Try to keep the kernel namespace as clean as possible. The best way to
13 do this is to use a unique prefix for all global symbols. This is
14 especially important for exported symbols, but it is a good idea to do
15 it for non-exported symbols too. We will use the prefix `foo_' in this
22 Usually, you will implement a single driver structure, and instantiate
23 all clients from it. Remember, a driver structure contains general access
24 routines, and should be zero-initialized except for fields with data you
25 provide. A client structure holds device-specific information like the
26 driver model device node, and its I2C address.
28 static struct i2c_device_id foo_idtable[] = {
29 { "foo", my_id_for_foo },
30 { "bar", my_id_for_bar },
34 MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(i2c, foo_idtable);
36 static struct i2c_driver foo_driver = {
44 /* if device autodetection is needed: */
45 .class = I2C_CLASS_SOMETHING,
47 .address_list = normal_i2c,
49 .shutdown = foo_shutdown, /* optional */
50 .suspend = foo_suspend, /* optional */
51 .resume = foo_resume, /* optional */
52 .command = foo_command, /* optional, deprecated */
55 The name field is the driver name, and must not contain spaces. It
56 should match the module name (if the driver can be compiled as a module),
57 although you can use MODULE_ALIAS (passing "foo" in this example) to add
58 another name for the module. If the driver name doesn't match the module
59 name, the module won't be automatically loaded (hotplug/coldplug).
61 All other fields are for call-back functions which will be explained
68 Each client structure has a special `data' field that can point to any
69 structure at all. You should use this to keep device-specific data.
72 void i2c_set_clientdata(struct i2c_client *client, void *data);
74 /* retrieve the value */
75 void *i2c_get_clientdata(const struct i2c_client *client);
77 Note that starting with kernel 2.6.34, you don't have to set the `data' field
78 to NULL in remove() or if probe() failed anymore. The i2c-core does this
79 automatically on these occasions. Those are also the only times the core will
86 Let's say we have a valid client structure. At some time, we will need
87 to gather information from the client, or write new information to the
90 I have found it useful to define foo_read and foo_write functions for this.
91 For some cases, it will be easier to call the i2c functions directly,
92 but many chips have some kind of register-value idea that can easily
95 The below functions are simple examples, and should not be copied
98 int foo_read_value(struct i2c_client *client, u8 reg)
100 if (reg < 0x10) /* byte-sized register */
101 return i2c_smbus_read_byte_data(client, reg);
102 else /* word-sized register */
103 return i2c_smbus_read_word_data(client, reg);
106 int foo_write_value(struct i2c_client *client, u8 reg, u16 value)
108 if (reg == 0x10) /* Impossible to write - driver error! */
110 else if (reg < 0x10) /* byte-sized register */
111 return i2c_smbus_write_byte_data(client, reg, value);
112 else /* word-sized register */
113 return i2c_smbus_write_word_data(client, reg, value);
117 Probing and attaching
118 =====================
120 The Linux I2C stack was originally written to support access to hardware
121 monitoring chips on PC motherboards, and thus used to embed some assumptions
122 that were more appropriate to SMBus (and PCs) than to I2C. One of these
123 assumptions was that most adapters and devices drivers support the SMBUS_QUICK
124 protocol to probe device presence. Another was that devices and their drivers
125 can be sufficiently configured using only such probe primitives.
127 As Linux and its I2C stack became more widely used in embedded systems
128 and complex components such as DVB adapters, those assumptions became more
129 problematic. Drivers for I2C devices that issue interrupts need more (and
130 different) configuration information, as do drivers handling chip variants
131 that can't be distinguished by protocol probing, or which need some board
132 specific information to operate correctly.
135 Device/Driver Binding
136 ---------------------
138 System infrastructure, typically board-specific initialization code or
139 boot firmware, reports what I2C devices exist. For example, there may be
140 a table, in the kernel or from the boot loader, identifying I2C devices
141 and linking them to board-specific configuration information about IRQs
142 and other wiring artifacts, chip type, and so on. That could be used to
143 create i2c_client objects for each I2C device.
145 I2C device drivers using this binding model work just like any other
146 kind of driver in Linux: they provide a probe() method to bind to
147 those devices, and a remove() method to unbind.
149 static int foo_probe(struct i2c_client *client,
150 const struct i2c_device_id *id);
151 static int foo_remove(struct i2c_client *client);
153 Remember that the i2c_driver does not create those client handles. The
154 handle may be used during foo_probe(). If foo_probe() reports success
155 (zero not a negative status code) it may save the handle and use it until
156 foo_remove() returns. That binding model is used by most Linux drivers.
158 The probe function is called when an entry in the id_table name field
159 matches the device's name. It is passed the entry that was matched so
160 the driver knows which one in the table matched.
166 If you know for a fact that an I2C device is connected to a given I2C bus,
167 you can instantiate that device by simply filling an i2c_board_info
168 structure with the device address and driver name, and calling
169 i2c_new_device(). This will create the device, then the driver core will
170 take care of finding the right driver and will call its probe() method.
171 If a driver supports different device types, you can specify the type you
172 want using the type field. You can also specify an IRQ and platform data
175 Sometimes you know that a device is connected to a given I2C bus, but you
176 don't know the exact address it uses. This happens on TV adapters for
177 example, where the same driver supports dozens of slightly different
178 models, and I2C device addresses change from one model to the next. In
179 that case, you can use the i2c_new_probed_device() variant, which is
180 similar to i2c_new_device(), except that it takes an additional list of
181 possible I2C addresses to probe. A device is created for the first
182 responsive address in the list. If you expect more than one device to be
183 present in the address range, simply call i2c_new_probed_device() that
186 The call to i2c_new_device() or i2c_new_probed_device() typically happens
187 in the I2C bus driver. You may want to save the returned i2c_client
188 reference for later use.
194 Sometimes you do not know in advance which I2C devices are connected to
195 a given I2C bus. This is for example the case of hardware monitoring
196 devices on a PC's SMBus. In that case, you may want to let your driver
197 detect supported devices automatically. This is how the legacy model
198 was working, and is now available as an extension to the standard
201 You simply have to define a detect callback which will attempt to
202 identify supported devices (returning 0 for supported ones and -ENODEV
203 for unsupported ones), a list of addresses to probe, and a device type
204 (or class) so that only I2C buses which may have that type of device
205 connected (and not otherwise enumerated) will be probed. For example,
206 a driver for a hardware monitoring chip for which auto-detection is
207 needed would set its class to I2C_CLASS_HWMON, and only I2C adapters
208 with a class including I2C_CLASS_HWMON would be probed by this driver.
209 Note that the absence of matching classes does not prevent the use of
210 a device of that type on the given I2C adapter. All it prevents is
211 auto-detection; explicit instantiation of devices is still possible.
213 Note that this mechanism is purely optional and not suitable for all
214 devices. You need some reliable way to identify the supported devices
215 (typically using device-specific, dedicated identification registers),
216 otherwise misdetections are likely to occur and things can get wrong
217 quickly. Keep in mind that the I2C protocol doesn't include any
218 standard way to detect the presence of a chip at a given address, let
219 alone a standard way to identify devices. Even worse is the lack of
220 semantics associated to bus transfers, which means that the same
221 transfer can be seen as a read operation by a chip and as a write
222 operation by another chip. For these reasons, explicit device
223 instantiation should always be preferred to auto-detection where
230 Each I2C device which has been created using i2c_new_device() or
231 i2c_new_probed_device() can be unregistered by calling
232 i2c_unregister_device(). If you don't call it explicitly, it will be
233 called automatically before the underlying I2C bus itself is removed, as a
234 device can't survive its parent in the device driver model.
237 Initializing the driver
238 =======================
240 When the kernel is booted, or when your foo driver module is inserted,
241 you have to do some initializing. Fortunately, just registering the
242 driver module is usually enough.
244 static int __init foo_init(void)
246 return i2c_add_driver(&foo_driver);
249 static void __exit foo_cleanup(void)
251 i2c_del_driver(&foo_driver);
254 /* Substitute your own name and email address */
255 MODULE_AUTHOR("Frodo Looijaard <frodol@dds.nl>"
256 MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Driver for Barf Inc. Foo I2C devices");
258 /* a few non-GPL license types are also allowed */
259 MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
261 module_init(foo_init);
262 module_exit(foo_cleanup);
264 Note that some functions are marked by `__init'. These functions can
265 be removed after kernel booting (or module loading) is completed.
266 Likewise, functions marked by `__exit' are dropped by the compiler when
267 the code is built into the kernel, as they would never be called.
273 If your I2C device needs special handling when entering a system low
274 power state -- like putting a transceiver into a low power mode, or
275 activating a system wakeup mechanism -- do that in the suspend() method.
276 The resume() method should reverse what the suspend() method does.
278 These are standard driver model calls, and they work just like they
279 would for any other driver stack. The calls can sleep, and can use
280 I2C messaging to the device being suspended or resumed (since their
281 parent I2C adapter is active when these calls are issued, and IRQs
288 If your I2C device needs special handling when the system shuts down
289 or reboots (including kexec) -- like turning something off -- use a
292 Again, this is a standard driver model call, working just like it
293 would for any other driver stack: the calls can sleep, and can use
300 A generic ioctl-like function call back is supported. You will seldom
301 need this, and its use is deprecated anyway, so newer design should not
305 Sending and receiving
306 =====================
308 If you want to communicate with your device, there are several functions
309 to do this. You can find all of them in <linux/i2c.h>.
311 If you can choose between plain I2C communication and SMBus level
312 communication, please use the latter. All adapters understand SMBus level
313 commands, but only some of them understand plain I2C!
316 Plain I2C communication
317 -----------------------
319 int i2c_master_send(struct i2c_client *client, const char *buf,
321 int i2c_master_recv(struct i2c_client *client, char *buf, int count);
323 These routines read and write some bytes from/to a client. The client
324 contains the i2c address, so you do not have to include it. The second
325 parameter contains the bytes to read/write, the third the number of bytes
326 to read/write (must be less than the length of the buffer, also should be
327 less than 64k since msg.len is u16.) Returned is the actual number of bytes
330 int i2c_transfer(struct i2c_adapter *adap, struct i2c_msg *msg,
333 This sends a series of messages. Each message can be a read or write,
334 and they can be mixed in any way. The transactions are combined: no
335 stop bit is sent between transaction. The i2c_msg structure contains
336 for each message the client address, the number of bytes of the message
337 and the message data itself.
339 You can read the file `i2c-protocol' for more information about the
346 s32 i2c_smbus_xfer(struct i2c_adapter *adapter, u16 addr,
347 unsigned short flags, char read_write, u8 command,
348 int size, union i2c_smbus_data *data);
350 This is the generic SMBus function. All functions below are implemented
351 in terms of it. Never use this function directly!
353 s32 i2c_smbus_read_byte(struct i2c_client *client);
354 s32 i2c_smbus_write_byte(struct i2c_client *client, u8 value);
355 s32 i2c_smbus_read_byte_data(struct i2c_client *client, u8 command);
356 s32 i2c_smbus_write_byte_data(struct i2c_client *client,
357 u8 command, u8 value);
358 s32 i2c_smbus_read_word_data(struct i2c_client *client, u8 command);
359 s32 i2c_smbus_write_word_data(struct i2c_client *client,
360 u8 command, u16 value);
361 s32 i2c_smbus_process_call(struct i2c_client *client,
362 u8 command, u16 value);
363 s32 i2c_smbus_read_block_data(struct i2c_client *client,
364 u8 command, u8 *values);
365 s32 i2c_smbus_write_block_data(struct i2c_client *client,
366 u8 command, u8 length, const u8 *values);
367 s32 i2c_smbus_read_i2c_block_data(struct i2c_client *client,
368 u8 command, u8 length, u8 *values);
369 s32 i2c_smbus_write_i2c_block_data(struct i2c_client *client,
370 u8 command, u8 length,
373 These ones were removed from i2c-core because they had no users, but could
374 be added back later if needed:
376 s32 i2c_smbus_write_quick(struct i2c_client *client, u8 value);
377 s32 i2c_smbus_block_process_call(struct i2c_client *client,
378 u8 command, u8 length, u8 *values);
380 All these transactions return a negative errno value on failure. The 'write'
381 transactions return 0 on success; the 'read' transactions return the read
382 value, except for block transactions, which return the number of values
383 read. The block buffers need not be longer than 32 bytes.
385 You can read the file `smbus-protocol' for more information about the
386 actual SMBus protocol.
389 General purpose routines
390 ========================
392 Below all general purpose routines are listed, that were not mentioned
395 /* Return the adapter number for a specific adapter */
396 int i2c_adapter_id(struct i2c_adapter *adap);